Anatomy Chapter 17 lecture exam
Compared to most other organs in the body, endocrine organs are A) well vascularized. B) poorly vascularized. C) have an average amount of vascularization. D) mainly epithelial cells.
: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 523
The target of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is A) the gonads. B) the parathyroid. C) the thymus. D) the thyroid.
: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 525-526
Which of the following hormones secreted by the pars distalis does not regulate the function of other endocrine glands? A) MSH B) TSH C) ACTH D) FSH
: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 526
Which of the following minerals is essential for the formation of thyroid hormone? A) iodine B) calcium C) iron D) copper
: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 532
Which endocrine gland stands out in X-ray images and helps radiologists get oriented in the brain? A) the pineal gland B) the pituitary gland C) the hypothalamus D) the thyroid gland
: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 536
Erythropoietin is produced in the A) kidney. B) heart. C) bone marrow. D) thymus.
: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 537
Which of the following is a major source of steroid hormones in the body? A) the gonads B) the adrenal medulla C) the thyroid D) the pituitary
: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 537
Identify the letter that indicates a "master gland" that secretes at least nine hormones. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E
: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 523, 525
The major stimulus for the release of thyroid hormone is A) hormonal. B) humoral. C) nervous. D) calcium.
: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 524-525
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) is produced by A) corticotropic cells. B) gonadotropic cells. C) somatotropic cells. D) thyrotropic cells.
: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 525
Identify the letter that indicates the hypophysis, which consists of an anterior and posterior lobe. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E
: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 526
Which of the following hormones is secreted into the primary capillary plexus of the hypophyseal portal system? A) growth hormone-releasing hormone B) growth hormone C) ADH D) oxytocin
: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 527
Which of the following hormones is secreted by neurons? A) oxytocin B) thyroid hormone C) growth hormone D) insulin
: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 529
Which of the following endocrine glands is capable of storing its hormones extracellularly and then slowly releasing them? A) thyroid gland B) pituitary gland C) adrenal gland D) pancreas
: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 532
Cells that manufacture and secrete aldosterone are located in the A) zona glomerulosa. B) renal cortex. C) pars distalis. D) pars nervosa.
: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 535
Which region of the adrenal cortex consists of cells arranged in parallel cords? A) zona fasciculata B) zona glomerulosa C) zona pellucia D) zona reticularis
: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 535
Pancreatic cell type that produces glucagon. A) alpha cells B) beta cells C) delta cells D) gamma cells E) PP cells
: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 536
Diabetes insipidus can be caused by trauma to the A) posterior pituitary gland. B) pancreas. C) gonads. D) kidney.
: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 538
The beta type of endocrine cells in the pancreatic islets secretes a hormone that A) lowers blood sugar levels. B) raises blood sugar concentrations. C) targets liver cells. D) inhibits secretion by the exocrine pancreas.
: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 536
Explain what is meant by the term neuroendocrine, and give an example of a neuroendocrine gland.
: A neuroendocrine gland is an endocrine gland that contains a significant number of cells belonging to another organ system, specifically cells of the nervous system. The hypothalamus is a neuroendocrine gland because the neurohypophysis consists of neurons that store and release endocrine hormones. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 523, 525, 527-528
Which of the following hormones is secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary? A) LH B) ADH C) glucagon D) adrenaline
: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 528-529
Target organs for the hormone oxytocin include the uterus and the A) lungs. B) mammary glands. C) biceps brachii muscle. D) thyroid gland.
: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 529
The thyroid gland is located A) anterior to the aortic arch. B) immediately inferior to the larynx. C) on the superior aspect of the kidneys. D) posterior to the sternum.
: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 531-532
The condition in which a neoplasm leads to hypersecretion of amine hormones by the adrenal medulla is called A) Graves' disease. B) pheochromocytoma. C) myxedema. D) acromegaly.
: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 541
Identify the letter that indicates a gland that secretes hormone that controls metabolic rate. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E
: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 523, 532
A cell type in the pars distalis that secretes two major kinds of hormones instead of one is the A) somatotropic cell. B) gonadotropic cell. C) thyrotropic cell. D) prolactin cell.
: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 525
Which of the following hormones secreted by the pars distalis is a tropic hormone? A) MSH B) LH C) prolactin D) growth hormone
: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 525
The hypophyseal portal veins are primarily located in the A) pars nervosa. B) infundibulum. C) tuber cinereum. D) pars intermedia.
