Anatomy Exam 2 Study Guide
What is a fracture?
broken bone
how are the ribs attached on the anterior side of the thoracic cage?
each rib ends in costal cartilage to the sternum
what holds the humerus in the glenoid cavity?
glenohumeral ligaments- composed of a superior, middle and inferior ligaments, the three ligaments combine to form a glenohumeral joint capsule connecting the gelnoid fossa to the humerus
what are the different types of bones?
long bones; greater length than width, elongated, cylindrical shaft (diaphysis). most common bone shape short bones: nearly equal in length to their width flat bones: they are flat, have thin surfaces irregular bones: have elaborate, complex shapes and do not fit into any of the preceding categories.
what face bone articulates with every facial bone except one?
maxilla
what side of the epiphyseal plate does interstitial growth form?
on the epiphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate
what are the seven bones that make up the eye orbit?
sphenoid, frontal, zygomatic, ethmoid, lacrimal, maxilla, palatine
what are different types of fractures?
stress fracture, simple fracture, compound fracture, hairline fracture, complete fracture
what two bones join at the zygomatic arch?
temporal process and zygomatic process
How are the atlas and axis different from the other cervical vertebrae?
the atlas and axis are the most superior vertebrae. they form a pivot joint which allows you to turn your head and neck. they are specialized to allow a greater range of motion than other vertebrae
what is important about the calcaneus?
the calcaneus is the largest bone in the foot and it plays an important role in weight bearing and stability
what three bones form the ankle?
tibia, fibula, talus
what is the general structure of spongy bone?
unlike compact bone, which is the solid outer layer of the bone, the spongy bone is more porous like a sponge and contain no osteons, instead spongy bone has parallel lamelae. the components of the two differ at a microscopic level.
how does a bone receive blood and nerve supply?
-Highly vascular with blood vessels passing into bones from periosteal artery: Nutrient foramen - leads to perforating canal through periosteum Nutrient artery and vein - diaphysis and parts of metaphysis Metaphyseal artery and vein Epiphyseal artery and vein -Sensory nerves accompany blood vessels
what are the two methods of bone development?
1. intramembranous ossification- literally means bone growth within a membrane and it occurs when mesenchymal cells differentiate into specialized, bone forming cells called osteoblasts (flat bones of the skull, some facial bones, mandible and central clavicle) 2. endochondral ossification- it starts with the hyaline cartilage and produces most of the other bones of the skeleton
what are the four situations in which bones are formed?
1. the initial formation of bones in an embryo and fetus 2. the growth of bones during infancy, childhood, and adolescence until adult size is reached 3. the remodeling of bones (replacement of old bone by new bone tissue throughout life) 4. the repair of fractures (breaks in bones) throughout life
what is the structure of a synovial joint?
Bone ends (distal + proximal ends) covered in articular cartilage (hyaline). Joint capsule - formed of DFCT (ligaments) Ligaments - DFCT holds bones to the bone. Tight for support, loose for movement. Medial restricts abduction lateral restricts adduction. Fluid-filled space made by capsule for hyaline cartilage to move smoothly within. Joint cavity - space between the hyaline cartilage Synovial membrane - inner of the joint capsule and secretes synovial fluid.
what are the three classifications of joints?
Fibrous joints (synarthroses), cartilaginous joints (amphiarthroses), and synovial joints (diarthroses)
what is the composition of synovial fluid?
It is a transudate of bloody plasma and has a viscous texture
what is the anatomy of a long bone?
The diaphysis (shaft): makes up most of bone's length. Composed of compact bone. Marrow cavity in the center is filled with bone marrow The epiphysis: ends of the bone. Composed mostly of spongy bone enclosed by thin layer of compact bone. Covers with articular cartilage The periosteum: the outer covering of the bone. Fibrous connective tissue membrane. Perforating (Sharpey's) fibers secure periosteum to underlying bone The endosteum: lines the marrow cavity
what is the process of bone remodeling?
The ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue. It occurs as a delicate balance between bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts.
Why does osteoporosis affect more women than men?
Women have a decrease in sex hormones after menopause whereas men continue to produce male sex hormones throughout adulthood.
what is the difference between a simple and compound fracture?
a simple fracture does not penetrate the skin whereas compound fracture does penetrate the skin
what is an example of a joint that is hinge, plane, saddle, ball and socket, and pivot
ball and socket joint - shoulder joint hinge - knee pivot joint - atlantoaxial joint plane joint - between tarsal bones saddle joint - thumb joint
what effect does vitamin D deficiency have on the bones?
a vitamin d deficiency on the bones can lead to a disease called rickets, which is characterized by overproduction and deficient calcification of osteoid. it results in bones that are poorly calcified and exhibit too much flexibility. it causes skeletal deformities and can cause disturbances in growth.
what is the chemical makeup of a bone?
about 1/3rd of the bone mass is inorganic components called osteoid. it includes cells, collagen fibers, and ground substance (semisolid material that suspends and supports the collagen fiber). the inorganic components provide its compressional strength. calcium phosphate accounts for most of the inorganic compounds of the bone.
what is the function of a clavicle?
acts as a brace to hold the arm away from the top of the thorax and helps prevent shoulder dislocation
what is the function of the 3 cranial fossae?
anterior cranial fossa which houses the projecting frontal lobes of the brain middle cranial fossa which moves remaining eye muscles, moves superior oblique muscles, sensation to the forehead,
what is the function of bursae and tendon sheaths?
bursae are small fluid sacs that can lie under a tendon, cushioning the tendon and protecting it from injury. tendon sheaths are connective tissue that protect tendons, they are filled with a lubricating fluid, allowing the tendons to move smoothly and freely through them
what is happening on the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate?
