Anatomy Chapter 13 Quiz Review
A hormone with an effect that lasts for days would have a _________ half-life.
Long
True or false... A person under stress may have a lowered resistance to infection.
True
A hormone has a half-life of 30 minutes. After an hour, ___ percent of the original number of molecules remains.
25
Hyposecretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex leads to _________ disease.
Addison
_____________ promotes the homeostasis of ions by causing the kidneys to conserve sodium and excrete potassium.
Aldosterone
Target cells for releasing hormones that are secreted by the hypothalamus are found in the _________ _________ _________.
Anterior pituitary glands
Jerry drinks a few cold ones and soon has to urinate...the intake of alcohol has inhibited the secretion of which hormone.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Vasopressin is another name for the hormone ________ __________ which is secreted in the posterior pituitary.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
A(n) ____________ secretion is one that only affects the secreting cell.
Autocrine
Graves disease is the most common form of hyperthyroidism and is typically caused by a(n) _____________ disorder.
Autoimmune
Type I Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM) is typically thought to be caused by a(n) _____________ disorder.
Autoimmune
Secretion of _____________ stimulates calcium deposition into bone.
Calcitonin (thyroid extrafollicular cells)
_____________ decreases the permeability of capillaries which can be useful in controlling inflammatory reactions.
Cortisol
_____________ promotes the production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.
Cortisol
_________ syndrome is caused by hypersecretion of cortical hormones, decreases tissue protein and elevates sodium concentrations resulting in 'moon face' or 'buffalo hump.'
Cushing
Adenylate cyclase causes ATP molecules to become ______ _______ molecules.
Cyclic AMP
Secretion of insulin causes a(n) _______ in the concentration of blood glucose.
Decrease
In __________ __________, the pancreas cannot produce insulin or the receptors cannot respond to it, insulin must be taken or drugs that help the body to utilize insulin, and fatty acids and ketone bodies accumulate if this condition is left untreated.
Diabetes Mellitus
The pancreas functions as part of the endocrine system and as a part of the ______ system.
Digestive
A steroid hormone acts on a target cell by ___________ causing protein synthesis.
Directly
Comparing the nervous system to the endocrine system, the ___________ system typically has a longer lasting effect.
Endocrine
A sweat gland is an example of a(n) _____________ gland.
Exocrine
True or false... Glucagon is also called hypoglycemic factor.
False
True or false... Oxytocin stimulates the kidneys to conserve water.
False...ADH does
True or false...up-regulation of a target cell typically occurs in response to a prolonged increase in the level of the hormone.
False...due to a prolonged decrease in the level of a hormone
True or false...the taking of growth hormone can assist someone to regain the strength of their youth?
False...has been shown to decrease fat and increase muscle mass but not improve strength
True or false... Non-steroid hormones diffuse through cell membranes, then bind with receptors, whereas steroid hormones bind receptors on the target cell membrane.
False...switch the two (non vs. steroid)
True or false... Cells of the adrenal medulla are closely associated with preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.
False...sympathetics
True or false... all hormones are inorganic compounds.
False...they are all organic compounds
True or false... Norepinephrine and epinephrine are steroid hormones.
False...they are amines!! Just asked you that...Adrenal medulla
True or false... A tropic hormone prevents endocrine glands from releasing their hormones, thereby maintaining homeostasis.
False...they stimulate other glands to release hormones
__________-_________ _________ is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and has a primary affect on the (GoNads!!) reproductive organs
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
A hallmark observable finding of Graves disease is a large _________ located in the anterior cervical region.
Goiter
The blood concentration of _________ _________ typically rises at puberty and levels off after adolescence.
Growth hormone
__________ _________ is secreted by the anterior pituitary and enhances movement of amino acids into cells, increases the rate of protein synthesis, and increases the rate of fat metabolism
Growth hormone (GH)
A hormone whose effects last a long time has a long ______-_______.
Half-life
___________ stimulates excessive activity by osteoclasts, increases risk of spontaneous fractures, and is most often caused by a tumor.
Hyperparathyroidism
A person with a high metabolic rate that is skinny and has exophthalmos (protruding eyes) most likely is suffering from _____________.
Hyperthyroidism
______________ may produce hypocalcemia (a drop in blood calcium) which may cause a person to experience muscle cramps.
Hypoparathyroidism
The hormone that stimulates the release of growth hormone is called growth hormone-releasing hormone and is secreted from the ___________.
Hypothalamus
Down-regulation of a target cell can occur in response to a prolonged ___________ in the level of a hormone.
Increase
Secretion of glucagon causes a(n) _________ in the concentration of blood glucose.
Increase
A deficiency of thyroid hormones at birth produces __________ __________.
Infantile hypothyroidism
Endocrine means __________ ________.
Internal secretion
A simple goiter is most prevalent in a population where the soil lacks the mineral __________.
Iodine
Hormones secreted by the adrenal __________ increase BP, heart rate, and respirations (breathing rate).
Medulla
The central region of the adrenal gland is the adrenal ___________.
Medulla
________-__________ _________ which regulates the formation of melanin is produced by the intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland.
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
Most hormone concentrations and secretions are controlled by a __________ feedback mechanism.
