Anatomy Chapter 16
Which ovarian phase corresponds with the proliferative phase in the uterus?
follicular phase
Which of the following is a likely result of meiosis?
four sperm, each with 23 chromosomes
The biggest risk factor for developing breast cancer is __________.
lifelong estrogen exposure
What is the function of the interstitial cells in the testes?
produce testosterone
Chromosomes can exchange genetic information during a process called "crossing over." This occurs when homologous chromosomes are lined up in pairs. When does this happen?
prophase I
What is the function of the sperm cell's acrosome?
release enzymes to help penetrate the follicle cells surrounding the oocyte
The luteal phase of the ovarian cycle corresponds with which phase of the uterine (menstrual) cycle?
Secretory phase
The uterine cycle describes the cyclic changes of thickening and degeneration that the endometrium goes through in a month. What is the order of events in one uterine cycle?
Day 1 The superficial layer of the endometrium is shed Basal layer of endometrium grows,forms glands and blood vessels Enriched endometrial blood supply Endometrial glands secreten utrients into uterus Day 28
The ovarian cycle describes the monthly events of a post-pubescent ovary that causes a small number of primary follicles to grow, mature, and ovulate each month. What is the order of the events in one ovarian cycle?
Day 1- Day 28 Stimulation by FSH Primary oocyte resumes meiosis Maturation into vesicular follicle Ovulation Corpus luteum forms
Sperm maturation occurs in which of the following locations?
Epididymis
Relative levels of anterior pituitary gonadotropins correlate with hormonal and follicular changes of the ovary and with the uterine cycle.
FSH causes oocytes to mature. LH surge stimulates ovulation. Progesterone increases the existing blood supply in the endometrium. Estrogen induces proliferation of blood vessels in the endometrium.
After DNA replication, each individual chromosome becomes a homologous pair.
False
Which of the following is NOT true about the placenta?
Forms from the inner cell mass
What hormone produced by the blastocyst causes the glandular corpus luteum to continue producing its hormones to maintain the endometrium?
Human chorionic gonadotropin
What hormone stimulates cells in the testes to produce testosterone?
LH
Which of the following is NOT true of mammary glands?
Mammary glands decrease in size at puberty.
Effects of Aging on the Reproductive System
Men- Steady decline in sex hormone production throughout later life Able to generate gametes late in life Women- Mood changes, and vasodilation of skin blood vessels results from loss of sex hormones Production of gametes ceases with menopause Gonadal release of sex hormones wanes, then ceases, around age 50
During embryonic development, ectoderm (one of the three primary germ layers) gives rise to which of the following?
Nervous system
The events in the ovarian and uterine cycles are largely controlled by the pituitary gonadotropins and ovarian hormones. Before ovulation are the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle and the menstrual and proliferative phases of the uterine cycle. After ovulation are the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle and the secretory phase of the uterine cycle. How do hormone levels change with the phases and ovulation?
Pre-ovulation: Lowest progesterone Lowest LH FSH plateau Lowest estrogen Ovulation: LH peak FSH peak Estrogen peak Post-ovulation: Progesterone peak Estrogen falls, rises, and falls again Lowest FSH
Because the reproductive system structures of males and females are identical during early development, what determines whether male accessory reproductive organs are formed?
Presence of testosterone
The cyclic production of estrogens and progesterone by the ovaries is, in turn, regulated by the anterior pituitary gonadotropic hormones, FSH and LH. Select all true statements about female hormone interactions.
The corpus luteum produces estrogen while LH is present. Estrogen stimulates LH and FSH release. The corpus luteum produces progesterone while LH is present
Why are the testes located in the scrotum?
The temperature in the pelvic cavity is too high.
Regarding physiological changes that occur during pregnancy in the respiratory system, which of the following statements is TRUE?
Vital capacity and respiratory rate increase during pregnancy, but residual volume declines.
Which of the following is NOT produced by meiosis?
a liver cell
What part of the uterus projects into the vagina?
cervix
The tubular portion of the uterus that extends inferiorly into the superior region of the vagina is known as the _______.
cervix of the uterus
When does the total number of chromosomes get reduced from 46 pairs to 23 individual chromosomes?
during meiosis I
Where would sperm travel next after moving through the ductus deferens?
ejaculatory duct
The soft, vascular mucosal lining of the uterus is the _______.
endometrium
What term refers to the lining of the uterus?
endometrium
Developing follicles produce _______, which stimulates thickening of the endometrium during each menstrual cycle, the enlargement of female reproductive organs, and breast development in a young woman.
estrogen
What organ produces the female gametes?
ovary
The rupture of the Graafian follicle and the release of its contents occur during _______.
ovulation
What event occurs following the luteinizing hormone (LH) surge during the female monthly cycle?
ovulation
What organ delivers nutrients to the developing embryo and produces estrogen and progesterone?
placenta
What is the general function of the gonads?
produce gametes and secrete sex hormones
What semen-producing glands are found on the posterior surface of the urinary bladder?
seminal vesicles
Which gland produces 60 percent of seminal fluid volume, including fructose and prostaglandins?
seminal vesicles
The structures inside each testis that produce sperm are called _______.
seminiferous tubule
What change occurs in the cardiovascular system during pregnancy?
significant increase in blood volume
Acrosomal enzymes are needed for _______.
sperm penetration of an "egg"
The spermatic cord contains the _______.
spermatic artery, spermatic vein, spermatic nerve, and ductus deferens
What is the name of the series of events that forms sperm from spermatogonia?
spermatogenesis
The cells forming the outer layer (i.e., closest to the basement membrane) of the seminiferous tubule are the _______.
spermatogonia
What cells are the stem cells for spermatogenesis?
spermatogonia
The hormone directly responsible for the development of the male secondary sexual characteristics is called _______.
testosterone
From the ejaculatory duct, sperm can pass directly into the _______.
urethra
What part of the male reproductive system conducts both semen and urine?
urethra
In what part of the female reproductive tract does fertilization typically occur?
uterine (Fallopian) tube
Ultimately, pelvic inflammatory disease in women is made possible because of the less-than-complete connection between the __________ and the __________.
uterine tubes; ovary
The usual site of implantation for the fertilized egg is the _______.
uterus