: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 525, 527
Identify the letter that indicates a myelinated axon tract representative of a commissure connecting left and right cerebral hemispheres. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E
: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 526
Which of the following hormones is secreted by the pars intermedia of the pituitary gland? A) melatonin B) melanocyte-stimulating hormone C) prolactin-inhibiting hormone D) oxytocin
: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 527
Region of the hypophysis that releases hormones stored in neurosecretory bodies in axon terminals. A) tuber cinerum B) neurohypophysis C) infundibulum D) pars tuberalis E) adenohypophysis
: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 527-528
Cells of the thyroid that produce calcitonin. A) follicular cells B) parafollicular cells C) parathyroid cells D) oxyphil cells E) pituicytes
: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 532
Hormone that inhibits osteoclast activity in children. A) parathyroid hormone B) calcitonin C) thyroxine D) catecholamines E) oxytocin
: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 532
Which cells produce the thyroid hormone precursor thyroglobulin? A) parathyroid cells B) follicular cells C) oxyphil cells D) parafollicular cells
: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 532
Which endocrine gland stores enough of its hormone extracellularly to last several months? A) the pituitary B) the thyroid C) the pancreas D) the ovary
: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 532
Class of hormones secreted during chronic stress that depress immune function. A) mineralocorticoids B) glucocorticoids C) androgens D) gonadotrophins E) amino acid-based hormones
: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 535
Pancreatic cell type that produces insulin. A) alpha cells B) beta cells C) delta cells D) gamma cells E) PP cells
: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 536-537
Which of the following hormones is not produced by the placenta? A) estrogens B) testosterone C) progesterone D) hCG
: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 537
Which of the following endocrine glands develops primarily from the endoderm of the pharynx? A) anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary B) thyroid and parathyroids C) pineal D) adrenal medulla
: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 540-541
Jellylike substance found in the thyroid follicles containing high concentrations of stored thyroglobulin. A) brain sand B) colloid C) acinar D) cortisol
: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 531
The action of the parathyroid hormone is counteracted by A) thyroxin. B) calcitonin. C) oxytocin. D) GH.
: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 532-533
Androgens are secreted and directly converted to estrogens and testosterone by the A) pituitary gland. B) peripheral reproductive cells. C) gonadotropic cells. D) interstitial cells.
: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 536
Which of the following hormones indirectly increases the secretion of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex? A) ACTH B) renin C) TSH D) corticotropin-releasing hormone
: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 537-538
Two distinct endocrine glands are each a combination of two different embryonic tissues. Identify these glands, and describe their embryonic origins.
: Both the pituitary and adrenal glands are composed of two different embryonic tissues. The pituitary gland derives from projections from the roof of the mouth and the floor of the brain, the future anterior lobe, and the future posterior lobe, respectively. The adrenal gland consists of the cortex and medulla. The cortex derives from somatic mesoderm of the dorsal abdominal wall, whereas cells of the medulla are neural crest derivatives. The dual origin of these endocrine glands reflects the distinct function of their respective subdivisions. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 534, 541
Which of the following statements concerning the endocrine glands is incorrect? A) They are a group of ductless glands. B) They secrete messenger molecules called hormones. C) The hormones they secrete travel more quickly than nerve impulses. D) The hormones they secrete regulate processes such as growth and metabolism.
: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 522
Cells that manufacture and secrete ACTH are located in the A) adrenal cortex. B) adrenal medulla. C) pituitary gland. D) heart.
: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 525
Class of hormones that regulates secretions of other endocrine glands. A) acidophilic B) basophilic C) tropic D) atrial naturetic peptide E) renin
: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 525
The adrenal medulla secretes A) aldosterone. B) cortisol. C) epinephrine and norepinephrine. D) glucocorticoids.
: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 534
Somatostatin A) increases the release of insulin. B) increases the release of glucagon. C) inhibits the secretion of insulin and glucagon. D) inhibits the exocrine activity of the pancreas.
: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 537
Immune organ that also secretes endocrine hormones. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E
: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 523, 537
The major stimulus for the release of the amine hormones of the adrenal gland is A) hormonal. B) humoral. C) nervous. D) adrenaline.
: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 524
Cells that manufacture and secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone are located in the A) thyroid gland. B) hypothalamus. C) pars distalis. D) adrenal cortex.
: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 525
The anatomical stalk of the pituitary is also known as A) tuber cinerum. B) neurohypophysis. C) infundibulum. D) pars tuberalis. E) adenohypophysis.
: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 525
The artery that supplies most of the pituitary gland (but not the pars nervosa) is the A) primary plexus of the hypophyseal portal system. B) basilar artery on the brain stem. C) superior hypophyseal artery. D) hypophyseal branch of the external carotid artery.
: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 525
Which of the following is not part of the posterior lobe of the pituitary? A) infundibular stalk B) median eminence C) pars intermedia D) pars nervosa
: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 525
Identify the letter that indicates a gland that regulates circadian rhythms. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E
: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 526, 536
Identify the letter that indicates a gland that secretes melatonin. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E
: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 526, 536
The secretion of hormones by the anterior lobe of the pituitary is controlled by the A) pars distalis. B) pancreatic islets. C) hypothalamus. D) atria of the heart.
