Anatomy chapter 4

Name and briefly describe the different categories of epithelial tissues based on cell shape and number of layers of cells found in the tissue.

1) squamous which are thin and flat 2) cuboidal which are similar in width and height 3) columnar are taller than they are wide and 4) transitional which can change shape from cuboidal to squamous and back again. 1) simple which means a single layer of cells 2) stratified which is two or more layers of cells and 3) pseudostratified which is one layer of cells that appears multi-layered due to the arrangement of the nuclei in the cells.

Which of the following figures shows tissue that is found in tendons and ligaments? B C D E F

E

Which of the light micrographs in the figure below shows a stratified cuboidal epithelium? B C D E F

E

In the figure shown, which light micrograph shows a muscle tissue that is under involuntary control? A) A only B) B only C) C only D) A and B E) A and C

E) A and C

Epithelial tissue A) is used as a covering of body surfaces. B) is used as a lining of body cavities and hollow organs. C) is used to form glands. D) usually has a free surface that interacts with external environment. E) All of these answer choices are correct.

E) All of these answer choices are correct.

Which of the following is a polysaccharide commonly found in the ground substance of connective tissues? A) Hyaluronic acid B) Melatonin C) Cholesterol D) Glycogen E) Starch

A) Hyaluronic acid

Which type of epithelial tissue is found lining the heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels? A) Simple squamous epithelium B) Simple cuboidal epithelium C) Stratified squamous epithelium D) Stratified cuboidal epithelium E) Simple columnar epithelium

A) Simple squamous epithelium

Which of the following is a location where adipose tissue is commonly found? A) Subcutaneous layer deep to the skin B) Lining the chambers of the heart C) Surrounding the brain D) Inside the ear canal E) In the cartilage found in joints

A) Subcutaneous layer deep to the skin

Electrical signals called _____ travel along the plasma membrane of a neuron and stimulate the release of chemicals called _____ that are then used to communicate with other cells. A) action potentials; neurotransmitters B) action potentials; hormones C) action potentials; cytokines D) threshold potentials; cytokines E) threshold potentials; neurotransmitters

A) action potentials; neurotransmitters

Which of the following is an abnormal joining of tissues resulting from the formation of scar tissue at a previous site of inflammation or surgical repair? A) adhesions B) articulations C) cysts D) granulomas E) osteophytes

A) adhesions

Which of the following is a term used to describe a decrease in the size of cells within a tissue or organ that ultimately results in reduction in the overall size of the tissue or organ? A) atrophy B) hyperplasia C) hypertrophy D) adhesion E) anorexia

A) atrophy

In the diagram shown below, where is the apical surface of the epithelial cell? A B C D E

A

In the diagram shown below, which cellular junction is a tight junction? A B C D E

A

In the figure shown, which light micrograph shows areolar connective tissue? A B C D E

A

Which of the following figures shows tissue found along the developing bones of the embryo? A B C E F

A

Which of the light micrographs in the figure below shows the type of epithelial tissue whose functions include filtration, diffusion, osmosis, and secretion in serous membranes? A B C D E

A

The thin extracellular layer, consisting of the basal and reticular lamina, that anchors epithelial cells to underlying connective tissue is called the A) basement membrane. B) tunica adventitia. C) tight junction. D) adherens junctions. E) gap junctions.

A) basement membrane.

Which is a function of the tissue shown in diagram A? A) heat production B) pumping of blood C) propulsion of food D) contraction of bladder E) conduct nerve impulses to muscle fibers

A) heat production

In which of the following types of membranes would you expect to find goblet cells? A) mucous membrane B) serous membrane C) cutaneous membrane D) synovial membrane E) plasma membrane

A) mucous membrane

The two principal types of cells found in nervous tissues are A) neuroglial cells and neurons. B) neurons and mast cells. C) neurons and dendritic cells. D) neuroglial cells and myofibers. E) neurons and somites.

A) neuroglial cells and neurons.

What is the basic structural unit of compact bone tissue? A) osteon B) stroma C) lamellae D) chromosome E) lacunae

A) osteon

Which of the following types of tissues contains multinucleated cells whose movements are under voluntary control? A) skeletal muscle B) smooth muscle C) cardiac muscle D) transitional epithelium E) areolar tissue

A) skeletal muscle

Immature, undifferentiated cells that can divide to replace lost or damaged cells are called A) stem cells. B) parenchymal cells. C) fibrotic cells. D) granulocytes. E) agranulocytes.

A) stem cells.

Which of the following figures shows tissue whose functions are secretion and absorption? B C D G H

B

Which of the light micrographs in the figure below shows the type of epithelial tissue that lines the kidney tubules? A B C D E

B

Which of the following is NOT a common characteristic of epithelial tissues? A) Cells are tightly packed together. B) Large amount of extracellular matrix. C) Contains no blood vessels within tissue. D) Found on the exposed surfaces of the body. E) Line the inside of blood vessels.

B) Large amount of extracellular matrix

Which of the following types of glands are categorized by whether their ducts are branched or unbranched? A) Unicellular exocrine glands B) Multicellular exocrine glands C) Unicellular endocrine glands D) Multicellular endocrine glands E) All of these answer choices are correct.

