Anatomy Exam 1

flat bones

These bones are thin, flat, and curved. They form the ribs, all the cranial bones, sternum.

angle of shaft changes with angular motion, in rotation it does not

difference between angular motion and rotation

make sure the two bones are separated - diminishes friction between them

function of articular cartilage

stratum basale (right on top of basal lamina)

melanin, produced and stored by melanocytes, is present on the ______. Melanocytes have arm like projections that go up to stratum granulosum and release their contents into keratinocytes. •So keratinocytes have melanin BECAUSE melanocytes produce and release contents to outside where keratinocytes absorb this

anteriorly, inferiorly

the coccyx starts fusing at 26 and is present to allow attachment of ligaments and muscles that have imp role in constricting the anal opening. In males this projects _____ and females it projects ______

ulna, scapula

the coronoid process is on the ______, while the coracoid process is on the _____

radial notch of ulna

the head of radius articulates with what

periosteum, endosteum

the outer lining of the bone is called the _____, while the inner lining is called

long bones

these bones are relatively long and slender, longer than they are wide. ex: humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula

irregular bones

these bones have complex shapes with short ridges surfaces. ex: vertebrae, skull bones, temporal bone

osteoprogenitor cells

these cells are heavily involved in repair of bone in case you have a break

palatine bone (maxilla is right above it)

this bone highlighted forms the roof of your mouth

anterior tibial margin

this is a bone feature of the tibia that is responsible for the pain we feel when hit on the front of the shin

Synchondrosis (which is under cartilaginous joints)

this is a rigid, cartilaginous bridge between two articulating bones. ex: the cartilaginous connection between the ends of the first pair of vertebrosternal ribs and the sternum ex: diaphysis binding to epiphysis in a growing bone. their fusion creates this joint

phase 4

what phase of endochondral ossification is this? osteocytes creating medullary cavity is characteristic of this stage

mesothelia lining of cavities, endothelia lining the heart and blood vessels, alveoli

where to find simple squamous epithelium tissue

•Top part is the manubrium •Most inside is the body •Little piece that sticks out is called the xiphoid process •Jugular notch on top is an indentation on the manubrium

Identify structures on sternum

Medullary cavity

Long bones all have a long area inside the diaphysis called the _________, which is filled with red bone marrow in children, which transitions to yellow bone marrow as they grow to become adults. For this reason it is also called the marrow cavity

sutural bones

Small, irregular bones found between the flat bones of the skull in the suture line

Rickett's disease

The femur curves slightly to balance the body. What disease is associated with an extreme curvature of this bone

Osteoblasts; osteoid; osteocytes

These are more cuboidal/rectangular shaped immature bone cells that produce a substance called ______ - involved in making the matrix. Osteoblasts --> osteoid --> matrix. Once the osteoblasts are surrounded by matrix, they will develop and become _______ - process of making new bone is called osteogenesis. So we say osteoblasts are the BUILDING BLOCKS OF BONE

stratum corneum

This layer of the epidermis consists of up to 30 layers of dead cells

osteons

compact bone consists of ______, which are the basic functional units of bone. These in turn consist of: Central canal Canaliculi Osteocytes Lacunae Lamellae

lunula

crescent-shaped area at the base of the human fingernail that allows for growth of nail

1. from acid in stomach so surfaces are protected 2. anything that enters/exits organ goes through epithelium 3. when we touch, we feel, sensation of pain, etc 4. has specialized cells: glands that are responsible for release of secretions

discuss

- cellularity - cells bound close tg, little to no intercellular space - polarity - uneven distribution of organelles and cytoplasmic components - attachment - basal surface attached to thin basal lamina - avascularity - epithelia have no blood vessels - sheets/layers - all ep tissue is composed of a sheet of cells one or more layers thick - regeneration - damaged ep cells are continually replaced through stem cells

discuss the important characteristics of epithelia

•Cribriform plate - plates with holes (olfactory nerves will pass through these holes) •Crista galli - sticks out in between cribriform plate •Perpendicular plate •Goes into nasal cavity and forms upper portion of nasal septum •Lower portion of nasal septum is formed by a bone called the vomer

