Anatomy- Chapter 2 Practice quiz
B
The lipid(s) used as the basis of vitamin D, sex hormones, and bile salts is/are (a) triglycerides, (b) cholesterol, (c) phospholipids, (d) prostaglandin.
True
The major function of RNA is to carry out the genetic instructions for protein synthesis. True False
amino acids
The monomers of proteins are __________. amino acids steroids nucleic acids monosaccharides
Valence Shell
The outermost energy shell of an atom is known as its __________. valence shell orbital model electron shell energy level
catabolic and exergonic
A chemical reaction in which bonds are broken is __________. anabolic and endergonic catabolic and exergonic catabolic and endergonic
D
A chemist, during the course of an analysis, runs across a chemical composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the proportion 1:2:1 and having a six-sided molecular shape. It is probably (a) a pentose, (b) an amino acid, (c) a fatty acid, (d) a monosaccharide, (e) a nucleic acid.
A
A deficiency in this element can be expected to reduce the hemoglobin content of blood: (a) Fe, (b) I, (c) F, (d) Ca, (e) K.
Solution
A homogenous mixture of gases, liquids, or solids is referred to as a __________. solute suspension solution solvent
A
A triglyceride consists of (a) glycerol plus three fatty acids, (b) a sugar-phosphate backbone to which two amino groups are attached, (c) two to several hexoses, (d) amino acids that have been thoroughly saturated with hydrogen.
D
Acids (a) release hydroxyl ions when dissolved in water, (b) are proton acceptors, (c) cause the pH of a solution to rise, (d) release protons when dissolved in water.
Ions
All electrolytes are __________. polar molecules acids nonpolar molecules ions
D
All of the following are examples of the four major elements contributing to body mass except (a) hydrogen, (b) carbon, (c) nitrogen, (d) sodium, (e) oxygen.
True
All organic molecules contain carbon. True False
a chemical bond formed by the transfer of one or more electrons from the valence shell of one atom to that of the other
An ionic bond is __________. formed when a hydrogen atom already covalently linked to one electronegative atom binds with an electron-hungry atom of another molecule to form a "bridge" a chemical bond in which two atoms equally share valence electrons a chemical bond formed by the transfer of one or more electrons from the valence shell of one atom to that of the other a chemical bond in which two atoms unequally share valence electrons
carbohydrate
An organic compound is analyzed, and it has twice as many hydrogen atoms as oxygen atoms. This compound is most likely a __________. carbohydrate protein nucleic acid lipid
Stabilize pH
Buffers __________. stabilize pH serve as an energy source for a cell build carbohydrates are strong acids
proton donors or proton acceptors
Buffers tend to prevent dramatic changes in pH when __________ are added to a solution. glucose molecules organic molecules oxygen molecules proton donors or proton acceptors
are energy relationships between the electrons of the reacting atoms
Chemical bonds __________. are energy relationships between the protons of the reacting atoms are physical structures that hold atoms together are energy relationships between the neutrons of the reacting atoms are energy relationships between the electrons of the reacting atoms
True
Colloids (emulsions) are heterogeneous mixtures. True False
Atomic Symbol
Each known element is designated with a one- or two-letter chemical shorthand known as the __________. atomic number atomic weight atomic mass unit atomic symbol
False
Electrons bear a positive charge equal in strength to the negative charge of the proton. True False
increase; lowering
Enzymes __________the rate of a chemical reaction by __________ the activation energy. increase; lowering decrease; lowering decreasing; raising increase; raising
True
Enzymes are unchanged in a reaction; they can be reused, and are NOT needed in large quantities. True False
C
Factors that accelerate the rate of chemical reactions include all but (a) the presence of catalysts, (b) increasing the temperature, (c) increasing the particle size, (d) increasing the concentration of the reactants.