B) Multicellular exocrine glands

Which type of membrane lines a body cavity that does not open directly to the exterior and the organs contained in that body cavity? A) Cutaneous membrane B) Serous membrane C) Mucous membrane D) Basement membrane E) Synovial membrane

B) Serous membrane

Which type of epithelial tissue lines the fallopian tubes, uterus, and some bronchioles of the respiratory tract? A) Simple cuboidal epithelium B) Simple columnar epithelium C) Stratified columnar epithelium D) Stratified cuboidal epithelium E) Transitional epithelium

B) Simple columnar epithelium

Which of the following types of tissues is made up of small spindle-shaped cells and is commonly found in the walls of hollow organs? A) skeletal muscle B) smooth muscle C) cardiac muscle D) transitional epithelium E) areolar tissue

B) smooth muscle

The extracellular matrix of blood tissue consists of A) red blood cells. B) white blood cells. C) plasma. D) lymph. E) albumin.

C) plasma

Compare and contrast the functional and structural characteristics of the three types of muscle tissue.

Both cardiac and skeletal muscle tissues are striated and smooth muscle is not, hence its name. Skeletal muscle cells have more than one nucleus and are large and run parallel to each other. Cardiac muscle cells usually have only one nucleus and are branched. They also are connected to each other via gap junctions and desmosomes. Smooth muscle cells are small spindle-shaped cells that form thick layers around the hollow organs. some smooth muscle cells communicate via gap junctions. Skeletal muscle is voluntarily controlled while both cardiac and smooth muscle tissue are involuntary.

In the diagram shown below, which cell junction is a desmosome? A B C D E

C

In the figure shown, which light micrograph shows cardiac muscle? A) A B) B C) C D) All of these answer choices are correct. E) None of these answer choices are correct.

C

In the figure shown, which light micrograph shows reticular connective tissue? J C E F H

C

Which of the light micrographs in the figure below shows a simple columnar epithelium? A B C D E

C

Which of the following is classified as loose connective tissue? A) Blood B) Spongy bone C) Areolar connective tissue D) Elastic connective tissue E) Hyaline cartilage

C) Areolar connective tissue

The pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs are composed of which type of connective tissue? A) Adipose tissue B) Elastic cartilage C) Fibrocartilage D) Dense irregular connective tissue E) Reticular connective tissue

C) Fibrocartilage

Which component of connective tissue is found between the cells and fibers, and functions to support and bind cells in the tissue together? A) Matrix B) Formed elements C) Ground substance D) Basement membrane E) Plasma membrane

C) Ground substance

Which type of exocrine gland accumulates its secretory product in the cytosol of its cells until the cell ruptures and becomes part of the secretory product? A) Apocrine B) Exocrine C) Holocrine D) All of these answer choices are correct. E) None of these answer choices are correct.

C) Holocrine

In which of the following locations would you most likely find transitional epithelial cells? A) Lining of the esophagus B) Outer layer of skin C) Lining of the urinary bladder D)On the surface of the heart E) Covering skull bones

C) Lining of the urinary bladder

Which type of epithelial tissue forms the most superficial layer of the skin? A) Simple squamous epithelium B) Simple cuboidal epithelium C) Stratified squamous epithelium D) Stratified cuboidal epithelium E) Simple columnar epithelium

C) Stratified squamous epithelium

These types of cell junctions anchor adjacent cells together and resist their separation during contractile activities A) tight junctions and hemidesmosomes B) gap junctions and tight junctions C) adherens junctions and desmosomes D) desmosomes and gap junctions E) hemidesmosome and tight junctions

C) adherens junctions and desmosomes

Which of the following types of tissues is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body? A) skeletal muscle B) smooth muscle C) cardiac muscle D) intercalated cells E) myoblasts

C) cardiac muscle

Functional classification of exocrine glands is based on A) shape of the gland. B) size of the gland. C) how the gland release its secretory product. D) how the gland synthesizes its secretory product. E) All of these answer choices are correct.

C) how the gland release its secretory product.

Which of the following is NOT one of the main tissue types found in the human body? A) epithelial B) connective C) myocardial D) muscle E) nervous

C) myocardial

In the diagram shown below, which of the indicated structures is composed of basal lamina and reticular lamina? A B C D E

D

In the figure shown, which light micrograph shows dense regular connective tissue? C D E F G

D

Which of the light micrographs in the figure below shows a pseudostratified columnar epithelium? A B C D E

D

Which of the following types of fibers are commonly found in the extracellular matrix of connective tissue? A) Elastic B) Reticular C) Collagen D) All of these answer choices are correct. E) None of these answer choices are correct.

D) All of these answer choices are correct.

Which of the light micrographs in the following figure shows a type of epithelial tissue whose functions include movement of mucus over their apical surface by ciliary action? 1 B 2 C 3 E A) 1 only B) 2 only C) 3 only D) 2 and 3 only E) All of these Answer choices are correct.

