Anatomy
Cyclic electron transport produces what?
1 ATP
Linear electron transport produces what?
2 ATP and 2 NADH
Given a log phase bacterial culture with 1 x 106 cells per ml and a generation time of 30 minutes, how long does it take the culture to reach a density of 6.4 × 107 cells per ml? 1 hour 2 hours 3 hours 4 hours
3 hours
Consider the biochemical pathway used to synthesize the amino acid proline. A high concentration of proline will most likely lead to: a) a decrease in proline production. b) a further increase in proline production. c) no change in the rate of proline production. d) increased breakdown of proline. e) increased storage of proline.
A decrease in proline production
When protons are pumped outside the cell membrane, NADH gets reduced. electrons are lost. a proton motive force is created. water is made.
A proton motive force is created Most of the ATP generated during respiration comes from the energy conserved when NADH and FADH2 are oxidized by an electron transport chain and a proton motive force (PMF) is formed.
Choose the answers below that are end products of aerobic respiration: ATP, GTP, FADH, FADH2, NADH, ADP, NAD, Pyruvate, CO2
ATP, GTP, and CO2
If a scientist is trying to grow an organism that the exact nutritional requirements are not known, it would be best to use this type of medium to grow it. Defined Selective Complex
Complex A complex medium contains ingredients that generally support a lot of different microorganisms.
A feature unique to some archaeal plasma membranes is that they may a)consist of a lipid bilayer that lacks integral membrane proteins. b)consist of a lipid bilayer with embedded proteins. c)contain sterols such as cholesterol. d) consist of a lipid monolayer.
Consist of a lipid monolayer
As the magnification of a series of objective lenses increases, the working distance increases. decreases. stays the same. cannot be predicted.
Decreases
Which bacterial structure may survive if temperatures applied during food preservation processes are too low? Flagella Endospores Plasma membranes Ribosomes
Endospores
True or false: Cell walls of most Archaea and bacteria contain peptidoglycan.
False
True or false: The rotation of bacterial flagella is powered by ATP hydrolysis.
False
True or false: Viruses constitute the fourth domain of life in current biological classification schemes.
False
True/False: All forms of phototrophy "harvest" light energy to fix carbon, producing sugar.
False
True or false: The energy released from catabolic reactions is used to hydrolyze ATP into ADP and orthophosphate within the cell.
False The energy released from catabolic reactions within the cell is used to synthesize ATP by either substrate-level or oxidative phosphorylation.
True or false: DNA replication does not require a template.
False The enzymes involved in replication require a template on which to build the new DNA strand.
Viruses that are polyhedrons with 20 sides are said to have __________ symmetry.
Icosahedral
For a temperate phage to produce more phage, which of the following must happen? Lysogeny Induction Lysogenic conversion Prophage formation
Induction
Who of the following developed a set of criteria that could be used to establish a causative link between a particular microorganism and a particular disease? Fracastoro Koch Pasteur Lister
Koch
Chemolithotrophs generally derive ________ ATP from oxidation of inorganic substrates because the reduction potentials of those substrates are much more ________ than the reduction potential of organic substrates. a) more, positive b) less, positive c) more, negative d) less, negative
Less, positive
Examine the following genetic sequences and determine which pair are the most similar based on their ED (evolutionary distances). Species 1 = ATTGGCCATT Species 2 = ATTCCGGTTT Species 3 = TTTGGCCATT Species 4 = ATTCCCCCCC Most similar are Species 2 = ATTCCGGTTT Species 3 = TTTGGCCATT Most similar are Species 1 = ATTGGCCATT Species 4 = ATTCCCCCCC Most similar are Species 3 = TTTGGCCATT Species 4 = ATTCCCCCCC Most similar are: Species 1 = ATTGGCCATT Species 3 = TTTGGCCATT
Most similar are: Species 1 = ATTGGCCATT Species 3 = TTTGGCCATT
The pentose phosphate pathway is a major source of reducing power for cells, yielding two ________ molecules for each molecule of glucose that is metabolized to pyruvate.
NADPH *The pentose phosphate pathway is a major source of reducing power for cells.
The electrons excited by photons of light are replaced by electrons from __________ in PSI, and by electrons from _______ in PSII.
PSII, H2O The electrons excited by photons of light are replaced by electrons from photosystem II in photosystem I, and by electrons from water in photosystem II.
