Anatomy - Chapter 12
List, in order, the structures making up the signal pathway for the maculae.
Hair cells Vestibular branch Vestibulocochlear nerve Brain
When the visual pigment rhodopsin is exposed to light, it breaks down into ______ and ______. 1) Retinal 2) Opsin 3) Acetylcholine 4) cGMP 5) Carotene
Retinal Opsin
Changes in pupil diameter occurs in response to which two stimuli? 1) An object striking the cornea 2) Accommodation 3) Changes in light intensity
Accommodation Changes in light intensity
Olfactory receptors and taste receptors are examples of ______. 1) Photoreceptors 2) Thermoreceptors 3) Mechanoreceptors 4) Chemoreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Which part of the eye is made up of transparent connective tissue, has no blood vessels, but has abundant pain receptors?
Cornea
Place in order the structures that light passes through as it enters the eye.
Cornea Aqueous humor Lens Vitreous humor Retina
List the three layers of wall of the eye, in order, from superficial to deep.
Fibrous tunic Vascular tunic Nervous tunic
List three characteristics of the iris of the eye. 1) It refracts light, helping to focus the image onto the retina 2) It contains photoreceptor cells that respond to incoming light 3) It controls the amount of light coming into the eye 4) It contains smooth muscle 5) It is the colored portion of the eye
It controls the amount of light coming into the eye It contains smooth muscle It is the colored portion of the eye
Categorize each item, indicated whether it is associated with a large pupil diameter or a small pupil diameter.
Large pupil diameter - More light enters the eye Contraction of the radial set of contractile cells of the iris Contraction of pupillary dilator muscles Small pupil diameter - Contraction of pupillary constrictor muscles Less light enters the eye Contraction of the circular set of contractile cells of the iris
List the auditory ossicles in the order that they transfer vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear.
Malleus Incus Stapes
List three functions of secretions produced by the lacrimal glands. 1) Contribute to the focusing ability of the lens 2) Moisten the eye surface and lining of the lids 3) Contain enzyme that kills bacteria, reducing the risk of infection 4) Lubricate the eye surface and lining of the lids 5) Diffuse into the eye chambers and help equalize the pressure
Moisten the eye surface and lining of the lids Contain enzyme that kills bacteria, reducing the risk of infection Lubricate the eye surface and lining of the lids
The interpretation by the brain of incoming sensory impulses is called ______.
Perception
What root word means light? 1) Ocul- 2) Scler- 3) Photo- 4) Therm-
Photo-
The ______ forms the inner, or nervous, tunic of the eye. It contains the photoreceptors.
Retina
The "white" of the eye, forming the posterior portion of the fibrous (outer) tunic, is called the ______.
Sclera
Taste ______ serve as the organs of taste.
Buds
Which type of stimulus would be detected by a mechanoreceptor? 1) A change in the temperature 2) A distortion of the receptor's plasma membrane 3) A change in the concentration of ions in surrounding fluid
A distortion of the receptor's plasma membrane
What two benefits do humans gain by having their eyes on the front of their face, unlike animals such as rabbits who have eyes on the sides of their head? 1) Allows increased size of the field of view 2) Allows depth perception 3) Allows stereoscopic vision
Allows depth perception Allows stereoscopic vision
Within the organs of taste, called taste ______, are specialized taste ______ that function as the actual sensory receptors. 1) Buds; cells 2) Hairs; cells 3) Cells; buds 4) Pores; buds
Buds; cells
Match the components of the middle layer (tunic) of the eye with their descriptions.
Choroid coat - Posterior portion; provides blood supply and contains pigments that prevent reflection Cilliary body - Anterior portion; responsible for accommodation of the lens Iris - Anterior portion; responsible for control of light entering the eye
What part of the middle layer of the eye holds the lens in place via the suspensory ligaments?
Ciliary body
The photoreceptors called cones are responsible for ______ vision. 1) Peripheral 2) Dim light 3) Color
Color
Photoreceptors called ______ provide color vision.
Cones
The mucous membrane found lining the eyelids and covering the anterior surface of the eyeball (except the cornea) is called the ______.
Conjunctiva
The clear, anterior-most structure of the eye, part of the fibrous tunic, is called the ______.
Cornea
The tympanic membrane is also called the ______ (a non-anatomical term).
