Anatomy exam #1

Describe the phalanges and their relative locations

(14 total) The thumb has only distal and proximal fingers 2-5 have three phalanges, proximal, intermediate, and distal

Locate and identify the tarsals and metatarsals

(7) Cal (Calcaneus) Told (Talus) Norah (Navicular) Milk (Medial cuneiform) Is (Intermediate cuneiform) Like (Lateral cuneiform) Cream (Cuboid)

Locate and identify the carpals and metacarpals

(8 total) Sandy (Scaphoid) Left (lunate) The (triquetrum) Party (Pisiform) To (Trapezium) Take (Trapezoid) Cathy (Capitate) Home (Hamate)

List the parts of the intrinsic conduction system

- SA nodes - AV nodes - Conducting fibers - AV bundle - L&R bundle branches - Purkinje fibers

Explain the significance of the P, QRS, and T waves of an EKG

- a small deflection wave that represents atrial depolarization. - three waves of the QRS complex represent ventricular depolarization - represent ventricular repolarization (atrial repolarization is obscured by the large QRS complex).

Define: Intercalated disc, cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, systole, diastole

- microscopic identifying features of cardiac muscle. Cardiac muscle consists of individual heart muscle cells, connected by intercalated discs to work as a single functional organ or syncytium. - expressed in liters/minute, is the amount of blood the heart pumps in 1 minute - the amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle in one contraction - number of heartbeats per unit of time, usually per minute - the phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle contracts and pumps blood from the chambers into the arteries - the phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle relaxes and allows the chambers to fill with blood

Define: chordae tendineae, foramen ovale, fossa ovalis, septum

- strong, fibrous strings attached to the leaflets (or cusps) of the heart on the ventricular side. - one of two fetal cardiac shunts, In most individuals, the foramen ovale closes at birth. - a depression in the right atrium of the heart, at the level of the interatrial septum, the wall between right and left atrium. - the stout wall separating the lower chambers (the ventricles) of the heart from one another.

List landmarks and features of the humerus

-Head (articulates with scapula, round top part) -anatomical neck (connects the tubercles, short in width and nondescript) -surgical neck (runs from the tubercles to the shaft) -greater tubercle (located laterally on the humerus. It has an anterior and posterior face) -lesser tubercle (much smaller, and more medially located on the bone) -intertubercular sulcus (Separating the two tubercles is a deep depression) -deltoid tuberosity ( lateral side of the humeral shaft is a roughened surface where the deltoid muscle attaches) -medial epicondyle (can be palpated at the elbow, as it is much larger than lateral) -lateral epicondyle (Immediately distal to the supraepicondylar ridges) -trochlea(articulates with the ulna. It is located medially, and extends onto the posterior of the bone) -capitulum (articulates with the radius) -radial fossa, coronoid fossa, olecranon fossa (help movement of the forearm bones at the elbow)

Describe landmarks and features of an os coxae

-Iliac Crest -Anterior superior iliac spine(under anterior iliac crest) -anterior inferior iliac spine -posterior superior iliac spine -greater sciatic notch (lies between the posterior inferior iliac spine (above), and the ischial spine (below)) -gluteal surface -iliac fossa (inside of ilium) -arcuate line (brim of pelvis) -auricular surface (looks like an ear (sacrum attaches)) -ischial spine (point, narrows birth canal) -lesser sciatic notch (under greater sciatic notch) -ischial tuberosity (bumpy place on bottom) -superior pubic ramus (top branch) -inferior pubic ramus (bottom branch) -pubic symphysis (cartilage connection) -pelvic brim (inside cannal) -pelvic inlet (hole inside pelvis) -subpubic angle (angle in body as the apex of pubic arch, formed by the convergence of the inferior rami of the ischium and pubis of both sides) -greater pelvis (ilium -ilium) -lesser pelvis (everything below the brim)

Describe how venous blood is "helped back" to the heart

-Venous valves prevent back-flow of blood forcing it back towards the heart. - skeletal muscles of the legs help to propel the blood back to the heart -Changes in thoracic pressure helps to move the blood through the venae cavae back to the heart

Define greater and lesser pelvis

-greater pelvis (ilium -ilium) -lesser pelvis (everything below the brim)

Identify key landmarks and features of the femur

-head -neck -greater trochanter -lesser trochanter -intertrochanteric line (front) -intertrochanteric crest (back) -linea aspera -medial condyle (on head side) -lateral condyle (lateral to medial condyle) -intercondylar fossa -lateral epicondyle -medial epicondyle

Define the following: ligament, tendon and bursa

1. Ligament: a short band of tough, flexible, fibrous connective tissue that connects two bones or cartilages or holds together a joint. 2. Tendon: a flexible but inelastic cord of strong fibrous collagen tissue attaching a muscle to a bone. 3. Bursa: a small fluid-filled sac lined by synovial membrane with an inner capillary layer of viscous fluid (similar in consistency to that of a raw egg white).