Choose the major pathways that catabolize glucose to pyruvate: Electron Transport Chain Pentose Phosphate Pathway Embden-Meyerhof pathway Entner-Doudoroff pathway Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle Krebs cycle
Pentose Phosphate Pathway Embden-Meyerhof pathway Entner-Doudoroff pathway
Match the correct flagellar arrangement with the representative description below. - flagella spread over the entire surface of the bacterium Lophotrichous Amphitrichous Polar Peritrichous
Peritrichous
Label the diagram to test your knowledge of temperature tolerance exhibited by various microorganisms. Know optimum temperatures for: hyperthermophiles, psychrophiles, pychrotolerants, thermophiles, mesophiles, etc. Refer to section 7.4 for more information.
Refer to section 7.4 for more information.
When chemoorganotrophs oxidize an organic energy source, the electrons released are accepted by electron carriers such as NAD+ and FAD. When these reduced electron carriers (e.g., NADH, FADH2) in turn donate the electrons to an electron transport chain, the metabolic process is called _________. respiration glycolysis fermentation bioremediation
Respiration Respiration involves the passage of electrons to an electron transport chain.
Pathways with enzymes that function both catabolically and anabolically are often called amphibolic pathways. These pathways have an advantage in that they: a) save energy and materials by using many of the same enzymes for both types of reactions. b) save energy by employing electron transport chains to enhance their effectiveness. c) import enzymes from outside the cell to enhance their productivity and effectiveness.
Save energy and materials by using many of the same enzymes for both types of reactions. Pathways with enzymes that function both catabolically and anabolically are often called amphibolic pathways.
Viral capsids are generally constructed without any outside aid once the subunits have been synthesized. This process is called facilitated assembly. self-assembly. spontaneous maturation. self-maturation.
Self-assembly
Examine the surface area to volume example below and then calculate the answer. Sphere 1 (Cell "A"): r= 1 micron Surface area (4*pi*r^2)= 12.6 microns^2 Volume (4/3*pi*r^3)= 4.2 microns^3 Surface area/volume = 3 Sphere 2 (Cell "B"): r= 2 microns surface area? volume? Surface area/volume?
Sphere 2 (Cell "B"): surface area = 50.3 microns^2 volume= 33.5 microns ^3 Surface area/volume = 1.5
The concept that living organisms arise from nonliving material is called biogenesis cell theory spontaneous generation germ theory
Spontaneous generation
A cell morphology unique to archaea is ______. coccus square curved rods spiral rods in chains
Square
Choose the correct scientific name for a microbial species. (all are italicized except the last one) Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus Pyogenes klebsiella Pneumoniae Escherichia Coli
Staphylococcus aureus
In cellular metabolism, the pathways of glycolysis are followed by a) the TCA cycle, leading to the Embden-Myerhof pathway. b) the pentose phosphate pathway, leading to the electron transport chain. c) the TCA cycle, leading to the electron transport chain. d) the electron transport chain followed by the TCA cycle.
The TCA cycle, leading to the electron transport chain. The glycolytic pathways, TCA cycle, ETC, and ATP synthesis are interconnected in cellular metabolism.
Know the path of the Z- scheme.
The Z-scheme shows the process of oxygenic photosynthesis.
A strain of Neisseria gonorrhoeae has undergone a mutation and is no longer able to make pili. Predict the most likely outcome. a) The bacterial strain will no longer be able to transport certain sugars into the cell. b) The bacteria will become more virulent and will more readily establish infection. c) The bacteria will become more resistant to antibiotics. d) The bacteria will become less virulent and will not be able to readily establish infection.
The bacteria will become less virulent and will not be able to readily establish infection.
True or false: High concentrations of sugar or salt are used to control food spoilage because most microorganisms only grow well in habitats with high water activity.
True
True or false: Some microorganisms are useful in bioremediation processes that reduce the effects of pollution.
True
True or false: Virus receptors are often not distributed uniformly over the surface of host cells, but are instead concentrated in lipid rafts.
True
True or false: Microbes will only grow until the least represented (limiting) nutrient in the medium is used up.
True
True or false: All eukaryotes have a membrane-delimited nucleus.
True
True or false: Resolution improves when the wavelength of the illuminating light decreases.
True
True/False: An organism may use that pentose phosphate pathway and glycolysis simultaneously.