D) C and E

Which type of multicellular exocrine gland has a branched rounded secretory part attached to a single unbranched duct and is found mainly in sebaceous glands? A) Simple coiled tubular gland B) Compound tubular gland C) Compound tuboloacinar gland D) Simple branched acinar gland E) Simple branched tubular gland

D) Simple branched acinar gland

Which type of epithelial tissue lines the ducts of sweat glands and esophageal glands? A) Simple squamous epithelium B) Pseudostratified columnar epithelium C) Stratified squamous epithelium D) Stratified cuboidal epithelium E) Transitional epithelium

D) Stratified cuboidal epithelium

Which of the following types of membranes found in the human body does NOT contain epithelial tissue? A) Mucous membrane B) Serous membrane C) Cutaneous membrane D) Synovial membrane

D) Synovial membrane

Spongy bone tissue lacks A) lamellae. B) lacunae. C) osteocytes. D) osteons. E) canaliculi.

D) osteons.

The main function of dense regular connective tissues is A) storing minerals for later use. B) forming stroma of soft organs. C) reducing heat loss from the body surface. D) providing strong attachment between structures like muscle and bones. E) providing elasticity to stretchable organs.

D) providing strong attachment between structures like muscle and bones.

Reticular fibers in soft organs like the spleen and liver form a supporting framework called the A) matrix. B) ground substance. C) basement membrane. D) stroma. E) glycosaminoglycans.

D) stroma

Which is a function of the tissue shown in diagram D? A) heat production B) pumping of blood C) propulsion of food D) contraction of bladder E) conduct nerve impulses to muscle fibers

E) conduct nerve impulses to muscle fibers

Which of the following is NOT a connective tissue? A) Bone B) Blood C) Cartilage D) Tendons E) Epidermis

E) epidermis

Which following types of cells are considered excitable cells because they are able to produce electrical signals? A) neuroglial cells and myofibers B) myofibers and connective tissue cells C) neuroglial cells and neurons D) neurons and epithelial cells E) myofibers and neurons

E) myofibers and neurons

The extracellular matrix of connective tissue consists of A) enzymes and membranous organelles. B) plasma membranes and ground substance. C) keratinized cells and protein fibers. D) calcified crystals of minerals and enzymes. E) protein fibers and ground substance.

E) protein fibers and ground substance.

Discuss the difference(s) between an endocrine and an exocrine gland.

Endocrine glands secrete hormones without a duct. Exocrine glands secrete their products into ducts

Which of the following figures shows tissue that is found in the trachea? B C E F G

F

Name and describe the types of cells commonly found in connective tissue.

Fibroblasts, large, flat cells with branching projections that secrete the fibers and ground substance of the matrix. Macrophages develop from monocytes and are irregular shaped with short branching projections and are capable of engulfing bacteria and cellular debris by phagocytosis. Plasma cells secrete antibodies that attack or neutralize foreign substances in the body. Mast cells produce histamine that dilates small blood vessels. Adipocytes store triglycerides. White blood cells migrate from blood to connective tissue in response to certain immune system conditions.

In the figure shown, which light micrograph shows the type of cartilage that is most abundant in the human body? E F G H I

G

Which of the light micrographs in the following figure shows the type of epithelial tissue found lining the large excretory ducts of esophageal gland and whose functions include protection and secretion? A D E G H

G

In the figure shown, which light micrograph shows fibrocartilage? E F G H I

H

Which of the light micrographs in the following figure shows the type of epithelial tissue that lines the urinary bladder walls? A B C D H

H

Which of the light micrographs in the following figure shows the type of epithelial tissue whose structure allows it to be stretched or distended? A D E G H

H

In the figure shown, which light micrograph shows the type of connective tissue that contains the Hardest matrix of all connective tissues? J I G B D

I

Name and briefly describe the two types of growth seen in cartilage.

Interstitial or appositional. In interstitial growth, the cartilage increases rapidly in size. In appositional growth, activity of the cells leads to growth. Deeper layers divide and cells mature resulting in the matrix accumulating beneath the perichondrium on the outer surface of the cartilage causing it to grow in width.

In the figure shown, which light micrograph shows blood? J I H G F

J

Briefly describe the four parts of an osteon

Lamellae, lacunae, canaliculi and a Haversian canal. The lamellae are concentric rings of matrix that consist of mineral salts and collagen fibers. Lacunae are small spaces between lamellae that contain mature bone cells called osteocytes. Projecting from the lacunae are canaliculi, which are networks of minute canals containing the processes of osteocytes. Canaliculi provide routes for nutrients to reach osteocytes and for wastes to leave them. A central Haversian canal contains blood vessels and nerves.

Discuss how a damaged tissue is repaired.

New cells arise from stroma, supporting connective tissue, or the parenchyma for replacement. In some cases stem cells, which are the immature and undifferentiated cells, will divide to replace the lost or damaged cells.

Discuss the three functional classifications of exocrine glands secretions.

The classification is based on how their secretion is released. Merocrine gland secretions are packaged into a secretary vesicle and released via exocytosis. Apocrine glands accumulate their secretory product at the apical surface of the cell and the upper portion of the cell pinches off from the rest of the cell to release the products. Holocrine glands accumulate their product in their cytosol and after the cell matures, ruptures and releases the product