Anatomy Exam 1

What is the ability of nerve and muscle cells to produce quick reactions called?

Excitability

Which method of reasoning begins with a hypothesis or question and then tries to answer that question?

Hypothetico-deductive method

Placebos are often given to avoid what kinds of effects?

Psychosomatic

Which is an example of a class of tissue?

connective

Without the use of energy, matter and energy tend to flow ______.

down gradients

The internal state of the body is best described as a(n) ______ equilibrium, where there is a set average point and conditions fluctuate around that point

dynamic

What type of equilibrium occurs when there is a set average point and conditions fluctuate around that point?

dynamic

A structure that carries out a response to a stimulus is called a(n)

effector

Responsiveness is also known as ______

excitability

An example of a well-designed experiment would have a(n) ______ group, which would receive a placebo, and a(n) ______ group, which would receive the intervention (i.e. treatment) being tested.

experimental, control control, experimental

The term for the conscious or subconscious influence an experimenter may have on the interpretation of their data is ____ bias

experimenter

Information that can be independently verified by any trained person is called which of the following?

fact

True or false: A tissue is more complex than an organ.

false

True or false: Statistical tests help scientists establish statements of absolute truth.

false

True or false: The scientific method is based on an informed conjecture that is capable of being tested and potentially proved false by experimentation or data collection.

false

A difference in chemical concentration, electrical charge, physical pressure, temperature, or other variable between one point and another is a physiological

gradient

If the textbook states a value for a typical human heart rate, you should assume that the value refers to the heart rate of a(n) ______

healthy 22- year old

A physician's assistant devises a treatment plan based on the patient's age, lab results, economic status, perceptions, and emotions. What type of treatment is this?

holism

Which theory states that there are emergent properties of the whole organism that cannot be understood by its individual parts?

holism

What is the body's tendency to maintain relatively stable internal conditions in spite of greater changes in its external environment called?

homeostasis

An educated guess that is capable of being tested and potentially falsified by experimentation or data collection is known as a(n)

hypothesis

Of the following, which one is testable, falsifiable, and consistent with what is already known?

hypothesis

What is an educated speculation based upon observations that can be tested by experimentation called?

hypothesis

The ______ method of study is the process of drawing conclusions and making predictions from repeated observation. It is a specific tool within the scientific method.

inductive

Physiology

is the study of function

A generalization about the predictable ways in which matter and energy behave is called a ____ of nature.

law

What is a verbal or mathematical description of a predictable natural phenomenon called?

law of nature

A molecule of large size and high molecular weight, such as a protein, is called a(n)

macro-molecule

____is made up of two or more atoms

molecules

Blood pressure is controlled by a _____ feedback mechanism.

negative

When some bodily changes are detected, responses are activated that reverse the change, restoring stability and preserving normal body function. This would be an example of what type of feedback?

negative

The inductive method allows one to make conclusions based on what?

observation

A single complete individual capable of response to stimuli, reproduction, growth and development, and maintenance of homeostasis is termed a(n)

organism

What is the method of having results evaluated by other experts in the field called?

peer review

Students are studying how the heart pumps blood through the body, which is its major function. They are studying the ______ of the heart.

physiology

A _____ is the name of a substance with no significant effect on a subject's physiology but is given to a control group that thinks they are being given the treatment.

placebo

What is a substance with no significant effect on a subject's physiology but is given to a control group that thinks they are being given the treatment called?

placebo

Which structure encloses a human cell and controls the traffic of molecules in and out of the cell?

plasma membrane

Contractions during childbirth is an example of a ______ feedback mechanism.

positive

What type of feedback is a self-amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to an even greater change in the same direction?

positive

Effects of a subject's state of mind on their physiology are known as ____ effects.

psychosomatic

Effects of a subject's state of mind on their physiology are known as _____ effects.

psychosomatic

The name for a structure that is specialized to detect a stimulus is a(n)

receptor

What is a cell or organ that is specialized to detect a stimulus called?

receptor

The number of animals (or people) used in an experimental study is called the ____ size.

sample

Which of the following is a process by which an educated guess is capable of being tested and may be proven false by experimentation?

scientific method

anatomy

study of body structures

A group of organs working together for a coordinated function is an organ_____

system

An aggregation of cells and extracellular materials, which perform a discrete function, is known as a(n)

tissue

In an experiment, the control group is unaltered, while the _______ group contains the variable being tested.

treatment

True or false: The double-blind method is used to control experimental bias where neither the subject nor the person giving treatment and recording data know which subjects are receiving treatment and which are receiving placebo.

true

An organelle is best described as which of the following?

A microscopic structure in a cell that carries out individual function

What is the process of transforming a cell with no specialized function into a cell with a specialized function called?

Differentiation

Which of the following are statistical tests?

Chi-square test Litmus test Reason: A litmus test is a test that uses a single answer to determine a decision. T-test

Which is an example of an organelle?

Chloroplast

Which statement best describes a theory?

An explanatory statement that concisely summarizes the state of knowledge on a phenomenon and provides direction for further study

Which receptor detects pressure changes?

Baroreceptor

Which part of a feedback mechanism processes information, relates it to other information, and makes a decision of action?

Integrating center

What are the benefits of a large sample size?

It controls for individual variation. It eliminates the probability of random variation. It enables us to place greater confidence in the outcome. It controls for chance events.

Which of the following are the criteria for a good hypothesis?

It is able to be proved in only one experiment. It is testable and falsifiable. It is consistent with what is already known. It is always true.

Proteins and DNA are which of the following?

Macromolecules

Medical mistakes, such as prescribing the wrong dose of medication, can result from failure to consider which of the following?

Physiological variation

Differences in sex, age, weight, diet, degree of physical activity, environment, among other things are important what?

Physiological variations

Which theory states that a more complex structure can be understood by studying its smaller parts?

Reductionism

Experimenter bias is defined as which of the following?

The conscious or subconscious influence an experimenter may have on the interpretation of their data

Which of the following is an example of a physiological negative feedback mechanism?

body temperature

What is the smallest unit of an organism that can carry out all the functions of life?

cell

What is the smallest particle of matter with a unique chemical identity?

atom

Place the levels of structural hierarchy in the body in order of complexity, from the smallest/simplest at the top to the largest/most complex at the bottom

atom cell tissue organ organ system organism

The receptors located in the heart, aortic arch, and carotid sinuses that trigger autonomic reflexes in response to fluctuations in blood pressure are known as

baroreceptors