ethmoid bone features

supine: laying down facing up prone: laying down face down

ex of two anatomical landmarks:

rotation

examples of what movement

it transitions into 2 different shapes like in the bladder; it goes from chubbier cells to stretched out

explain transitional epithelia and give an example

linear motion

gliding is a type of ____________. Ex: two bones that glide past eachother: carpal and carpal bones gliding eachother •Tarsal and tarsal bones •Where clavicle meets the sternum

keratinization process

hair production involves specialization of the

eversion/inversion

moving the sole of the foot outward or inward

femur bone features

note all these on the posterior side of the femur

sesamoid bones

small round flat bones found near joints (e.g., the patella)

Metaphysis (of a long bone)

the surgical neck of the humerus corresponds to the ________ of a growing bone

angular motion abduction-away from body adduction- towards body

these are examples of what motion

short bones

these bones are boxlike in appearance ex: carpals and tarsals

outer part of bone, on inside

•Compact bone is located on the ______ (in blue) while spongy bone is located in pink (in medullary cavity)

red marrow, yellow marrow, growth

•In epiphysis we find ______ marrow where RBCs and WBCs are. In diaphysis we find _____ marrow where adipocytes are. The metaphysis is a _____ zone b/w other layers

the ends of bones together in order to form a joint; joints are structures that connect individual bones and may allow bones to move against each other to cause movement; tendons are tough, flexible band of fibrous connective tissue that connects muscles to bones.

•Ligaments connect: •Joints are: •Tendons are:

fibrous, cartilaginous, bony fusion fibrous, cartilaginous

-- which categories of joints fall under synarthrosis (immovable joint) -- which categories of joints fall under amphiarthrosis

•Keratinocytes are most abundant- play an important role in providing skin structure and in functioning of the immune system •Melanocytes produce melanin •Merkel cells- detection of sensation •Langerhans cells- work like macrophages, also called dendritic cells - they wander around and have a phagocytic function (engulf pathogens)

4 cell types of the epidermis and their functions:

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

5 layers of the epidermis

tendon, ligament

A ______ serves to move the bone or structure. A _______ is a fibrous connective tissue which attaches bone to bone, and usually serves to hold structures together and keep them stable

opposition

Movement of the thumb to touch the fingertips

stratified squamous

What kind of epithelium would you find lining the esophagus?

Osteoblasts

bone forming cells - aka building blocks of bone

clavicle and scapula

bones of the pectoral girdle

Circumduction

circular movement of a limb at the far end, like the wrist and shoulder movement

Foramen Magnum - where the spinal cord passes through Occipital Condyles - where the atlas articulates which allows you to nod yes Jugular Foramen - passage between the temporal bone and the occipital bone, containing the internal jugular vein Hypoglossal Canals - travels to innervate the tongue

identify the following occipital bone features: Foramen Magnum Occipital Condyles Jugular Foramen Hypoglossal Canals

tibia, fibula, talus

name the ankle bones

popliteal

the _________ ligaments give stability to the posterior side of the knee

intercondylar fossa

what structure is this that separates the condyles on the femur

lordosis in lumbar area

A pregnant woman would most likely suffer what type of spinal curvature and in what vertebral area?

calcium salts

Bone (osseous) tissue consists of widely separated cells surrounded by large amounts of matrix. The bone matrix is very solid and sturdy due to position of ________ which is v important to give strong bone structure

arrector pili muscle, hair papilla

Every hair in body has a muscle that makes hair elevate when we get goosebumps, its called the __________. Inside the hair bulb is _______ which contains capillaries and nerves, so the hair bulb is the structure that surrounds hair papilla

the spinous process of C7

If you nod head down and touch back of neck and see a bone sticking out, what bone are you feeling

keratohyalin granules; intercellular matrix, lipid substance

In the stratum granulosum, keratinocytes migrating from the underlying stratum spinosum become known as granular cells in this layer. These cells contain _________, which appear to bind the keratin filaments together, forming an ________. Therefore, the main function of keratohyalin granules is to bind intermediate keratin filaments together. The membrane of keratinocytes has a granule bound to the membrane that releases its contents by exocytosis which forms a very rich ________. This also forms water resistant layer that's important to protect epidermis from releasing water to outside, and to prevent diffusion of nutrients we have in epidermis (these are the two functions of this lipid rich layer)