Eardrum
List three locations where receptors for special senses are found. 1) Eyes 2) Inside joints 3) Taste buds 4) Within intestinal walls 5) Ears 6) Skin
Eyes Taste buds Ears
True or false: Receptors for the general senses are very localized, and found in the skin only.
False
The ______ senses have receptors widely distributed throughout the skin and deeper tissue, and are structurally simple. 1) General 2) Special
General
The ______ senses include touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.
General
Name the receptor cells for the sense of hearing. 1) Dendritic cells 2) Lamellated corpuscles 3) Vestibular cells 4) Hair cells
Hair cells
List three locations for taste buds. 1) Roof of nasal cavity 2) Surface of lips 3) In lining of cheeks 4) Surface of tongue 5) Roof of mouth
In lining of cheeks Surface of tongue Roof of mouth
Rods and cones are found in the ______ tunic of the eye. 1) Middle 2) Inner 3) Outer
Inner
The ear is divided into which three sections? 1) Tympanic ear 2) Inner ear 3) Auditory ear 4) Outer ear 5) Middle ear
Inner ear Outer ear Middle ear
The ______ is a transparent, elastic structure; it shape is modified by ciliary muscles.
Lens
The transparent structure of the eye that changes shape to focus light onto the retina is the ______. 1) Cornea 2) Conjunctiva 3) Lens 4) Vitreous body
Lens
The posterior cavity is the largest compartment of the eye and is bounded by what three structures? 1) Cornea 2) Iris 3) Lens 4) Ciliary body 5) Retina
Lens Ciliary body Retina
List three structures of the eye that refract light rays. 1) Lens 2) Sclera 3) Iris 4) Cornea 5) Vitreous humor
Lens Cornea Vitreous humor
Photoreceptors are receptors that respond to ______ energy.
Light
The posterior portion of the vascular tunic is pigmented due to the presence of pigment-producing cells called ______.
Melanocytes
The ______ ear, also called the tympanic cavity, is an air-filled space that houses the three auditory ossicles.
Middle
What area of the retina is lacking photoreceptors and is referred to as the "blind spot"?
Optic disk
What structure exits the back of the eye? 1) Optic nerve 2) Suspensory ligament 3) Inferior rectus muscle 4) Optic disc
Optic nerve
Place in order the components of the visual pathway.
Optic nerve Optic chiasm Optic tract Thalamus Optic radiation Visual cortex in the occipital lobe
The malleus, incus, and stapes are the three auditory ______, or bones.
Ossicles
Sensory receptors that detect tissue damage and are found everywhere in the body (except in the nerve tissue of the brain) are called ______ receptors.
Pain
Match each term with the correct definition.
Projection - process by which we know the location of a stimulated receptor Sensation - Awareness of a sensory event; due to response by a receptor to a stimulus Perception - Interpretation of sensory signals
Golgi tendon organs function as receptors for ______. 1) Mechanical distortion due to pressure 2) Tissue damage 3) Changes in temperature 4) Proprioception
Proprioception
The ______ is a circular opening in the center of the iris.
Pupil
The photoreceptors called ______ are responsible for the vision in dim light. 1) Cones 2) Rods
Rods
Name the two chambers within the vestibule, involved in the sense of equilibrium. 1) Cochlea 2) Saccule 3) Utricle 4) Semicircular ducts
Saccule Utricle
What structures provide the fluid in which chemical (food) molecules must dissolve in order to be tasted?
Salivary glands
The term ______ is used to describe the neuron processes that carry impulses to the CNS. 1) Motor fibers 2) Dendrites 3) Sensory fibers
Sensory fibers
The______ organ (organ of Corti) contains the hearing receptors in the cochlea.
Spiral
The senses that are classified as the ______ senses include the senses of smell, taste, hearing, equilibrium, and sight.
Special
List three examples of stimuli capable of stimulating a nociceptor. 1) Spilling hydrochloric acid on the skin 2) 100' F water splashing on the skin 3) A blood clot in an artery that supplies skeletal muscle in the leg that reduces blood flow to tissues 4) 130' F water splashing on the skin 5) Sunlight or UV light striking skin surface
Spilling hydrochloric acid on the skin A blood clot in an artery that supplies skeletal muscle in the leg that reduces blood flow to tissues 130' F water splashing on the skin
Which two of the special senses undergo rapid sensory adaptation? 1) Vision 2) Equilibrium 3) Taste 4) Olfaction
Taste Olfaction
What root word means heat? 1) Malle- 2) Corn- 3) Photo- 4) Therm-
Therm-
Receptors that are sensitive to temperature changes are called ______-receptors.