Compare and contrast the features of the radius and the ulna

Both have styloid processes at the distal end, and are attachment sites for muscles. Radius is smaller than ulna. Radius=lateral /Ulna=medial *both have heads (radius head is at the top/ ulna at bottom) both have interosseous border between them

Compare structure and function among different vessel types

Distinguishing Arteries from Veins • Most arteries and veins run parallel to each other • Arteries carry blood away from the heart • Veins carry blood toward the heart • Walls of arteries are thicker than veins • Arteries maintain their circular shape and veins typically collapse when cut • Endothelial lining of arteries have pleated folds— endothelial lining of veins do not Elastic Arteries • Large vessels up to 2.5 cm in diameter • Very resilient • Examples are: • Aorta • Brachiocephalic • Pulmonary trunk • Common carotid • Subclavian • Common iliac • Muscular Arteries • Medium-sized arteries up to 0.4 cm diameter • Examples are: • Radial and ulnar • External carotid • Brachial • Femoral • Mesenteric Arterioles • Small arteries around 30 microns in diameter • Poorly defined adventitia • Control blood flow between arteries and capillaries Capillaries • Smallest of all vessels • Most delicate of all vessels • Walls are thin enough to permit exchange of gases between the blood and the interstitial fluid • The diameter is about 8 microns • A red blood cell diameter is also about 8 microns Venules • Smallest of the veins • Collect blood from the capillaries • Lack or have thin tunica media • Medium-Sized Veins • The adventitia (tunica externa) is the largest of the layers • Contains elastic fibers • Large Veins • All three layers are relatively thick • Examples of large veins are: • Superior vena cava • Inferior vena cava

Compare the fibrous and serous pericardium

Fibrous pericardium: is the outer most layer, is made up of dense and loose connective tissue, which acts to protect the heart, anchoring it to the surrounding walls, and preventing it from overfilling with blood. Serous pericardium: is the inner most layer, is divided into two layers, the parietal pericardium, which is fused to and inseparable from the fibrous pericardium, and the visceral pericardium, which is part of the epicardium. Both of these layers function in lubricating the heart to prevent friction during heart activity.

Name the three bones that make up each os coxae (hip bone)

Ilium, Ischium, Pubis

Distinguish among the three layers of blood vessel walls

Intima (innermost layer) • Also called tunica intima • Makes up the endothelium of the vessel • Media (middle layer) • Also called tunica media • Consists of smooth muscle • Involved in vasoconstriction and vasodilation • Adventitia (outermost layer) • Also called tunica adventitia • Fibers of the adventitia anchor the blood vessels

Describe the articulations of the humerus

Proximally- the head of the humerus articulates with the scapula and clavicle forming the shoulder joint. Distally- the trochlea of the humerus articulates with the radius and the capitulum of the humerus articulates with the ulna, forming the elbow joint.

Compare the structural and the functional classification of joints

STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION bony fusion fibrous cartilaginous synovial FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION synarthrosis = an immovable joint amphiarthrosis = a slightly movable joint diarthrosis = a freely movable joint

Study the arteries and veins supplying and draining blood from different organs of the body

See book for diagram

Trace blood flow in the coronary circulation

Supply the cardiac muscle tissue • coronary vessels: • Right coronary artery (RCA) • Right marginal branch • Posterior interventricular branch • Left coronary artery (LCA) • Circumflex branch • Left marginal branch • Anterior interventricular branch

Describe the location and characteristics of synarthroses such as : sutures, gomphosis, synchondrosis and synostosis

Sutures: in the skull, fibrous Gomphosis: also known as the dental-alveolar joint, is a joint that binds the teeth to bony sockets (dental alveoli) in the maxillary bone and mandible. The fibrous connection between a tooth and its socket is a periodontal ligament. Synchondrosis: an almost immovable joint between bones bound by a layer of cartilage, as in the vertebrae. Synostosis: the union or fusion of adjacent bones by the growth of bony substance, either as a normal process during growth or as the result of ankylosis.

Describe the location and characteristics of amphiarthroses such as:, symphysis and syndesmosis

Symphysis: a place where two bones are closely joined, either forming an immovable joint (as between the pubic bones in the center of the pelvis) or completely fused (as at the midline of the lower jaw). Syndesmosis: an immovable joint in which bones are joined by connective tissue (e.g., between the fibula and tibia at the ankle).

