Anatomy Chapter 6
Which statements characterize endochondral ossification?
Hyaline cartilage models form. Cartilage calcifies during this process. Some stem cells in the perichondrium become osteoblasts.
Which statements characterize the process of bone resorption?
Hydrochloric acid dissolves minerals of bone. Lysosomes dissolve the organic parts of bone matrix.
Which statements characterize the microscopic arrangement of spongy bone?
It contains no osteons. It contains parallel lamellae. It contains lacunae and canaliculi.
Which statements characterize articular cartilage?
It covers an epiphysis. It functions to reduce friction in joints. It is composed of hyaline cartilage.
Which statements characterize the periosteum?
It functions to anchor blood vessels to the surface of bones. It is composed of dense irregular connective tissue. It covers the outer surface of the diaphysis of a long bone. It helps to heal bone fractures.
Which statements characterize articular cartilage?
It functions to reduce friction in joints. It covers an epiphysis. It is composed of hyaline cartilage.
Which statements describe the inorganic components of the matrix of bone?
It gives the bone its hardness. It contains hydroxyapatite crystals.
Which statement(s) characterize lamellar bone?
It is also known as secondary bone. It becomes the spongy bone of flat bones.
Which statements describe the matrix of bone?
It is harder than the matrix of cartilage. It is composed of organic and inorganic substances.
Which statements correctly describe compact bone?
It is solid and relatively dense. It forms the external walls of a long bone.
Which statements characterize endosteum?
It lines medullary cavities. It contains osteoblasts. It is active during bone repair.
Which statements characterize the effect of Vitamin D?
It promotes absorption of phosphate and calcium into the blood. It aids in the calcification of bone.
Which statements describe an osteon?
It runs parallel to the diaphysis of a long bone. It is microscopic. It contains a central canal. It is also called a Haversian system.
Which statements characterize cartilage?
It supports soft tissues It provides a model for the formation of bones. It provides a gliding surface at joints.
Which is a function of cartilage?
It supports the auricle of the ear.
In intramembranous ossification, what replaces woven bone?
Lamellar bone
Choose the bones produced through intramembranous ossification.
Mandible Flat bones of the skull Maxilla
Which statements characterize canaliculi?
Nutrients pass through them. They contain osteocyte cytoplasmic extensions. They extend from lacuna to lacuna.
These secrete bone matrix.
Osteoblasts
______ are large phagocytic cells found in bone.
Osteoclasts
______ remove bone matrix and ______ add to it.
Osteoclasts, osteoblasts
These are mature bone cells.
Osteocytes
Cancer is most likely to be involved in what type of fracture?
Pathologic
Which statements correctly describe the effects of aging on the skeletal system?
Production of the organic portion of bone matrix decreases Tensile strength of bone decreases
Which are examples of short bones?
Some bones of the foot Bones of the wrist
Which statements characterize intramembranous ossification?
Some osteoprogenitor cells become osteoblasts. Ossification centers appear around the 8th week of development. Osteoid formation is followed by calcification.
Bone markings on skeletal remains indicate where the soft tissue components once were.
TRUE
The innervation of bone is mainly composed of sensory nerves that signal injuries to the skeleton.
TRUE
Which are examples of flat bones?
The breastbone (sternum) Bones of the roof of the skull Shoulder blade bones
By age 25, most epiphyseal plates have ossified and lengthwise bone growth has stopped.
True
Choose the bones formed through endochondral ossification.
Upper limb bones Vertebrae Lower limb bones
Which is an example of an irregular bone?
Vertebrae
Which vitamin activates osteoblasts?
Vitamin A
Which vitamin promotes collagen production?
Vitamin C
The cells that produce the matrix of cartilage are called ______.
chondroblasts
Rings of bone directly internal to the periosteum of a bone are called ______.
circumferential lamellae
These are immediately internal to the periosteum or internal to the endosteum, and run the entire circumference of the bone itself.
circumferential lamellae
An osteon is the basic functional and structural microscopic unit of ______.
compact bone
A patient with hyperparathyroidism, a disease where too much PTH is produced, would be expected to have ______.
elevated blood calcium levels. decreased bone mass.