True
Which type of phage always lyses its host cell? Temperate Virulent Lysogenic Prophage
Virulent
In what ways are oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation similar? Check all that apply: [] The source of energy is highly reduced organic compounds [] An electron transport chain is used [] Proton motive force is generated [] Water is split to provide electrons [] ATP synthase enzyme phosphorylates ADP to ATP
[x] An electron transport chain is used [x] Proton motive force is generated [x] ATP synthase enzyme phosphorylates ADP to ATP
Archaea with a plasma membrane composed of a tetraether monolayer would most likely be found ______. in an anaerobic environment at a temperature of 90oC at a pH of 2 in the mammalian gut in the soil
at a temperature of 90oC
Another type of inclusion, which photosynthetic microbes often use to store carbon dioxide and the enzyme RuBisCO, is the __________________ . magnetosomes carboxysome sulfur globules polyphosphate granules poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate gas vacuoles
carboxysome
The nucleic acids carried by viruses usually consist of DNA. RNA. either DNA or RNA. both DNA and RNA simultaneously.
either DNA or RNA.
Finally, bouyancy in aquatic bacteria is mediated by __________________ , while certain bacteria accumulate magnetite in __________________ that can detect natural magnetic fields. magnetosomes carboxysome sulfur globules polyphosphate granules poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate gas vacuoles
gas vacuoles, magnetosomes
As the resolution of a microscope system improves, the size of the smallest object that can be seen clearly is larger. is smaller. is not affected.
is smaller
A cocci with the same volume as a rod has a ___________ S/V ratio than does the rod. less efficient lower greater nutrient thickened reduced nutrient highly convoluted higher more efficient
lower
In bacteria, as the surface area-to-volume ratio increases, nutrient uptake becomes ___________ . less efficient lower greater nutrient thickened reduced nutrient highly convoluted higher more efficient
more efficient
Carl Woese distinguished between the members of the Archaea and the Bacteria using studies of their ________. ribosomal RNA messenger RNA DNA transfer RNA
ribosomal RNA
The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle is linked to glycolysis through the intermediate molecule _________. glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate carbon dioxide pyruvate glucose
Pyruvate The TCA cycle is linked to glycolysis through the intermediate pyruvate.
Examine the various terms used to describe microbial growth requirements by completing each sentence. a) An organism that requires high levels of salt is called a ______________. b) An organism able to grow over a wide range of solute concentrations is ______________. c) Optimal growth at a pH above 8 describes a(n) ______________. d) Optimal growth at a pH below 5.5 describes a(n) ______________. e) An organism living under high pressure is called a ______________. f) An organism that grows best at low water activity is a ______________. Terms: psychrotroph, neutrophile, halophile, acidophile, anaerobe, microaerophile, piezophile, xerophile, psychrophile, osmotolerant, alkaliphile, thermophile
a) An organism that requires high levels of salt is called a ___HALOPHILE___. b) An organism able to grow over a wide range of solute concentrations is ___OSMOTOLERANT___.. c) Optimal growth at a pH above 8 describes a(n) ___ALKALIPHILE___.. d) Optimal growth at a pH below 5.5 describes a(n) ___ACIDOPHILE___.. e) An organism living under high pressure is called a ___.PIEZOPHILE___.. f) An organism that grows best at low water activity is a ___.XEROPHILE___..
Bacteria that do not have a fixed shape are said to be __________.
Pleomorphic
Match the correct flagellar arrangement with the representative description below. - one flagellum at one end of the bacterium Lophotrichous Amphitrichous Polar Peritrichous
Polar
Choose the answers below that are functions of the Embden-Meyerhof, Entner-Doudoroff, and pentose phosphate pathways. Production of ADP Breakdown of pyruvate Breakdown of precursor metabolites Production of precursor metabolites Production of NAD Production of ATP Production of NADH Catabolize glucose to pyruvate
Production of precursor metabolites Catabolize glucose to pyrvuate Production of ATP Production of NADH
After the glycolytic pathway produces ______, the partially oxidized carbon is fed into the TCA cycle and oxidized completely to CO2 with the production of some GTP or ATP, NADH, and FADH2. lactose ADP pyruvate glucose
Pyruvate The first step involves the breakdown of glucose to form pyruvate.