Atlas (C1) - articulates with occipital condyle on occipital bone

Name the bone and where it articulates

talus

Name the tarsal bone that articulates with the tibia and fibula to form the ankle joint

trachea/ respiratory tract

Pseudostratified columnar epithelia line the _____

lateral flexion

Side-bending left or right, here the axis changes. in L and R rotation it does not

tubercle of rib, transverse costal facet; inferior or superior costal facet

Small rounded projection or process on the rib which will articulate with the _______ of the thoracic vertebrae. While the head of the rib will touch the ______

trabeculae

Spongy bone is arranged in parallel struts called ______, which forms an open network and creates the lightweight nature of bones. Purpose of having spongy bone instead of compact is that spongy bone makes bone be lighter (Femur - heaviest bone in body - if it was made of compact bone throughout, itd be too heavy so spongy bone makes it easier to move. This doesn't mean its weak though. Network of trabeculae are organized to give it a sturdy structure as strong as compact bone)

crista galli of ethmoid bone

The _______ is an anterior portion of the cribriform that extends superiorly into the cranium.

coastal facets, thoracic vertebrae (3 types: •Superior costal facet •Inferior costal facet Transverse costal facet)

The ________ of the ______ articulate with ribs of thoracic cage

cribiform plate

The bone feature that is part of the ethmoid bone and serves as a passageway to the olfactory nerves is referred to as:

•Capitulum - articulates with head of radius •trochlea - articulates with the ulna

The condyle of the humerus is divided into 2 regions. State them and what they each articulate with

Lateral menisci (the menisci located on the tibia act as cushions, and conforms shape to adjust to positions)

The fibular collateral ligament on the knee joint is very loose so the _______ is a structure that provides lateral stability to knee joint

red bone marrow, yellow bone marrow

The main difference between red bone marrow and yellow bone marrow is that _______ produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets whereas _____ produces fat cells, cartilage, and bones

olecranon fossa of the humerus; coronoid fossa of the humerus

The olecranon of the ulna and gets inserted into __________ when arm is extended, but when the arm is flexed, the coronoid process (of the ulna) gets inserted into ___________

Apical: 1. cilia - 2. microvilli - membranes with folds for 20x surface area 3. stereocilia - these are long microvilli but they dont move

The surface of epithelial exposed to the outside is called the ____ part of the cell and this is composed of three parts:

osteoclasts

These cells remove and remodel bone. Originate from stem cells. Secrete acids through exocytosis that dissolves bone, causing release of stored ions into blood. This process of releasing calcium and phosphate ions into blood is called osteolysis

glenoid fossa

This bone feature on the scapula is where the scapula will come together with the humerus

talus

This bone, cut in half by calcaneus , is the 2nd largest bone in foot - it transmits weight of body from tibia to toe

amount of MELANIN produced by melanocytes

What makes us darker or lighter? NOT the amount of melanocytes present but the _____. Usually we have 1 melanocyte per 4 stem cells. Darker areas have 1 melanocyte per 20 stem cells (like nipples)

calcium phosphate

When ______ in the bone converts to crystals (combination of collagen fibers and calcium salts) this is what makes the bone so sturdy

epithelial, connective

_____ tissue is on the skin that covers the body while ______ tissue fills space between different cells

osteoclasts, osteoblasts

______ remove matrix through osteolysis and releasing minerals. _________ produce matrix that binds to these minerals. Therefore the balance b/w osteoclasts and osteoblasts is important because when osteoblast activity predominates, bones become stronger and more massive.

diarthrosis, synovial joints

________, also known as _________, permit a wide range of motion

Keratohyalin; intercellular matrix

_________ is a protein structure found in granules (of the keratinocytes) of the stratum granulosum of the epidermis. This is responsible for the formation of an ________ that will surround keratin filaments.