Thermo
What is the meaning of the root word olfact- (as in olfactory sense)? 1) To smell 2) Tears 3) Maze 4) Glass
To smell
What is the cornea? 1) The transparent structure that is anchored in place by the ciliary body 2) Transparent part of outer (fibrous) layer of the eye 3) The pigmented portion of the middle (vascular) layer of the eye 4) The white of the eye
Transparent part of outer (fibrous) layer of the eye
What is the anatomical term for the eardrum?
Tympanic membrane
The ciliary body is attached to the ______ via suspensory ligaments.
lens
The term ______ refers to information sent by sensory receptors to the brain. The term ______ refers to the interpretation of that information by the cerebral cortex. 1) perception; sensation 2) sensation; perception
sensation; perception
In their roles as proprioceptors, the Golgi tendon organs and muscle spindles are ______ receptors, and the lamellated corpuscles in joints are ______ receptors. 1) stretch; pressure 2) pressure; stretch
stretch; pressure
Place in order the events that occur in rods following exposure to light.
1) Rhodopsin breaks down, releasing opsin which acts as an enyme 2) Transducin is activated 3) Phosphodiesterase is activated 4) cGMP is broken down 5) Sodium and calcium channels close 6) Cell membrane hyperpolarizes
Place in order the sequence of a taste nerve pathway.
1) Taste receptors are stimulated 2) Cranial nerves carry sensory impulses 3) Impulses are carried to the brainstem 4) Impulses are then carried to the thalamus 5) Impulses are then carried to the gustatory cortex
At first, a hot tub seems impossibly hot. After a minute or two, it seems quite comfortable. This is an example of _______. 1) Facilitation 2) Adaptation 3) Sensation
Adaptation
The group of mechanoreceptors called proprioceptors have what function? 1) Detect body position and state of skeletal muscle contraction 2) Monitor heart rate and blood pressure 3) Detect tissue damage and other pain-causing stimuli occurring in the viscera 4) Detect auditory and visual stimuli
Detect body position and state of skeletal muscle contraction
List three components of the outer ear. 1) Auditory ossicles 2) External acoustic meatus 3) Semicircular canals 4) Tympanic membrane 5) Auricle
External acoustic meatus Tympanic membrane Auricle
What is the meaning of the root word ocul-? 1) To hear 2) Light 3) Eye 4) Ear
Eye
List in order the events that lead to sensory signals for dynamic equilibrium.
Fluid within semicircular canals move Cupula is bent Hair cells are bent Hair cells trigger signals in associated sensory neurons
Categorize the following conditions, including whether they are associated with viewing distant objects or near objects.
Focus on distant objects (distance vision) - Lens and lens capsule are flattened Suspensory ligaments are under tension Ciliary body is relaxed Focus on close objects (near vision) - Lens is more runded Suspensory ligaments are not being pulled by ciliary body Ciliary body shortens (contracts)
Within the spiral organ, hair cells have what role? 1) Hair cells transmit sound vibrations to the basilar membrane 2) Hair cells help to dissipate sound waves after stimulating receptors 3) Hair cells produce endolymph 4) Hair cells are receptor cells
Hair cells are receptor cells
The cochlea contains receptors for which sense? 1) Hearing 2) Olfactory 3) Equilibrium 4) Vision
Hearing
Match the examples of sensory stimuli with the class of receptor that responds to each.
Interoceptive senses - Distension of the urinary bladder, indicating a need to urinate Proprioceptive senses - Change in body position when moving from laying down to sitting up Exteroreceptive senses - House fly landing on the skin of neck
The root word ______ means tears. 1) Macula 2) Ocul- 3) Choroid 4) Lacri-
Lacri-
Which three of the following are classified as accessory organs of the eye? 1) Lacrimal apparatus 2) Lens 3) Optic nerve 4) Ciliary body 5) Eyelids 6) Extrinsic muscles
Lacrimal apparatus Eyelids Extrinsic muscles
List the lacrimal apparatus structures, in order, as tears flow.