cartilage is ossified allowing the diaphysis to grow in length
What bones of the pectoral girdle articulate with the axial skeleton?
clavicle bone
what is the general structure of compact bone?
compact bone is relatively dense and forms the solid external wall of the bone. it has a cylindrical osteon, which is the basic functional and structural unit of mature compact bone.
how to distinguish the movements of the synovial joints?
gliding movements occur as relatively flat bone surfaces move past each other. angular movements are produced when the angle between the bones of a joint changes. rotational movement is the movement of a bone as it rotates around its own longitudinal axis special movements include: inversion, eversion, protraction, retraction, elevation, depression, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, supination, pronation, and opposition
what are sutures?
immovable joints of the skull that form boundaries between the cranial bones. (coronal suture, lambdoid suture, sagittal suture, squamous suture)
how does stress and exercise affect bones?
in response to mechanical stress bone has the ability to increase its strength over a period of time by increasing the amounts of mineral salts deposited and collagen fibers synthesized. the bones of an athlete are thicker than someone who does not work out.
how do interstitial and appositional growth differ?
interstitial growth occurs within the cartilage chondrocytes secrete new matrix within the cartilage and this causes it to grow in the length appositional growth occurs when chondroblasts secrete new matrix along existing surfaces and this causes it to expand and widen. (interstitial growth forms within the cartilage itself and appositional growth is an increase in width along the outside edge or periphery of the cartilage
what are some examples of fibrous and cartilaginous joints?
intervertebral discs, sacrococcygeal symphysis, cranial sutures between bones of the skull, gomphoses between teeth and alveolar bone
besides being apart of the spinal column, the sacrum is also apart of what other skeleton structure?
it is also apart of the pelvis
what is the significance of alveolar process?
it is the sockets that hold the teeth in place
what are the four types of cells in bones?
osteoprogenitor cells- stem cells that divide and produce another stem cell and a committed cell that matures and becomes an osteoblast. osteoblasts- are formed from osteoprogenitor cells. they secrete the initial semisolid, organic form of the bone matrix called osteoid that later calcifies and produce new bones. osteocytes- are mature bone cells derived from osteoblasts that have become entrapped in the matrix they secreted. They maintain the bone matrix and detect mechanical stress on a bone. osteoclasts- are large, multinuclear, phagocytic cells. they are derived from fused bone marrow cells similar to those that produce monocytes. they are involved in a process called bone resorption: osteoblasts secrete hydrochloric acid which dissolves the mineral parts (calcium and phosphate) of the bone matrix, while lysosomes within the osteoclasts secrete enzymes that dissolve the organic part of the matrix.
what two bones make up the nasal septum?
perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone and vomer
what are the differences in the male and female pelvis?
the differences in the male and female pelvis is that the female pelvis is larger and wider and have a rounder pelvic inlet. male iliac crest is higher than females causing their false pelves to to be taller and narrower. the male sacrum is longer, narrower, straighter, and has a more pronounced sacral promontory relative to the female sacrum
When is an epiphyseal line formed?
the epiphyseal line is formed when the individual reaches the overall end of the growth period and it turns into a epipyseal plate
what cranial bone is most associated with the nasal cavity?
the ethmoid bone
why are sutures such strong joints?
the fibrous connective tissue found at a suture (to bind or sew) strongly unites the adjacent skull bones and thus helps to protect the brain and form the face
what four types of bones in the skull contains sinuses?
the frontal, the sphenoid, the maxillary, the ethmoid
what is the only bone that does not form a joint with any other bone in the axial system?
the hyoid bone
which cranial bone not only allows passage of the spinal cord but also attaches the cranium to the spinal column?
the occipital has a central opening called the foramen magnum to admit the spinal cord
what are the functions of the paranasal sinsuses?
the paranasal sinuses open up into the nasal cavity (space inside the nose) and are lined with cells to make mucus so the nose does not dry out
what is the main differences between the pelvic and pectoral girdles?
the pectoral girdle is massive, flexible, and has shallow sockets while the pelvic girdle is smaller, weight bearing, and has deep secure sockets for limb attachment
What cranial bone articulates with all other cranial bones and also provides support for the pituitary gland?
the sphenoid bone
what is the significance of the cribriform plate and crista galli?
the superior part of the ethmoid bone exhibits a thin mid sagittal elevation called the crista galli, the bony crest is the point of attachment for the falx cerebri, a membranous sheet that helps support the brain. immediately lateral to each side of the crista galli is the cribriform plate, the plate has numerous perforations called the cribriform foramina which provide passage ways for the olfactory nerves.
what cranial bone houses the cavities and the bones of the ears?
the temporal bone
what are the primary and secondary curvatures and why do we have them?
the thoracic and sacrococcygeal curves are the primary curves that are retained from the original fetal curvature. the cervical and lumbar are secondary curvatures that develop after birth. we have them because the offsetting curves of each section create a spring like structure enabling the spine to act as a natural shock absorber.
what are the parts of the thoracic cage?
the thoracic cage (the rib cage) forms the thorax (chest) portion of the body. it consists of 12 rib pairs of ribs with their costal cartilages and the sternum. the ribs are anchored posteriorly to the 12 thoracic vertebrae.
how many bones total are in the spinal column and how are they distributed among the types?
there are 26 bones in total in the spinal column and they are distributed in 5 regions (C) 7 cervical vertebrae (T) 12 thoracic vertebrae (L) 5 lumbar vertebrae (S) 5 sacral vertebrae, fused into a single bone (sacrum) (Co) 3-5 coccygeal vertebrae, variably fused, has series of curvatures along length