450/180=2.5 moles per aspirin (9*12 +8*1+16*4=180)
How many moles of aspirin, C9H8O4, are in a bottle containing 450 g by weight? (Note: The approximate atomic weights of its atoms are C = 12, H = 1, and O = 16.)
become denatured
If the pH or temperature of the environment that contains a protein is altered dramatically, then the protein may __________. become overly active become denatured take on a quaternary structure take on an α-helical structure
D
In a beaker of water, the water-water bonds can properly be called (a) ionic bonds, (b) polar covalent bonds, (c) nonpolar covalent bonds, (d) hydrogen bonds.
there is a transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to the other
In an ionic bond, __________. a hydrogen atom, already covalently linked to one electronegative atom (usually nitrogen or oxygen), is attracted by another electron-hungry atom, so that a bridge forms between them shared neutrons occupy a single orbital common to both atoms within a molecule atoms share electrons equally there is a transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to the other
water
In biochemistry, and thus in the body, the universal solvent is __________. blood alcohol water lymph oxygen
a molecule of water is added for each bond broken
In hydrolysis, __________. a reactant accepts electrons electrons are lost from a reactant a molecule of water is added for each bond broken a molecule of water is removed when proteins are synthesized from smaller molecules
proteins
Molecular chaperones help __________ fold. lipids nucleic acids carbohydrates proteins
4
Ninety-six percent of body weight is made up of __________ elements. 4 20 92 112
False
Polar molecules are electrically balanced as a result of the equal sharing of electrons between the atoms of the molecules. True False
Lipids
Prostaglandins are __________. enzymes lipids carbohydrates proteins
have more H+ ions than OH- ions
Something with a pH of 5 would __________. be described as being neutral have fewer H+ ions than OH- ions be described as being basic have more H+ ions than OH- ions
calcium
Sugars contain all of the following EXCEPT __________. hydrogen carbon calcium oxygen
True
The atomic number of any atom is equal to the number of protons in its nucleus. True False
nucleotides
The building blocks (monomers) of RNA and DNA are __________. phosphate groups bases nucleotides ribose sugars
Reversibility can be indicated by a double arrow pointing in opposite directions with one being longer than the other indicating the predominant reaction. The double arrows are the same length When the arrows are of equal length, as in neither the forward reaction nor the reverse reaction is dominant. One product molecule breaks down, releasing the reactants A and B.
The following equation, which represents the oxidative breakdown of glucose by body cells, is a reversible reaction. Glucose+oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + ATPGlucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + ATP How can you indicate that the reaction is reversible? How can you indicate that the reaction is in chemical equilibrium? Define chemical equilibrium.
steroids
The important cholesterol-based molecules are __________. fatty acids phospholipids proteins steroids
primary
The sequence of amino acids in a protein constitutes the __________ structure of the protein. primary secondary tertiary quaternary
A
The subatomic particles responsible for the chemical behavior of atoms are (a) electrons, (b) ions, (c) neutrons, (d) protons.
A
When a pair of electrons is shared between two atoms, the bond formed is called (a) a single covalent bond, (b) a double covalent bond, (c) a triple covalent bond, (d) an ionic bond.
Anabolism
When atoms or molecules combine to form larger, more complex molecules, the process is known as __________. catabolism exchange decomposition anabolism
R group
Which functional group makes one amino acid differ from another? NH2 R H COOH
guanine and adenine
Which of the following bases are purines? thymine and cytosine guanine and cytosine guanine and adenine adenine and thymine
Potential energy is stored energy that has the capacity to do work but is not presently doing so.
Which of the following best defines potential energy? Potential energy is energy in action, seen in the constant movement of the tiniest particles of matter, as well as in larger objects. Potential energy is energy that travels in waves. It includes visible light and radio waves. Potential energy is energy that cannot be converted to kinetic energy. Potential energy is stored energy that has the capacity to do work but is not presently doing so.
A colloid can undergo sol-gel transformation, whereas a suspension cannot.
Which of the following describes the difference between a colloid and a suspension? A colloid is a homogenous mixture, while a suspension is a heterogeneous mixture. A suspension causes light to scatter, while a beam of light passing through a colloid does not scatter. A colloid can undergo sol-gel transformation, whereas a suspension cannot. In a colloid, particles settle out in time; this does not take place in a suspension.