Place each of the following chemoorganotrophic metabolic characteristics into the proper category: respiration or fermentation - NADH and FADH2 donate e- to an ETC - can be either aerobic or anaerobic, depending on the final e- acceptor - proton motive force (PMF) is generated and used to synthesize ATP from ADP and phosphate - ATP is synthesized almost exclusively by substrate-level phosphorylation - does not involve ETC - terminal e- acceptor is a different oxidized molecule such as nitrate - uses an e- acceptor that is endogenous to the cell - final e- acceptor is O2 (oxygen)
Respiration: - NADH and FADH2 donate e- to an ETC - terminal e- acceptor is a different oxidized molecule such as nitrate - can be either aerobic or anaerobic, depending on the final e- acceptor - final e- acceptor is O2 (oxygen) - proton motive force (PMF) is generated and used to synthesize ATP from ADP and phosphate Fermentation: - uses an e- acceptor that is endogenous to the cell - ATP is synthesized almost exclusively by substrate-level phosphorylation - does not involve ETC
Predict how the plasma membrane fatty acid composition would change as the temperature of the habitat of an aquatic bacterial species warms from 2oC to 15oC during the spring and summer months. a) The percentage of saturated fatty acids would increase. b) The percentage of unsaturated fatty acids would increase. c) The percentage of saturated fatty acids would decrease. d) The percentage of saturated fatty acids would remain unchanged.
The percentage of saturated fatty acids would increase.
What are the mechanisms that halophiles typically employ to grow in habitats with high concentrations of salt? Check all that apply: []Production of a capsule to protect the cells from the hypersaline environment. []Increase the internal concentration of organic molecules such as choline. []Maintain high levels of potassium chloride and other inorganic solutes. []Utilize membrane proteins to pump water out of the cell and thereby dilute solutes.
[x]Increase the internal concentration of organic molecules such as choline. [x]Maintain high levels of potassium chloride and other inorganic solutes.
Examine the accompanying figure of two lipid molecules arranged in a bilayer. Choose each statement that is correct regarding this structure. Check all that apply: []The hydrocarbon chains in this lipid are attached to glycerol by an ester linkage (indicated by the letter A). []The hydrocarbon chains in this lipid are attached to glycerol by an ether linkage (indicated by the letter A). []The hydrocarbon chain (indicated by the letter B) is best described as linear and unsaturated. []The hydrocarbon chain (indicated by the letter B) is best described as branched. []This structure most likely derives from a bacterium. []This structure most likely derives from an archaeon.
[x]The hydrocarbon chains in this lipid are attached to glycerol by an ester linkage (indicated by the letter A). [x]The hydrocarbon chain (indicated by the letter B) is best described as linear and unsaturated. [x]This structure most likely derives from a bacterium. This picture is of a linear, unsaturated fatty acid attached to glycerol by an ester linkage would derive from a bacterium.
Complete each sentence about different mechanisms of phototrophy. 1) Photosynthetic eukaryotes and cyanobacteria carry out ______________ photosynthesis, so named because oxygen is generated and released into the environment when light energy is converted into chemical energy. 2) In these phototrophs, the most important pigments are the _________________. 3) Certain bacteria carry out a second type of photosynthesis called ________________ photosynthesis. 4) This phototrophic process derives its name from the fact that molecules other than water are used as an electron source and therefore _____________ oxygen is not produce. 5) These phototrophs have light-absorbing pigments called ___________________. 6) Within the last decade, it has become apparent that many bacteria and archaea are capable of chlorophyll-independent _________________. Terms: anaerobic, oxygenic, nitrogen, carotenoids, reductive, oxygen, phototrophy, chlorophylls, bacteriochlorophylls, anoxygenic
1) oxygenic 2) chlorophylls 3) anoxygenic 4) oxygen 5) bacteriochlorophylls 6) phototrophy
At 4:00 p.m. a closed flask of sterile broth is inoculated with 10,000 cells. The lag phase lasts 1 hour. At 9:00 p.m. the log phase culture has population of 65 million cells. The approximate number of generations that has occurred is 5. 13. 21. 27.
13
Following the formation of acetyl-CoA, the initial reaction of the Krebs cycle involves the addition of a a) 3-carbon molecule to a 5-carbon molecule. b) 2-carbon molecule to a 5-carbon molecule. c) 2-carbon molecule to a 4-carbon molecule. d) 3-carbon molecule to a 4-carbon molecule. e) 2-carbon molecule to a 6-carbon molecule.