An incomplete layer of cells that lines the medullary cavity of a bone is called ______.
endosteum
The structure that replaces the epiphyseal plate in adult bone is the ______.
epiphyseal line
Lengthwise bone growth is complete when ______.
epiphyseal lines form
The region of cartilage between the diaphysis and an epiphysis of a long bone during endochondral ossification is called the ______.
epiphyseal plate
The secondary ossification centers form in the ______ of long bones.
epiphyses
Which bones are produced by intramembranous ossification?
flat bones of skull
Passageways or slit-like openings through bones are called _____.
foramina canals fissures
A flattened or shallow depression on a bone is called a(n) ______.
fossa
The metaphysis of mature bone contains a thin layer of compact bone called the epiphyseal_______________________
line
When osteoblasts become entrapped in the matrix they produce, they become cells called______________________
osteocytes or osteocyte
The release of stored calcium and phosphate from the bone matrix is called_______________________________-
osteolysis, demineralization, decalcification, or resorption
Insufficient ossification is a condition known as ______.
osteopenia
If a child's growth hormone and/or thryroid hormones levels are too low the child will have ______.
a short stature
A bone fracture tears ______, which causes bleeding and a fracture hematoma to form.
blood vessels
Perforating canals contain ______.
blood vessels
In bone, smooth muscle tissue is found in ______.
blood vessels of bone
In bone fracture repair, a fibrocartilaginous callus is replaced with a ______.
bony callus
Tiny channels that connect lacunae to other lacunae in an osteon are called ______.
canaliculi
Passageways or slit-like openings through bones are called _____.
canals fissures foramina
A fracture in a vertebra due to the presence of osteoporosis is an example of a ______.
pathologic fracture
What type of fracture is a thin break caused by recent increased physical activity in which the bone experiences repetitive loads?
stress fracture
A(n) _____ is a narrow groove on a bone.
sulcus
A fracture that is at right angles to the long axis of the bone is called a ______ fracture.
transverse
A simple bone fracture typically takes how long to heal?
2 to 3 months
In the repair of a simple fracture, the fibrocartilaginous callus stage lasts at least ______.
3 weeks
Which statements characterize the effects of exercise on bones?
-Exercise increases the production of the hormone calcitonin. -Exercise promotes bone remodeling. -Regular weight-bearing exercise can increase total bone mass.
Which statements characterize bone remodeling?
-It helps maintain calcium and phosphate levels in body fluids. -It occurs at the periosteal and endosteal surfaces of a bone. -It can be stimulated by stress on a bone.
Which statements characterize the innervation of bone?
-Nerves of bone accompany the blood vessels of bone. -Nerves innervate bone as well as the periosteum, endosteum, and marrow cavity.
Osteoprogenitor cells ______.
-produce a cell that becomes an osteoblast -are stem cells
Place the following steps in order to summarize interstitial growth of cartilage.
1. Chondrocyte in lacunae undergo mitosis 2. two cells occupy one lacunae 3. two cells in one lacunae begin to produce new matrix
Which hormone promotes calcium deposition in bone and inhibits osteoclast activity?
Calcitonin
Which is an organic component of bone?
Collagen fibers
A fracture at the distal end of the radius is a ______.
Colles fracture
If a bone is splintered into several small pieces, this is what type of fracture?
Comminuted
How does cartilage receive its nutrients?
Diffusion through the matrix
Which statements characterize concentric lamellae of osteons?
Their numbers vary among osteons. They contain collagen fibers. They are rings of bone tissue.
Which statements characterize bone markings?
They can sometimes be used in skeletal remains to determine a person's sex. They mark points of attachment for tendons and ligaments. They are sites of articulations. They indicate sites of blood vessels entry through bone.
Which statements characterize central canals of osteons?
They contain blood vessels. They contain nerves. They are cylindrical channels.
Which statements characterize concentric lamellae of osteons?
They contain collagen fibers. Their numbers vary among osteons. They are rings of bone tissue.
Which statements characterize perforating canals of bone?
They contains blood vessels and nerves. They run perpendicular to central canals. They connect multiple central canals.
Which statement(s) characterize osteoclasts?
They have ruffled borders. They reabsorb bone matrix. They secrete hydrochloric acid. They are phagocytic.
Which statements characterize osteocytes?
They reside in lacunae. They maintain bone matrix.
In an individual lacking calcium in their diet, how might their bones suffer?
They will be weak and flexible.