Lacrimal gland Across the surface of the eye (lateral t medial) Superior and inferior canaliculi Lacrimal sac Nasolacrimal duct Nasal cavity
List two types of receptors that sense touch and pressure. 1) Visceral receptors 2) Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles 3) Free nerve endings 4) Proprioceptive receptors
Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles Free nerve endings
List three classifications of sensory receptors, based upon their sensitivity to different types of stimuli. 1) Interneurons 2) Mechanoreceptors 3) Photoreceptors 4) Motor neurons 5) Thermoreceptors
Mechanoreceptors Photoreceptors Thermoreceptors
Match the location with the name of the layer of the wall of the eye.
Nervous tunic - innermost layer Fibrous tunic - outermost layer Vascular tunic - middle layer
Place in order the components of the olfactory pathway.
Olfactory receptors Olfactory nerves Olfactory bulbs Olfactory tracts Limbic system and olfactory cortex
The auditory ossicles convey vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the ______ which, in turn, leads into the inner ear. 1) Auricle 2) Semicircular canals 3) Round window 4) Oval window
Oval window
List two effects of excessive pressure in the tympanic cavity (middle ear). 1) Pain 2) False perception of taste 3) False perception of smells 4) Muffled sense of hearing
Pain Muffled sense of hearing
Match each class of receptor with its type of stimulus.
Pain receptors - tissue damage Photoreceptors - Light energy Chemoreceptors - Specific molecules Thermoreceptors - Heat/cold Mechanoreceptors - Pressure and movement
Sound vibrations follow a particular path through the cochlea and its fluid and channels. Trace the path of a sound wave entering the cochlea via the oval window.
Perilymph of scala vestibuli vibrates Vestibular membrane vibrates Endolymph of cochlear duct vibrates Basilar membrane vibrates Perilymph of scala tympani vibrates Round window vibrates
Place each item in the correct category, indicating whether it describes rods or cones.
Rods - Vision in dim light More sensitive to light Images without color, in shades of gray Less visual acuity (less precise images) Cones - Vision in bright light Less sensitive to light Do not respond in dim light High visual acuity (sharp images)
List three characteristics of pain receptors. 1) They are also called proprioceptors 2) They are baroreceptors 3) They are nociceptors 4) They are lacking in the brain 5) They are sensitive to tissue damage
They are nociceptors They are lacking in the brain They are sensitive to tissue damage
The five primary taste sensations are sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and ______.
Umami
What is the immediate result of stimulating a receptor? 1) The stimulus immediately becomes less intense 2) Receptor becomes unresponsive to any stimulus 3) Change in membrane potential 4) Change in shape of the receptor cell
Change in membrane potential
What is accommodation? 1) Changing the electrical signal from the retina 2) Changing the flow of aqueous humor 3) Changing the shape of the lens
Changing the shape of the lens
Which of the following is true concerning the sense of smell? 1) Chemicals are sensed as they pass by in the inhaled air 2) Chemicals must be dissolved in liquid to be detected
Chemicals must be dissolved in liquid to be detected
What type of receptor responds to changes in the concentration of substances in the fluid around them? 1) Mechanoreceptor 2) Thermoreceptor 3) Chemoreceptor 4) Nociceptor
Chemoreceptor
List the three components of the middle layer (tunic) of the eye. 1) Sclera 2) Ciliary body 3) Iris 4) Choroid coat 5) Optic nerve
Ciliary body Iris Choroid coat
The outer layer (tunic) of the eye includes a posterior white portion called the ______ and an anterior clear portion called the ______.
Sclera Cornea
Receptors for the sense of ______ are found on the superior nasal conchae and the nasal septum.
Smell
Sound waves that enter the external acoustic meatus will cause the ______ membrane to vibrate back and forth, reproducing the vibrations of the sound-wave source.
Tympanic
The auditory ossicles convey vibrations from the ______ to the oval window which, in turn, leads to the inner ear. 1) Round window 2) Auditory tube 3) Tympanic membrane 4) Cochlea
Tympanic membrane
Which three of the following regions are associated with receptors for the general senses? 1) Viscera 2) Muscles 3) Joints 4) Inner ears 5) Eyes
Viscera Muscles Joints
Which two of the following senses use chemoreceptors? 1) Sight 2) Smell 3) Hearing 4) Equilibrium 5) Taste
Smell Taste
Name the structure that contains the hearing receptors in the cochlea. 1) Crista ampullaris 2) Vestibular nerve 3) Tectorial membrane 4) Spiral organ
Spiral organ
Eating a saltine cracker would primarily stimulate which two taste receptors? 1) Sweet 2) Sour 3) Bitter 4) Umami 5) Salty
Sweet Salty