Intramembranous, endochondral

__________ ossification is involved in the development of clavicle, mandible, skull, and face, while ________ ossification is involved in the development of limbs, vertebrae, and hips

pneumatized bones

a bone that is hollow or contains many air cells, such as the mastoid process of the temporal bone or the ethmoid bone

bone deposition

a crystallization process in which calcium, phosphate, and other ions are taken from the blood plasma and deposited in bone tissue

stratum lucidum

a layer of the epidermis found only in the thick skin of the fingers, palms, and soles

stratum granulosum

a layer of the epidermis that marks the transition between the deeper, metabolically active strata and the dead cells of the more superficial strata. The cells here have a nucleus

hypodermis (aka subcutaneous layer)

adipocytes are located in the ______ layer of the skin

protraction/retraction

anterior to posterior movement of scapula or mandible

synarthrosis

at a ________, the bony edges are quite close together and may even interlock. These extremely strong joints are located where movement between bones must be prevented

symphysis (cartilaginous joint in amphiarthrosis)

at a ___________, the articulating bones are separated by a wedge or pad of fibrous cartilage. the articulation between the two pubic bones (pubic symphysis) is an example

syndesmosis (fibrous joint in amphiarthrosis)

at a ____________, bones are connected by a ligament. one example is the distal articulation between the tibia and fibula

coxal bone: ilium ischium pubis

be able to identify these parts of coxal bone

Sacrum

bone formed from five vertebrae fused together near the base of the spinal column; start fusing around puberty and end around 25-30 yrs old

8 bones (ilium ischium pubis) x2 + sacrum + coccyx

bones that make up the pelvis

fixed: (all the rest) wandering: *immune system ones* macrophages, mast cells, lymphocytes, neutrophils

connective tissue proper contains two classes of cells: fixed and wandering. which are which?

exercising = more blood circulates and RBCs carry hemoglobin (which when bound to O2) gives off a really red color If you don't have enough blood circulating, not enough oxygen circulates so it doesn't bind to hemoglobin so you turn PALE

explain how skin color is related to blood supply

1. merocrine - simple exocytosis when you release content to outside which will migrate to the surface. ex: sweat glands, release of saliva from glands 2. apocrine - ex: lactiferous cells of mammary glands that make milk, only the apical part gets released, that part then releases contents and then the cell regenerates bc the nucleus stays intact 3. holocrine - ex: sebaceous gland cells, destroys the gland cell: cell undergoes division and get big enough to burst- this releases cytoplasmic contents which have secretions within (stem cells will replace lost cells)

explain the mechanisms of glandular secretion (how substance will be secreted)

skeletal, calcium salts,

functions of the ______ system include 1.Support 2.Storage of minerals - more specifically ______ which is the most abundant mineral in the bod 3.Blood cell production 4.Leverage 5.Protection - ribs are there to protect hearts and lungs. Skull protects brain. Very important!

simple: one duct compound: two ducts

how do you classify between simple and compound exocrine glands?

stem cells

how is the epithelium maintained and self perpetuated?

External acoustic meatus is also called external auditory canal - If you could follow this hole through all the way to the inside, it would come out at the hole called internal acoustic meatus

identify the following temporal bone features: Internal and External Acoustic Meatus Mastoid process Styloid process

•Carotid canal is ALWAYS close to jugular foramen bc the common carotid artery passes through the carotid canal. And the jugular vein passes through the jugular foramen (usually veins and arteries that have the same name run parallel to eachother, but in this case, we have the jugular vein but no such thing as jugular artery. The one that corresponds to the jugular vein is the carotid artery) •Foramen lacerum - a hole that's left over after the occipital and temporal bone fusion, they leave an opening and that's what the lacerum is

identify the following temporal bone features: Mandibular fossa Foramen Lacerum Carotid Canal