A(n) _____ is a deep pit or socket in the maxillae or mandible.
alveolus
A bone's growth in diameter is called_________growth
appositional
Growth along the periphery of cartilage is called
appositional
Growth along the periphery of cartilage is called
appositional growth
A thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering an epiphysis of a long bone is called ______.
articular cartilage
Secondary ossification centers form ______.
birth and later in childhood
in a _______________fracture, one or both ends of a broken bone pierce the overlying skin.
compound
Rings of bone connective tissue that surround the central canal of an osteon are called ______.
concentric lamellae
A large, smooth, rounded articulating oval structure of a bone is called a ______.
condyle
The ______ provides the major weight support of a long bone.
diaphysis
The elongated cylindrical shaft of a long bone is called its ______.
diaphysis
The primary ossification center is located in the ______ of a long bone.
diaphysis
the _________________ substance is the semisolid material that suspends and supports the collagen fibers; it is part of the organic materials in the matrix of bone.
ground
A bony callus is ______.
hard
A prominent and rounded epiphysis is called a ______.
head
A blood clot within a bone fracture is called a fracture____________.
hematoma or clot
The process of blood cell production is called ______.
hemopoiesis
Endochondral ossification begins with a ___________cartilage model.
hyaline
Calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide interact to form ______ in the matrix of bone.
hydroxyapatite crystals
In intramembranous ossification, ossification centers first appear ______.
in thickened regions of mesenchyme
The function of parathyroid hormone is to ______.
increase blood calcium levels
When osteoblast activity out paces osteoclast activity, bone mass ______.
increases
A long bone's growth in length is called ______.
interstitial growth
A long bone's growth in length is called ______. interstitial growth
interstitial growth
Growth from within cartilage is called ______.
interstitial growth
Leftover parts of osteons that have been partially resorbed are called ______.
interstitial lamellae
The type of ossification that is also referred to as dermal ossification, is called _____ ossification.
intramembranous
Chondrocytes occupy small spaces called
lacunae
Chondrocytes sits in holes called ______.
lacunae
The cylindrical space within the diaphysis of a long bone is called the ______.
medullary cavity
The region of a mature bone between the diaphysis and epiphysis is the ______.
metaphysis
In interstitial growth of cartilage ______.
news cells and new matrix are produced
About one-third of bone mass is composed of ______.
organic compounds
Which components of bone matrix provides its tensile strength?
organic compounds
A tough fibrous layer covering the outer surface of a long bone is called the ______.
periosteum
The mineral called ____ is stored by the bone and is needed for ATP production.
phosphate
In fracture repair, the fracture hematoma becomes a ______, which in turn becomes a ______.
procallus, fibrocartilaginous callus
Osteoblasts function to ______.
produce osteoid
Hemopoiesis occurs in ______.
red bone marrow
The organic components of bone provide ______.
resistance to stretching
In the structure of the epiphyseal plate, the zone farthest away from the medullary cavity of the diaphysis of a long bone is the zone of ______.
resting cartilage
The broken bone does not penetrate the skin in a ______.
simple fracture
A cavity or hollow space in a bone is called a _____.
sinus
In adults, red bone marrow is located in ______.
skull bones vertebrae the sternum the ribs It is located in the epiphyses of the humerus but not the diaphysis
A fibrocartilaginous callus is also called a ______ callus.
soft
Place the following steps in order to summarize appositional growth of cartilage.
stem cells in the perichondrium undergo mitosis committed cells become chondroblasts new matrix is produced at the periphery of cartilage
A major role of thyroid hormone in bone remodeling is to ______.
stimulate bone growth by influencing the basal metabolic rate of bone cells
The role of estrogen and testosterone on maintenance and bone growth is to ______.
stimulate osteoblasts and promote epiphyseal plate growth and closure
Long bones include ______.
the bones of the fingers the bones of the toes the thigh bone the bones of the palm
Osteoprogenitor cells are located in ______.
the periosteum the endosteum
Fracture due to impact or increased tension or torsion on bone from an outside source is a ______.
trauma fracture
red bone marrow is located in the epiphyses of the humerus but not the diaphysis.
true
In appositional growth, cartilage grows ______.
when stem cells at the perichondrium divide
In intramembranous ossification, newly formed bone that is immature and not well organized is called ______.
woven bone
The medullary cavity of adult bone contains_______ bone marrow
yellow
The zone that is closest to the medullary cavity is the ______.
zone of ossification