: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 527
The cells that secrete parathyroid hormone are called A) parafollicular cells. B) oxyphil cells. C) parathyroid cells. D) follicular cells.
: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 533
Cells of the adrenal medulla are most closely allied with A) the exocrine acinar cells of the pancreas. B) the pinealocytes. C) the sympathetic neurons. D) the T lymphocytes of the immune system.
: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 534
Cells that manufacture and secrete androgens are located in the A) bone tissue. B) pituitary gland. C) zona reticularis. D) nonpregnant uterus.
: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 536
Gland of the posterior diencephalon. A) neurohypophysis B) adneohypophysis C) pineal gland D) thymus gland E) parathyroid gland
: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 536
Which of the following hormones is secreted by cardiac muscle cells? A) ADH B) FSH C) atrial natriuretic hormone D) epinephrine
: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 537
Individuals with type 2 diabetes A) have an absolute requirement for insulin injections. B) have normal concentrations of glucose in their blood. C) may often control their disease by diet and exercise. D) have pancreases that produce and secrete very little insulin.
: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 538-539
The primary capillary plexus of the hypophyseal portal system is located in A) the hypothalamus. B) the infundibular stalk. C) the median eminence. D) the pars tuberalis.
: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 525, 527
Region of the adrenal cortex that secretes DHEA. A) zona glomerulosa B) zona fasiculata C) zona reticularis D) tuber cinerum E) chrommafin cells
: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 536
Which arrangement of endocrine cells does not allow for maximum contact with blood capillaries? A) branching networks B) clusters C) cords D) ducts
: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 522
Of the following endocrine organs, which does not migrate away from its original site of formation in the embryo? A) thymus B) parathyroid glands C) thyroid gland D) posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 540-541
Prolactinoma is the most common tumor of the A) pineal gland. B) thyroid. C) adrenal medulla. D) pituitary gland.
: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 541
Identify the letter that indicates a gland that secretes corticosteroids. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E
: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 523, 532
Endocrine cells that secrete steroids have all of the following cytoplasmic features except A) abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum. B) secretion via diffusion. C) lipid droplets. D) secretory granules.
: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 523-524
Which of the following is not part of the anterior lobe of the pituitary? A) pars distalis B) pars intermedia C) pars tuberalis D) pars nervosa
: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 525
Identify the letter that indicates a brain region (diencephalon) producing releasing and inhibiting hormones. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E
: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 526, 527
Largest purely endocrine gland in the body. A) pancreas B) hypophysis C) adrenal gland D) thyroid gland E) thymus gland
: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 531
Pyramid-shaped gland consisting of neural crest-derived cells and endocrine secretory cells. A) thyroid gland B) thymus gland C) gonadal cells of the ovaries/testes D) adrenal gland E) pancreas
: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 534
Endocrine gland of the thorax that is also important in immune function. A) neurohypophysis B) adneohypophysis C) pineal gland D) thymus gland E) parathyroid gland
: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 537
The hormone produced by the heart A) decreases urine output. B) increases calcium levels in the blood. C) is secreted in response to low blood volumes. D) increases the excretion of sodium in the urine.
: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 537
Pituitary disorders include all of the following except A) gigantism. B) acromegaly. C) pituitary dwarfism. D) Graves' disease.
: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 538
The hypophyseal pouch is involved in the formation of the A) thyroid gland. B) thymus. C) pineal gland. D) pituitary gland.
: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 540-541
Which of the following statements concerning the supraoptic nucleus is false? A) It is part of the hypothalamus. B) It gets its name because it is superior to the optic chiasma. C) It is a brain nucleus rather than a cell nucleus. D) It produces the hormone oxytocin.
: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 528-529
Parathyroid hormone causes all of the following except A) activation of vitamin D. B) decreased secretion of calcium by the kidney. C) increase in plasma calcium. D) inhibition of osteoclasts.
: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 533
Vitamin D is synthesized and secreted by A) bone cells. B) the brain. C) the epithelium of the small intestine. D) the epidermis.
: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 537
Distinguish the anatomical causes of diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus.
: Diabetes insipidus results when the posterior lobe of the pituitary produces insufficient antidiuretic hormone. One result is the production of large volumes of urine. In diabetes mellitus, the problem is that the pancreatic islet cells produce insufficient insulin, or that the tissues themselves don't respond to insulin. The production of large quantities of urine is also one sign of diabetes mellitus. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 538-539
Secretes hormones that control blood sugar levels. A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E
: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 523, 536-537
Region of the hypophysis that contains secretory endocrine cells derived from the oral ectoderm. A) tuber cinerum B) neurohypophysis C) infundibulum D) pars tuberalis E) adenohypophysis
: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 541
The pituitary gland atrophies with age and by age 80 is replaced by adipose tissue.