Know examples of the three functional classes of joints

Synarthrosis ex: sutures amphiarthrosis ex: intervertebral discs & pubic symphysis diarthrosis ex: (6 types of joints) knee, elbow, carpals, shoulder, tarslals, thumb, wrist

Compare and contrast the pelvic inlet and pelvic outlet

The boundaries of the pelvic outlet are: the pubic symphysis, right and left rami of the pubic arch, the ischial tuberosities, the sacrotuberous ligaments (described below) and the tip of the coccyx. is a planar surface which defines the boundary between the pelvic cavity and the abdominal cavity (called lesser pelvis)

Explain how the nervous system regulates cardiac function

The effects of NE and ACh on nodal tissue • Norepinephrine from the ANS causes: • An increase in the heart rate • An increase in the force of contractions • Acetylcholine from the ANS causes: • A decrease in the heart rate • A decrease in the force of contractions Cardiac centers in the medulla oblongata modify heart rate • Stimulation activates sympathetic neurons • Cardioacceleratory center is activated • Heart rate increases • Stimulation activates parasympathetic neurons • CN X is involved • Cardioinhibitory center is activated • Heart rate decreases

Describe the articulations of the femur

The head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum in the pelvic bone forming the hip joint, while the distal part of the femur articulates with the medial and lateral condyles of the tibia to form the knee joint. The patella bone covers the distal surface of the femur and protects the knee joint from mechanical injury.

Describe the layers of the heart

The wall of the heart consists of three layers: the epicardium (external layer), the myocardium (middle layer) and the endocardium (inner layer). The epicardium is the thin, transparent outer layer of the wall and is composed of delicate connective tissue.

Explain the inverse relationship between mobility and stability within a joint

There is a trade off, high mobility= low stability and vice versa

Describe the features of the tibia and fibula

Tibia: -Medial Condyle -Later Condyle -intercondylar eminence -tibial tuberosity (front) -medial malleolus (ankle, looks like a hook) Fibula: -Head (top) -Lateral Malleolus (bottom)

Define a joint

a structure in the human or animal body at which two parts of the skeleton are fitted together.

Study the structure, articulating bones and the ligaments supporting the following joints a. Temporomandibular joint b. Shoulder joint c. Elbow joint d. Hip joint e. Knee joint f. Talocrural (ankle) joint

a. TMJ is a bilateral synovial articulation between the mandible and temporal bone held in place by 3 ligaments; temporomandibular ligament, the stylomandibular and sphenomandibular ligaments. b. is a multiaxial synovial ball and socket joint, articulates between glenoid cavity of scapula and the head of the humerus. Held in place by 6 ligaments; Superior, middle and inferior glenohumeral ligaments, Coracohumeral, Transverse humeral, & Coraco-acromial ligament. c. synovial hinge joint between humerus in upper arm and radius and ulna in forearm which allows hand to be moved towards/away from body. ulnar collateral ligament & radial collateral ligament. d. synovial joint formed by articulation of rounded head of femur and acetabulum of pelvis. extracapsular ligaments are iliofemoral, ischiofemoral, and pubofemoral ligaments attached to bones of pelvis. The intracapsular ligament, ligamentum teres, is attached to a depression in acetabulum (the acetabular notch) and a depression on femoral head. e. modified hinge joint: consists of two articulations: one between the femur and tibia (tibiofemoral joint), and one between the femur and patella. ACL, PCL, transverse ligament stretches from the lateral meniscus to the medial meniscus, The posterior and anterior meniscofemoral ligaments stretch from the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus to the medial femoral condyle, The meniscotibial ligaments (or "coronary") stretches from inferior edges of the mensici to the periphery of the tibial plateaus, patellar ligament, Laterally and medially to the patellar ligament the lateral and medial retinacula, medial collateral ligament (MCL a.k.a. "tibial") stretches from the medial epicondyle of the femur to the medial tibial condyle, The lateral collateral ligament (LCL a.k.a. "fibular") stretches from the lateral epicondyle of the femur to the head of fibula. It is separate from both the joint capsule and the lateral meniscus, The oblique popliteal ligament is a radiation of the tendon of the semimembranosus on the medial side, from where it is direct laterally and proximally. The arcuate popliteal ligament originates on the apex of the head of the fibula to stretch proximally, crosses the tendon of the popliteus muscle, and passes into the capsule. f. The ankle includes three joints: the ankle joint proper or talocrural joint, the subtalar joint, and the Inferior tibiofibular joint. The ankle joint is bound by the strong deltoid ligament and three lateral ligaments: the anterior talofibular ligament, the posterior talofibular ligament, and the calcaneofibular ligament