2-carbon molecule to a 4-carbon molecule. 2-carbon acetyl-CoA enters the cycle and joins with 4-carbon oxaloacetate to form citrate, a six-carbon molecule.
A 30× objective and a 20× ocular produce a total magnification of 230×. 320×. 50×. 600×.
600x
ATP is formed by exergonic reactions and then used to drive endergonic reactions creating the cell's energy cycle. Classify the labels below to demonstrate understanding of the cell's energy cycle. When is ATP formed vs. used for these reactions: Fermentation Chemical work Mechanical work Aerobic respiration Phototrophy Transport work
ATP used: chemical work mechanical work transport work ATP formed: fermentation aerobic respiration phototrophy
The pentose phosphate pathway is used by fungi. all organisms. Gram-negative bacteria only. plants and animals but not bacteria.
All organisms The pentose phosphate pathway provides reducing power and important precursor metabolites to all organisms.
A microbe is discovered living in an extreme environment near a deep sea vent. The microorganism lacks a nucleus and peptidoglycan in its cell wall, but it does have unusual membrane lipids. This species is most likely a member of the Domain ________. Eukarya Bacteria Archaea Animalia
Archaea
Match the following bacterial cytoplasmic structures with their function to review the bacterial cell. Structure: -Gas vesicle -Endospore -Cytoskeleton -Storage granules -Ribosome -Chromosome -Plasmid Function: - Involved in cell division and controlling cell shape - Involved in protein synthesis -Contains genetic information required for survival -Contains compounds that aid in buoyancy -A dormant cell state -Contains high-molecular weight polymers -Extrachromosomal DNA molecules
Cytoskeleton --- Involved in cell division and controlling cell shape Ribosome --- Involved in protein synthesis Chromosome --- Contains genetic information required for survival Gas vesicle --- Contains compounds that aid in buoyancy Endospore --- A dormant cell state Storage granules --- Contains high-molecular weight polymers Plasmid --- Extrachromosomal DNA molecules
The genetic material in bacteria is ______. double-stranded DNA double-stranded RNA single-stranded DNA single-stranded RNA None of the choices are correct.
Double-stranded DNA Bacteria typically contain circular double-stranded DNA as their genetic material.
Review your understanding of the relationship of changes in energy that can occur in chemical reactions by classifying the following descriptions as endergonic or exergonic reaction characteristics. DGo' is positive DGo' is negative Reaction is not favorable Reaction is favorable Little product is formed at equilibrium Reaction goes to completion Heat is released during the reaction Heat is not released during the reaction
Endergonic: DGo' is positive Reaction is not favorable Little product is formed at equilibrium Heat is not released during the reaction Exergonic: DGo' is negative Reaction is favorable Reaction goes to completion Heat is released during the reaction
Consider the Michaelis constant (Km) values for the following bacterial enzymes and interpret their effects in the cell: Hexokinase Km = 0.2 mM NADH dehydrogenase Km = 0.02 mM DNA polymerase III Km = 0.0014 mM True or false: The substrate for the enzyme DNA polymerase III has a much lower affinity for its active site than the substrate for hexokinase has for its respective active site.
False
True or false: A temperate phage always lyses its host cell.
False
Membranes of thermophilic bacteria are stabilized by phospholipids with a) fatty acids that tend to be more saturated. b) fatty acids that have lower molecular weights. c) fatty acids that have more double bonds. d) All of the choices are correct.
Fatty acids that tend to be more saturated.
Which of the following bacterial structures are most directly linked to swimming motility in chemotaxis? Pili Capsule Fimbriae Flagella
Flagella The flagella is responsible for cellular locomotion and therefore plays an important role in chemotaxis. See section 3.8 for more information.