Negative
ADH and oxytocin are secreted by ______________ _______.
Neurosecretory cells
The ___________ has both endocrine and exocrine functions.
Pancreas
The Edmonton protocol is an attempt to transplant ___________ _________.
Pancreatic islets
Secretions that affect only their neighboring cells are referred to as ___________ secretions.
Paracrine
____________ differ from hormones in that they are transmitted between members of the same species.
Pheromones
The ______ gland is located deep between the cerebral hemispheres attached to the roof of the third ventricle.
Pineal
The ___________ gland is attached to the thalamus and secretes the hormone melatonin.
Pineal
The __________ _________ secretes melatonin which plays a role in regulation of circadian rhythms.
Pineal gland
Hormones that the _________ ________ gland secrete are synthesized in the hypothalamus.
Posterior pituitary
A non-steroid hormone acts on a target cell by causing synthesis of a ___________ ____________.
Second messenger
Dopamine from the hypothalamus (also called prolactin-release inhibiting hormone) inhibits secretion of ________ that is synthesized in the anterior pituitary gland.
Prolactin (PRL)
In order for ___________ to be released from the anterior pituitary gland, the hypothalamus must secrete the releasing hormone prolactin-releasing factor (PRF) in order for milk production to occur.
Prolactin (PRL)
Paracrine substances called ______ have powerful, regulating effects on cellular responses to hormones.
Prostaglandins
The specificity of hormone action derives from target cell ___________ that are unique for each hormone.
Receptors
What type of hormones are soluble in lipids, combine with protein receptor molecules (often in the nucleus), and cause messenger RNA synthesis.
Steroid hormones
he condition produced by factors that tend to cause changes in the body's internal environment and threaten its survival is called ______.
Stress
The __________ _________ secretes hormones called thymosins which control production and differentiation of white blood cells.
Thymus gland
Calcitonin is produced in the ________ gland.
Thyroid
The __________ gland is responsible for synthesis and secretion of triiodothyronine (T3).
Thyroid
___________ is secreted by the thyroid gland and enhances the rate at which proteins are synthesized.
Thyroxine also called Tetraiodothyronine (T4)
_________ __________ stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete hormones.
Tropic hormones
True of false...about 1/3rd of T4 is converted to T3 in the peripheral tissues.
True
True or false... A hormone is a secreted molecule that is carried in the bloodstream to where it acts on target cells that bear specific receptors for that hormone.
True
True or false... Hormones serve to regulate metabolism, water and electrolyte balance and blood pressure, and also have functions in growth, reproduction and development.
True
True or false... Non-steroid hormones include peptides, proteins, glycoproteins, and amines.
True
True or false... Parathyroid hormone stimulates the activity of bone resorption via osteoclasts.
True
True or false... The extrafollicular cells of the thyroid gland secrete calcitonin.
True
True or false... The hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla are amines.
True
True or false... The hypothalamus controls secretion of pituitary hormones.
True
True or false... The sex hormones from the adrenal cortex are primarily androgens.
True
True or false... The target cells of releasing hormones secreted by the hypothalamus are found in the anterior pituitary gland.
True
True or false...Diabetes mellitus results in urine with high osmotic pressure.
True
True or false...a person who is stressed typically has increased blood pressure.
True
Type _________ diabetes mellitus results from an insensitivity of cells (receptors) to insulin.
Two (2)
A(n) _____________ cell has an increase in the number of receptors available for binding.
Up-regulated
Oxytocin is sometimes administered to women in order to stimulate __________ ____________.
Uterine contractions
Non-steroid hormones cause activation of ___________ __________ in their target cells which then forms __________ ______________.
• Adenylate cyclase • Cyclic AMP
Diabetes insipidus results from failure of receptors of the hormone _______ _______________ to trigger cAMP formation in the kidneys. This results in lack of retention of water and ultimately causes ______________.
• Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) • Dehydration
Nerve fibers in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland secrete two hormones...what are they?
• Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) • Oxytocin (OT)
Secretion of _____________ hormone is controlled primarily by the concentration of blood calcium (should have two possibilities here).
• Calcitonin (blood calcium is high) • Parathyroid hormone (blood calcium is low)
With aging...levels of GH ________ and levels of ADH ____________.
• Decrease • Increase
What two hormones typically increase in blood concentration as a result of the general stress response?
• Epinephrine • Cortisol
What two hormones are secreted by the adrenal medulla?
• Epinephrine • Norepinephrine
Athletes abuse of ______________ also known as _______ creates an increase in production and the number of red blood cells.
• Erythropoietin • EPO
____________ glands secrete through ducts or tubes to the body's exterior whereas the __________ glands secrete into the internal environment.
• Exocrine • Endocrine
A __________ is a molecule that has a metabolic effect on another cell and a ________ _________ is a cell that has receptors for specific hormones.
• Hormone • Target cell
Growth hormone signals the release of IGF-1 from the _________ which is a mediator protein that ultimately has an effect on _____________.
• Liver • Cartilage
The nervous system releases ___________ at synapses and the endocrine system releases ___________ into the bloodstream.
• Neurotransmitters • Hormones