Define the following body movements: a. Flexion b. Extension c. Rotation d. Abduction e. Adduction f. Inversion g. Pronation h. Supination i. Eversion j. Dorsiflexion k. Plantar flexion l. Circumduction

a. bending movement that decreases the angle between body parts b. a straightening movement that increases the angle between body parts. c. rotation towards or away from the center of the body d. a motion that pulls a structure or part away from the midline of the body e. a motion that pulls a structure or part toward the midline of the body, or towards the midline of a limb f. the movement of the sole towards the median plane g. a rotational movement where the hand and upper arm are turned inwards h. the forearm or palm are rotated outwards i. the movement of the sole of the foot away from the median plane j. This brings the hand/foot closer to the dorsum of the body k. this brings the hand/foot closer to the posterior of the body l. a conical movement of a body part, such as a ball and socket joint or the eye

Give examples of the following types of synovial joints: a. Gliding b. Pivot c. Hinge d. Ellipsoidal e. Ball and socket f. Saddle

a. carpals b. radius& ulna c. humerus& ulna d. metacarpals& phalanges e. Head of humerus& scapula f. carpal bone& metacarpal bone

Describe how the ossa coxae articulate with each femur and sacrum

acetabulum is a concave area in the pelvis, into which the femoral head fits the sacral joint (@ auricular surface) on the inside of the ilium articulates with sacrum

Compare and contrast the anatomy of male and female pelvis

female's are larger and wider than males, male iliac crests are higher than females. the subpubic angle is >90 degrees = female

Systemic circuit

from heart to body back to heart

Pulmonary circuit

from heart to lungs back to heart

Identify and locate the clavicle and its landmarks

is a long bone that serves as a strut between the shoulder blade and the sternum or breastbone. -Sternal end -acromial end -conoid tubercle -costal tuberosity

Describe the location and function of the patella

rests between the femur (thighbone) and tibia (shinbone) increases the leverage that the tendon can exert on the femur by increasing the angle at which it acts. attached to the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle, which contracts to extend/straighten the knee

Describe what occurs during the cardiac cycle

sequence of events that occurs when the heart beats. As the heart beats, it circulates blood through pulmonary and systemic circuits of the body. There are two phases of the cardiac cycle. In the diastole phase, the heart ventricles are relaxed and the heart fills with blood. In the systole phase, the heart ventricles contract, pushing blood out of the heart.

Explain neural and hormonal regulation of blood vessel

short-term changes in BP are regulated by SNS and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), long-term BP control is controlled by the kidney. High pressure baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch respond to acute elevations in systemic BP by causing a reflex vagal bradycardia that is mediated through the parasympathetic systems and inhibition of sympathetic output from the CNS Low pressure cardio pulmonary receptors in the atria and ventricles likewise respond to increases in atrial filling by causing tachycardia through inhibition of cardiac SNS, increasing atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) release and inhibiting vasopressin release

Describe the landmarks and features of the scapula

shoulder blade is the bone that connects the humerus (upper arm bone) with the clavicle (collar bone). -Acromion (flat part) -coracoid process (hook) -glenoid cavity (where humerus sits) -spine of scapula -Supraspinous fossa -infraspinous fossa -subscapular fossa (anterior) -superior border (top side) -Medial border (side closest to spine) -Lateral border (side farthest from spine) -superior angle (top point) -inferior angle (bottom point)

Be able to trace blood flow through the heart (include valves)

superior& inferior vena cava & coronary sinus, RA, tricuspid valve, RV, pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary artery, L&R pulmonary arteries, lungs, L&R pulmonary veins, LA, bicuspid (mitral) valve, LV, aortic semilunar valve, aorta, body.

Describe the phalanges and their relative locations (feet)

the hallux (big toe) has 2 phalanges (proximal and distal), while the other four toes have 3 (proximal, middle and distal)

Describe the location, characteristics and function of diarthroses such as: synovial joints. Include in your description synovial membrane, joint capsule, and synovial fluid.

• Articular cartilage on the ends of bones • Provides a smooth surface for articulation • A joint cavity is surrounded by a joint capsule which holds the bones together while permitting flexibility • A synovial membrane produces synovial fluid that lubricates the joint • Accessory structures (cartilage, ligaments, tendons, bursae) • Sensory nerves and blood vessels