Drag the labels to complete each sentence that evaluates the connections between each stage of aerobic respiration, then reorder the statements to establish when each process occurs in the cell. Glucose is oxidized to ________ in most organisms via the Embden-Meyerhof pathway, although all organisms can enhance their reducing power by employing enzymes of the _____________ pathway also. ATP is produced by ______________ phosphorylation. Pyruvate, a three-carbon molecule, loses a carbon by the process of _____________ then the resulting two-carbon molecule joins with _____________ . NAD⁺ is _____________ to NADH. Releasing the energy in the bond between the _____________ and coenzyme A joins the two remaining carbons in pyruvate to the four-carbon oxaloacetate. During this stage, the original glucose is fully _____________ . Three NADH molecules are produced as well as additional _____________ in the form of FADH₂, and ATP is produced by substrate-level phosphorylation. When NADH and FADH₂ are oxidized, the energy released is used to create a _____________ . Allowing trapped protons to cross the membrane through ATP synthase produces ATP by _____________ phosphorylation. Terms: pyruvate, proton motive force, oxidized, decarboxylation, reduced, reducing power, substrate-level, coenzyme A, pentose phosphate, oxidative, acteyl group
Glucose is oxidized to ___pyruvate___ in most organisms via the Embden-Meyerhof pathway, although all organisms can enhance their reducing power by employing enzymes of the ___pentose___phosphate___ pathway also. ATP is produced by ___substrate-level___ phosphorylation. Pyruvate, a three-carbon molecule, loses a carbon by the process of ___decarboxylation___ then the resulting two-carbon molecule joins with ___coenzyme___A___. NAD⁺ is ___reduced___ to NADH. Releasing the energy in the bond between the ___acetyl___group___ and coenzyme A joins the two remaining carbons in pyruvate to the four-carbon oxaloacetate. During this stage, the original glucose is fully ___oxidized___. Three NADH molecules are produced as well as additional ___reducing___power___ in the form of FADH₂, and ATP is produced by substrate-level phosphorylation. When NADH and FADH₂ are oxidized, the energy released is used to create a ___proton___motive___force___. Allowing trapped protons to cross the membrane through ATP synthase produces ATP by ___oxidative___ phosphorylation.
Many of the enzymes found in virus particles are required for viral attachment to host cells. involved in viral entry into host cells. involved in the replication of viral nucleic acid. All of the choices are correct.
Involved in the replication of viral nucleic acid
Match the phase of the bacterial growth curve with its description. Phase: Lag phase Exponential phase Stationary phase Death Phase Long-term stationary phase Descriptions: a) Phase during which nutrient depletion and accumulation of wastes begin to slow cell growth such that the rate of cell increase equals the rate of cell death b) Phase during which cells are growing very quickly, at their maximum rate of cell division c) Adjustment period during which cells are dividing slowly while they adjust to growth conditions d) Nutrient depletion and waste accumulation prevent cell growth and cells die exponentially e) Phase during which the population evolves to produce successive waves of genetic variants
Lag phase --- Adjustment period during which cells are dividing slowly while they adjust to growth conditions Exponential phase --- Phase during which cells are growing very quickly, at their maximum rate of cell division Stationary phase --- Phase during which nutrient depletion and accumulation of wastes begin to slow cell growth such that the rate of cell Death Phase --- Nutrient depletion and waste accumulation prevent cell growth and cells die exponentially Long-term stationary phase --- Phase during which the population evolves to produce successive waves of genetic variants *When cells are inoculated into fresh media, they experience a lag phase during which they adjust to the new media and during this time they grow very slowly.Once adjustments are made, the cells begin to grow very rapidly, at their maximum growth rate. This period of rapid growth is referred to as the exponential growth phase.The growing cells begin to deplete nutrients and wastes begin to accumulate. This leads to stationary growth phase, during which growth continues slowly but the number of viable cells does not increase because any increase in cell number due to growth is balanced by cell death. Finally, when nutrients are sufficiently depleted and enough wastes have accumulated, the culture enters the death phase, during which cells die rapidly.
The sum total of all chemical reactions occurring in a cell is called ____________________. a) anabolism b) catabolism c) metabolism d) none of these
Metabolism
If immersion oil was replaced with water, what would happen? a) The refractive index would increase, improving resolution. b) The refractive index of water would be greater than air but less than oil, improving resolution less than oil. c) The refractive index of water would be less than that of air, decreasing resolution. d) There would be no difference.
The refractive index of water would be greater than air but less than oil, improving resolution less than oil.
True or false: When a young, vigorously growing culture of bacteria is transferred to fresh medium of the same composition, the lag phase is usually short or absent.