•Optic nerve passes through the optic canal •Superior orbital fissure •3 holes "ROS" •Foramen rotundum •Foramen ovale - the oval one you can always locate first •Then look for one above ovale (the rotundum) and one below (spinosum) •Foramen spinosum •Sella turcica •Houses pituitary gland and protects it

identify these structures on the sphenoid bone: - 3 foramen: ROS - superior orbital fissure - sella turcica

•Action of parathyroid gland! It releases parathyroid hormone: PTH which stimulates deposition on the bone: release of calcium from bones = more in the blood. Also increases amount of calcium uptake by kidneys (kidneys will hold onto more calcium rather than releasing it into urine). PTH also increases calcium uptake in intestines

if we have too little calcium in the body explain what happens

THYROID gland releases calcitonin which will stimulate bones to resorb calcium (keep in them) and will cause kidneys to reduce calcium uptake. So kidneys will stop holding onto calcium, itll release in urine.

if we have too much calcium in the body explain what happens

visceral pericardium, parietal pericardium

in the heart, _________ is the connective tissue that lines/hugs the heart. the ______ lines the outside (labeled balloon)

phase 7

in which phase of endochondral ossification does the epiphyseal cartilage get substituted for the epiphyseal line due to an increase in rate of osteoblast activity

•Red = frontal bone •Purple - parietal bone •Green - temporal bone •Blue - occipital bone •Yellow - sphenoid "butterfly bone" •E (on green part behind nose) - ethmoid •Outlined in red is the rest of the bones which are the facial bones

label each color

femur

lateral condyle, medial condyle, lateral epicondyle and medial epicondyle are all bone features of which bone

axis (C2) - has the body of C1 - called the dens

name the bone and its special feature

olecranon fossa on humerus - articulates with olecranon process of the ulna when elbow is extended

name this bone feature that serves as an articulation point

•Subscapular fossa •Glenoid cavity is where the scapula will come together with the humerus •Coracoid process serves as attachment for the shorthead of biceps brachiea muscle •Acromion (right most) serves as attachment point for part of trapezius muscle in back •Spine - in green - crosses scapular body from one end to the other •Spine divides body into two regions Supraspinous fossa (in pink) and infraspinous fossa (in blue)

note all features of scapula

•Trochlear notch - attach to trochlear of humerus •Coronoid process - in pink •Olecranon process (in green) - inserted in olecranon fossa of the humerus

note all structures

note median sacral crest, greater sciatic notch, and ischial tuberosity (rough part we sit on)

note features on pelvis

remember: medial malleolus on tibia lateral malleolus on fibula

note these structures

ilium, ischium, pubis, sacrum, coccyx hip bones: ilium, ischium, pubis

pelvic girdle bones VS. coxal bone (also called hip bone, pelvic bone)

-

practice labeling tarsals

simple is made of 1 cell layer stratified is made of 2 or more layers (squamous, cuboid, transitional and columnar)

simple epithelium vs stratified epithelium

lacrimal bones

smallest bones of skull - these are paired bones at the corner of each eye that cradle the tear ducts

arcuate line of ilium

smooth ridge located at the inferior margin of the iliac fossa; forms the lateral portion of the pelvic brim

connective tissue, cartilage; connective tissue and cartilage!

structurally, fibrous joints are made of: cartilaginous joints are made of: synovial joints are made of:

fibrous

sutures, bound together by dense fibrous connective tissue, along with gomphosis are both subdivisions of which type of synarthrosis

foot arches; •Longitudinal arch - has lots of ligaments and tendons that tie calcaneus to metatarsal bones •Transverse arch - formed by the metatarsal bases, the cuboid and the three cuneiform bones

the 2 main functions of _________ is to accept weight of body and to make sure foot adjusts to the uneven surfaces when walking or running on uneven surfaces - rock, sand, etc. explain them.