When two or more similar kinds of atoms bind, they form an isotope.
Which of the following does NOT represent an accurate hierarchy in the natural combination of matter? Mixtures are substances composed of two or more components physically blended. A molecule contains two or more atoms. When two or more similar kinds of atoms bind, they form an isotope. Protons, neutrons, and electrons compose atoms, which chemically bond with other atoms to form molecules.
B
Which of the following does not describe a mixture? (a) properties of its components are retained, (b) chemical bonds are formed, (c) components can be separated physically, (d) includes both heterogeneous and homogeneous examples.
a high concentration of reagents
Which of the following factors would speed up the rate of a chemical reaction? a high concentration of reagents removal of the biological catalysts lower temperature large particles
D
Which of the following forms of energy is the stimulus for vision? (a) chemical, (b) electrical, (c) mechanical, (d) radiant.
DNA carries out the orders for protein synthesis issued by RNA.
Which of the following is FALSE regarding DNA? DNA provides the basic instructions for building every protein in the body. DNA carries out the orders for protein synthesis issued by RNA. DNA replicates itself before cell division, ensuring that all genetic information in the descendant cells is identical. The DNA molecule is coiled into a spiral staircase-like structure called a double helix.
An acidic substance will have a sticky feel.
Which of the following is NOT a way to distinguish an acid from a base? A basic substance will have a slippery feel. An acidic substance will have a sour taste. A basic substance will have a bitter taste. An acidic substance will have a sticky feel.
potassium
Which of the following is NOT one of the four basic elements that compose approximately 96% of a human's body weight? hydrogen potassium carbon oxygen
Matter can exist in solid, liquid, or gaseous state.
Which of the following is a property of matter? In all cases, matter can be seen, smelled, and felt. Matter can exist in solid, liquid, or gaseous state. The weight of matter remains constant wherever the object is. Mass of an object can change depending upon a variety of factors, including gravitational pull, atmospheric pressure, and temperature.
Water
Which of the following is considered the universal solvent? water plasma intracellular fluid blood
ATP
Which of the following is the primary energy-transferring molecule in cells? adenine ATP NADH DNA
Isotopes have the same number of protons but differ in the number of neutrons they contain.
Which of the following is true of an isotope? Isotopes have the same number of neutrons but differ in the number of protons they contain. Isotopes exist only for a few elements. Isotopes have the same number of protons but differ in the number of neutrons they contain. All isotopes of a given element are found in equal amounts in nature.
Atoms of any given element will differ from those of all other elements and provide its unique physical and chemical properties.
Which of the following is true of atoms? Depending upon the number of neutrons, an atom may possess a positive, negative, or neutral electrical charge. Atoms of any given element will differ from those of all other elements and provide its unique physical and chemical properties. Atoms are composed of more or less identical particles or building blocks, called elements. An atom will always display a negative electrical charge.
omega-3 fatty acids
Which of the following lipids are thought to decrease heart disease? steroids trans fats omega-3 fatty acids phospholipids
D
Which of the following molecules is an inorganic molecule? (a) sucrose, (b) cholesterol, (c) collagen, (d) sodium chloride.
The dipole molecules are electrically balanced.
Which of the following statements about dipoles is INCORRECT? An example of a dipole molecule is water. They orient themselves toward other dipole molecules. The dipole molecules are electrically balanced. They play essential roles in chemical reactions in body cells.
D
Which of the following statements about kinetic energy is INCORRECT? A)It is energy in action. B)It works by moving objects. C)It can do work by moving one object to start a series of objects moving. D)It is a type of stored energy.
synthesis
Which of the following types of chemical reactions always involves atoms or molecules combining to form a larger, more complex molecule? catabolic decomposition hydrolysis synthesis
C
Which of the following types of energy moves in waves? A)chemical energy B)electrical energy C)radiant energy D)mechanical energy
hydrogen ions in a solution
pH is a concentration unit used to measure the concentration of __________. isotopes in a solution hydrogen ions in a solution hydroxyl ions in a solution anions in a solution