True
Evaluate these statements and choose those that reflect the importance of chlorophyll-based phototrophy. [] The ATP generated by phototrophy is used exclusively to fix CO2 into sugars [] Solar-energy is converted to chemical energy in the form of ATP [] NADPH is generated providing reducing power for cellular processes [] It does not rely on an electron transport chain [] Oxygen is a byproduct which replenishes the supply in Earth's atmosphere
[x] Solar-energy is converted to chemical energy in the form of ATP [x] NADPH is generated providing reducing power for cellular processes [x] Oxygen is a byproduct which replenishes the supply in Earth's atmosphere
Considering the variations in ribosomes found in bacterial and archaeal cells, which of the following statements are correct about ribosomes in both domains? Check all that apply: []Ribosomes are composed of two subunits, a large 50S subunit and a small 30S subunit. []Ribosomes are composed of RNA and protein. []Ribosomal proteins from bacteria and archaea are also found in eukaryotes. []The small ribosomal subunit has 16S and 5.8S RNA molecules. []Antibiotics that target the ribosome are effective against bacteria and archaea.
[x]Ribosomes are composed of two subunits, a large 50S subunit and a small 30S subunit. [x]Ribosomes are composed of RNA and protein. [x]Ribosomal proteins from bacteria and archaea are also found in eukaryotes.
Complete each sentence outlining the events that occur in aerobic respiration. a) The catabolism of glucose begins with one or more pathways that yield ____________. b) Next the partially oxidized carbon is fed into the TCA cycle and oxidized completely to ____________. with the production of some GTP or ATP, NADH, and FADH₂. c) These pathways also produce ____________., FADH₂, or both. d) The NADH and FADH₂ formed by glycolysis and the TCA cycle are oxidized by a(n) ____________., using oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. e) It is the activity of the electron transport chain that conserves most of the energy used to make ____________.during aerobic respiration. Terms: lactose, ATP, Krebs cycle, ADP, NAD, NADH, carbon dioxide, pyruvate, electron transport chain, carbon monoxide
a) The catabolism of glucose begins with one or more pathways that yield __PYRUVATE__. b) Next the partially oxidized carbon is fed into the TCA cycle and oxidized completely to __CARBON__DIOXIDE__ with the production of some GTP or ATP, NADH, and FADH₂. c) These pathways also produce __NADH__, FADH₂, or both. d) The NADH and FADH₂ formed by glycolysis and the TCA cycle are oxidized by a(n) __ELECTRON__TRANSPORT__CHAIN_ using oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. e) It is the activity of the electron transport chain that conserves most of the energy used to make __ATP__ during aerobic respiration.
Complete each sentence about the processes of photosynthesis and phototrophy. a) _______________ is divided into 2 parts. b) In the light reactions, light energy is trapped and converted to chemical energy and ________________. c) These are then used to fix __________________ and synthesize cell constituents in dark reactions. d) The term ________________ refers to the use of light energy to fuel a variety of cellular activities but not necessarily carbon dioxide fixation. e) In this sense, ____________________, which use light to drive ATP synthesis but not carbon fixation, are considered phototrophs but are not photosynthetic. Terms: carbon monoxide, oxidizing power, photosynthesis, photoheterotrophs, carbon dioxide, photoorganotrophs, reducing power, phototrophy, chemolithotrophy
a) photosynthesis b) reducing power c) carbon dioxide d) phototrophy e) photoheterotrophs
A rod with the same S/V ratio as a cocci can have ___________ uptake across its cytoplasmic membrane than the cocci. less efficient lower greater nutrient thickened reduced nutrient highly convoluted higher more efficient
greater nutrient
Epulopiscium fishelsoni has a ___________ plasma membrane to increase its S/V ratio to compensate for its large size. less efficient lower greater nutrient thickened reduced nutrient highly convoluted higher more efficient
highly convoluted
A new protein has been described that transports a growth factor across the plasma membrane. This protein is most likely a/an: a)peripheral membrane protein, facing outward. b)peripheral membrane protein, facing the cytoplasmic side. c)integral membrane protein. d) cytoplasmic protein.
integral membrane protein
Inclusions containing carbon are most commonly in the form of __________________ and can be commercially used to create biodegradable plastics. magnetosomes carboxysome sulfur globules polyphosphate granules poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate gas vacuoles
poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate
Nucleic acids are synthesized from inorganic inclusions called __________________ , while specialized photosynthetic bacteria can store energy as __________________ . magnetosomes carboxysome sulfur globules polyphosphate granules poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate gas vacuoles
polyphosphate granules, sulfur globules