medulla, cortex

the _____, or core of the hair contains a flexible soft keratin, while the ____ (surrounding medulla) contains thick layers of hard keratin, which give the hair its stiffness

elbow and ankle, ribs and wrist, shoulder and hip

the ______ and _____ are monoxial joints the ______ and _____ are biaxial joints the ______ and ______ are triaxial joints

articular process

the _______ of the sacrum articulates with the last lumbar vertebrae. Know: •Entrance to sacral canal - rest of nerves continue to come down here •Median sacral crest •Posterior and represent spinous process that have fused •Sacral foramina - equivalent to intervertebral foramen

pubic symphysis

the anterior portions of each pubis are connected through the ____________, which expands in pregnant women to allow for growth of fetus

thoracic, abdominopelvic, diaphragm

the body is split into 2 cavities: the _______ cavity, housing lungs and heart and then the ______ cavity which houses the major digestive organs. What muscle separates these two?

Manubrium of sternum

the clavicle connects pectoral girdle to axial skeleton through the _________, and this is the ONLY direct connection that occurs b/w pectoral girdle and appendicular skeleton

epidermis (composed of either 4 or 5 cell layers, hands and feet have 5), dermis, papillary layer, reticular layer

the cutaneous membrane of the integumentary system is composed of the ____ and ____. The dermis is then divided into the : --_____________: which nourishes and supports the epidermis --_____________: restricts spreading of pathogens, attaches skin to deeper tissues,

stratified squamous (makes sense bc you need several cell layers since youre always shedding)

the epidermis is made up of which kind of epithelial tissue

synovial membrane and fluid

the following are functions of what accessory structure of bones •provides lubrication which prevents friction •Nourishes chondrocytes •Acts as shock absorber (like when you jump up and down, this absorbs pressure)

body of thoracic vertebrae

the head of a rib articulates with the _____. Note these structures: •Neck - short bc neck structure comes right after it (tubercle) •Tubercle projects dorsally (torwards back) •Angle is where we have curvature occurring - rib moves out from thoracic vertebrae towards sternum •Costal groove - located inferiorly •It's a depression where nerves and BV pass through here •Rest of rib is called the body

acetabulum in the pelvic bone, tibia and kneecap (patella)

the head of the femur articulates with the __________ forming the hip joint, while the distal part of the femur articulates with the ________ forming the knee joint.

tubercle, trochanter

the humerus (only bone with 2 necks) has a greater and lesser ____________, while the femur has a greater and lesser ____________.

synovial

the knee joint is an example of a ____ joint

ACL, medial meniscus, tibial collateral ligament

the most serious type of knee injury, called the "unhappy triad" involves the rupture of what 3 ligaments

dense irregular connective tissue featuring densely packed collagen fibers. (makes this layer more organized compared to papillary)

the reticular layer of the dermis is composed of?

manubrium, acromion of scapula

the sternal end of the clavicle articulates with the ________, while the acromial end articulates with the __________

humerus

these are bone features of which bone? -deltoid tuberosity -greater and lesser tubercle

osteoprogenitor cells

these are bone stem cells who's divisions produce osteoblasts. They have flat squamous look to them, found on inner layers surrounding inside and outside of bone

angular motion

these are examples of what motion -- wrist also does flexion and extension

osteocytes; lamellae, canaliculi

these are mature bone cells that not only maintain but monitor level of protein and minerals that form the matrix. Control release of Calcium ions from bone to the blood. Control position of calcium salts in surrounding matrix. They are sandwiched within circles called ______. ______ are the channels that communicate info from one osteocyte to another

fibular notch of tibia

this bone feature on the distal part of the tibia is where the lateral malleolus will articulate with

Synostosis (bony fusion)

this is a totally rigid immovable joint created when two bones fuse and the boundary between them disappears thus you cant define boundaries between the bones. the frontal suture of the frontal bone and the epiphyseal lines of mature long bones are examples.