: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 541
An endocrine cell that secretes its hormone in response to the presence of another hormone is said to be controlled by humoral stimuli.
: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 524-525
Gonadotropic cells of the pars distalis are the only class of cells there that produce more than one hormone.
: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 525
Gonadotropic cells of the anterior lobe of the pituitary secrete prolactin.
: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 525-526
The adrenal medulla consists of three distinct zones and secretes steroid hormones.
: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 535-537
In diabetes mellitus, the posterior lobe of the pituitary does not produce sufficient antidiuretic hormone.
: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 538
Hyperthyroidism, known as ________ disease, is an autoimmune condition.
: Graves' Diff: 2 Page Ref: 539
________ produces contraction of the smooth musculature of the male and female reproductive tracts.
: Oxytocin Diff: 2 Page Ref: 529
All endocrine glands secrete their hormones into the bloodstream.
: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 522
Steroid hormones are synthesized from cholesterol.
: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 523-524
Releasing hormones from the hypothalamus diffuse from the secondary capillary plexus to activate target cells in the pars distalis.
: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 527-528
Thyroglobulin is produced by follicular cells of the thyroid gland, bound to thyroid hormone, and stored inside the follicle.
: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 532
The endocrine cells of the pancreas are present in islets, whereas the exocrine cells are in acini.
: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 536
The heart contains endocrine cells that secrete atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).
: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 537
Only GH, DHEA, and the sex hormones show marked decline in secretion with age.
: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 541
Melatonin production by the pineal gland involves signals transmitted by thoracic and cervical nerves.
: TRUE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 536
Hypersecretion of glucocorticoid hormones leads to Cushing's disease.
: TRUE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 539-540
Contrast the two anatomical regions of the adrenal glands.
: The adrenal gland consists of a superficial adrenal cortex and a deep adrenal medulla. The adrenal medulla consists of modified neural ganglia that release catecholamine neurotransmitters. In contrast, the adrenal cortex, consisting of three distinct layers or zones, secretes steroid hormones. These include the mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and a weak androgen DHEA. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 534-536
Contrast the major differences between the two anatomical divisions of the pituitary gland.
: The anterior lobe of the pituitary, or adenohypophysis, consists of several types of endocrine cells, all of which are epithelial in origin. These cells secrete their endocrine products in response to hormones released from the hypothalamus. Hypothalamic signaling molecules reach the adenohypophysis via a portal blood system.The posterior lobe of the pituitary, or neurohypophysis, consists of the axons and axon terminals of neurons whose cell bodies exist in the hypothalamus. Endocrine hormones are stored and released from their axon terminals. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 525-529
Cells of the kidney produce the hormone ________, which stimulates red blood cell production.
: erythropoietin Diff: 2 Page Ref: 537
Changing levels of ions or nutrients in the blood are examples of ________ stimuli that cause changes in endocrine secretion.
: humoral Diff: 2 Page Ref: 524
Releasing and inhibiting hormones travel from the hypothalamus through a vascular ________ portal system to the anterior lobe of the pituitary.
: hypophyseal Diff: 2 Page Ref: 527-528
The ________ hormone aldosterone is produced by the adrenal cortex to increase blood volume.
: mineralocorticoid, or corticosteroid Diff: 2 Page Ref: 535
The diffuse ________ system consists of endocrine cells scattered throughout the visceral organs.
: neuroendocrine Diff: 3 Page Ref: 537
The ________ consists of four endocrine cell types: A, B, D, and PP.
: pancreas Diff: 2 Page Ref: 536-537
The endocrine cells of the pancreas are located within spherical bodies called ________.
: pancreatic islets Diff: 1 Page Ref: 536
The thymic hormones are structurally ________ molecules.
: peptide Diff: 1 Page Ref: 537
The pineal gland is readily observed on X-ray images because of the presence of radiopaque ________, or calcium particles.
: pineal sand Diff: 2 Page Ref: 536
The parathyroid glands lie on the ________ surface of the thyroid gland.
: posterior Diff: 1 Page Ref: 532-533
The ability of a target tissue to respond to a particular hormone depends on the presence of a specific ________ that will bind the hormone on or inside the target cell.
: receptor Diff: 2 Page Ref: 524
The three layers of the adrenal cortex, from external to internal, are the zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona ________.
: reticularis Diff: 3 Page Ref: 534
Growth hormone is produced by ________ cells of the adenohypophysis.
: somatotropic Diff: 2 Page Ref: 526-527