lymphatic system

this system defends against infection and disease; returns tissue fluid to the bloodstream, includes lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen. thymus

respiratory system

this system delivers air to sites where gas exchange can occur between the air and circulating blood; produces sound, organs include nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

nervous system

this system directs immediate responses to stimuli by coordinating activities of organ systems; includes brain spinal cord and peripheral NS

endocrine system

this system directs long term changes in activities of other organ systems; includes pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus, kidneys, pancreas, gonads (testes and ovaries)

digestive system

this system processes food and absorbs nutrients, organs include oral cavity, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

integumentary system

this system protects against environmental hazards; helps control body temperature, includes the skin, hair, sweat glands, nails, sensory receptors

skeletal system

this system provides support, protects tissues, stores minerals, forms blood cells, includes bones, cartilage, joints, split into axial and appendicular

cardiovascular system

this system transports cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes and gases, including heart, blood and blood vessels

specialized cells, extracellular protein fibers, and dense fluid called: ground substance (the protein fibers plus ground substance = MATRIX)

three basic components of connective tissue

cervical - this is a result of the fusion between the transverse process and costal process

transverse foramen are unique to which class of vertebra

top layer: Clear layer: made of glycoproteins and microfilaments bottom layer: dense layer: made of protein filaments

two layers of the basal lamina and what they're made of:

Compact bone, spongy bone

types of osseous tissue: ________ is very dense - located on outer part of bone - in pink ________ (in blue) surrounds the medullary cavity, has loose connective tissue and mixture of mature and immature RBCs

dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

up and down movements of the foot at the ankle

thoracic vertebrae

vertebrae with heart shaped vertebral body and smaller foramen

lumbar vertebrae

vertebrae with triangular shaped vertebral foramen and no articular facets (bc no more ribs to attach); spinous process projects dorsally but not caudaully

•vertebrosternal ribs, ribs 1 - 7: these attach directly to structure down the middle called sternum •vertebochondral ribs "false ribs" 8 - 10: These 3 come together to attach to cartilage, and that cartilage attaches to part of the sternum •Vertebral ribs 11 - 12 - These are hanging, not attached to any cartilage, not attached to sternum

we have 12 ribs classified into 3 groups! explain them all

H, O, C, N water, proteins, lipids, carbs

what 4 elements constitute 99% of atoms? The molecular composition of the body, made up of these elements, is constituted of:

superior, middle and inferior; cause turbulence through inspired air swirls

what are the 3 ridges of the nasal conchae, and what is the point of them

Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ), left lower quadrant (LLQ)

what are the abdominopelvic quadrants?

loose (little amount of fiber and its spread out) dense (a lot of fiber - arranged with order)

what are the two subdivisions of connective tissue proper

sebaceous gland - secrete oily substances sweat glands - secrete watery substance sweat glands have: apocrine and merocrine glands (remember MAH)

what are the two types of exocrine glands? What is the division of the gland that can be broken down further?

stratum basale: stem cells, melanocytes (give us our color), Merkel cells (the ones that give us sensation) stratum spinosum: Daughter cells (started as stem cells in stratum basale and once they move further up into stratum spinosum, they're going to differentiate into keratinocytes), Langerhans cells (like macrophages looking for pathogens)

what cells are found in the stratum basale and stratum spinosum?

left and right rotation, lateral and medial rotation

what examples are being shown

on the dermis, the dermal papilla has bumps and then on the stratum basale, the pattern contrasts the papilla, forming the epidermal ridge. this ridge gives you fingerprints

what forms your fingerprints

its falsely stratified - not stratified but looks like it, found in trachea and respiratory system.

what is pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelia and where is it found

they are membranes with folds that increase surface area by 20x for absorption

what is the significance of microvilli on the apical part of epithelial cells

stratified columnar epithelium; salivary gland

what is this and where do you find it

phase 7; Epiphyseal closure

what phase of endochondral ossification is this? the rate of epiphyseal cartilage enlargement decreases and the rate of osteoblast activity increases, leading to _____________ which is when the epiphyseal cartilage gets narrower and narrower; eventually disappears, leaving the epiphyseal line behind

phase 2

what phase of endochondral ossification is this? Blood vessels grow around the edges of the cartilage to start supplying nutrients to cells that replace the dying chondrocytes. Cells located on periphery - called perichondrium - convert into periosteum Formation of bone collar Thin layer of compact bone around the shaft of cartilage

phase 6

what phase of endochondral ossification is this? Formation of spongy bone at the tip in the epiphysis (extremities) •Formation of epiphysial plate which is within the metaphysis

phase 3

what phase of endochondral ossification is this? Increased blood supply by capillaries and osteoblasts migrating into the heart of cartilage, invading spaces left by dying chondrocytes. Primary ossification center!! - cartilaginous matrix is replaced by spongy bone produced by osteoblasts Localized medially and moves toward ends

phase 1

what phase of endochondral ossification is this? Once chondrocytes get surrounded by matrix, they die and disintegrate due to lack of nutrients. Dying cells form cavities within

phase 5

what phase of endochondral ossification is this? Primary ossification occurred in phase 3 and now secondary ossification is occurring now in this phase. You see how most of the shaft is invaded with blood vessels, osteoblasts and clasts. Now they will invade epiphysis

transverse ligament

what structure on the atlas holds the dens in place with the atlas

perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone and the vomer

what structures form the nasal septum

Lateral and medial facets on posterior surface

what structures of the patella should you know

lining of stomach, intestine, gallbladder, uterine tubes

where to find simple columnar epithelium

glands, ducts, nephrons of kidney

where to find simple cuboidal epithelium

lining of some ducts (RARE)

where to find stratified cuboidal epithelium

surface of skin, lining of mouth, throat, anus

where to find stratified squamous epithelium tissue

Cervical vertebrae. Divided into typical (C3-C6) and atypical (C1- atlas, C2- axis, C7-vertebra prominens)

which are the smallest vertebrae? how are they divided?

pisiform

which carpal bone connects with the ulna

head of ulna

which head is the only head that is distal rather than proximal

•secondary curves = cervical and lumbar area •Primary curves = thoracic and sacral area •These curves helps you maintain balance to adjust weight

which of the vertebrae are secondary and primary curves

lordosis (bulging anteriorly) = cervical and lumbar area kyphosis = thoracic and sacral area

which of the vertebrae experience lordosis and kyphosis

stomach, spleen

which organs are in the left upper quadrant

appendix

which organs are in the right lower quadrant

small intestine, large intestine, gallbladder, liver

which organs are in the right upper quadrant

ball and socket (triaxial, rotation, circumduction, angular)

which type of synovial joint is this and is it M,B,T?

ellipsoid (biaxial, angular motion)

which type of synovial joint is this and is it M,B,T?

saddle joint (biaxial, considered angular motion)

which type of synovial joint is this and is it M,B,T?

pivot joint (monoxial, considered rotation)

which type of synovial joint is this and is it M,B,T? It permits only rotation

hinge joint (monaxial, angular motion)

which type of synovial joint is this and is it M,B,T? permits angular motion in a single plane

ilium, ischium

while the ______ is the largest coxal bone, the _____ is the strongest

The rate in synthesis of keratohyalin and keratin are influenced by high levels of friction. This results in an increase in the amount of these 2 things, results in thickening of skin and formation of callus. So weight lifters get calluses on hands bc of increase in friction in area which leads to accumulating more keratohyalin and keratin

why do weight lifters get calluses on skin

•Quadriceps tendon - comes from muscle •Patellar ligament - attaches patella to tibia (These two ligaments are important bc they stabilize anterior surface of knee) •The rest of the ligaments are divided into 2 groups: •Extracapsular ligament: •Tibial collateral ligament - on medial part of tibia •Fibular collateral ligament - on lateral part of fibula •Popliteal ligament: cant see here •Intracapsular ligaments: •Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL!!!) •Posterior cruciate ligament •These are located on the inside of your joint capsule

•7 major ligaments that stabilize the knee (that's why its hard to dislocate the knee COMPLETELY) name them