Anatomy Exam 2
Which of the following crosses lipid bilayers the fastest? Question 4 options: A large, polar molecule like glucose A sodium ion A small, polar molecule like water A small, nonpolar molecule like oxygen (O2)
A small, nonpolar molecule like oxygen (O2)
Which of the following crosses lipid bilayers the slowest? A large, polar molecule like glucose A small, polar molecule like water A small, nonpolar molecule like oxygen (O2) A sodium ion
A sodium ion
Which of the following allows water to move much faster across cell membranes? The hydrophobic interior of a cell membrane Aquaporins ATP The sodium-potassium pump Peripheral proteins
Aquaporins
Which process will cells utilize to destroy a damaged organelle without harming the rest of the cell?: Apoptosis Autophagy Autolysis Catalase
Autophagy
eccrine
Cells release products through exocytosis
apocrine
Cells release products through pinching off of the apical region but the cell remains alive
Which of the following lipids can be found in the plasma membrane? Cholesterol Triglycerides Eicosanoids Phospholipids
Cholesterol Phospholipids
Which of the following fibers is provides high tensile strength? Collagen Reticular Spongy bone Elastin
Collagen
Place the steps for producing and secreting dermicidin in the correct Dermicidin is packaged into a transport vesicle The gene for dermicidin is transcribed from DNA to messenger (mRNA) Dermicidin is packaged into a secretory vesicle Dermicidin is modified within the Golgi apparatus Ribosomes on the rough endoplasmic reticulum translate the mRNA into dermicidin DNA contains a gene that codes for dermicidin Dermicidin is secreted by exocytosis The secretory vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane The mRNA exits the nucleus The mRNA enters the rough endoplasmic reticulum
DNA contains a gene that codes for dermicidin The gene for dermicidin is transcribed from DNA to messenger (mRNA) The mRNA exits the nucleus The mRNA enters the rough endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes on the rough endoplasmic reticulum translate the mRNA into dermicidin Dermicidin is packaged into a transport vesicle Dermicidin is modified within the Golgi apparatus Dermicidin is packaged into a secretory vesicle The secretory vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane Dermicidin is secreted by exocytosis
Which of the following connective tissues would you expect to find in tendons and ligaments? Dense regular connective tissue Osseous tissue Dense irregular connective tissue Skeletal muscle tissue
Dense regular connective tissue
What is the most likely pathway taken by a newly synthesized protein that will be secreted by a cell? ER → Golgi → vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane ER → lysosomes → vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane Golgi → ER → lysosome ER → Golgi → nucleus Nucleus → ER → Golgi
ER → Golgi → vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane
Which of the following is TRUE of osmosis? In osmosis, solutes move across a membrane from areas of lower water concentration to areas of higher water concentration. Osmosis only takes place in red blood cells. Osmosis is an energy-demanding or "active" process. In osmosis, water moves across a membrane from areas of lower solute concentration to areas of higher solute concentration.
In osmosis, water moves across a membrane from areas of lower solute concentration to areas of higher solute concentration.
Which of the following is TRUE of osmosis? Osmosis is an energy-demanding or "active" process. In osmosis, solutes move across a membrane from areas of lower water concentration to areas of higher water concentration. In osmosis, water moves across a membrane from areas of lower solute concentration to areas of higher solute concentration. Osmosis only takes place in red blood cells.
In osmosis, water moves across a membrane from areas of lower solute concentration to areas of higher solute concentration.
Which of the following is true of goblet cells? In the respiratory tract they assist in trapping debris In the digestive tract they assist in reducing friction across the epithelial surface In blood vessels they assist in reducing friction across the epithelial surface They produce the protein mucin They are unicellular exocrine glands
In the respiratory tract they assist in trapping debris In the digestive tract they assist in reducing friction across the epithelial surface They are unicellular exocrine glands They produce the protein mucin
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of a carrier protein in a plasma membrane? It is a peripheral membrane protein. It has no hydrophobic regions. It works against diffusion. It exhibits a specificity for a particular type of molecule. It requires the expenditure of cellular energy to function
It exhibits a specificity for a particular type of molecule.
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of a carrier protein in a plasma membrane? It requires the expenditure of cellular energy to function. It works against diffusion. It exhibits a specificity for a particular type of molecule. It is a peripheral membrane protein. It has no hydrophobic regions.
It exhibits a specificity for a particular type of molecule.
If you cut yourself and bacteria enter the wound, which of the following cells would help get rid of the bacteria? Langerhans cells Merkel cells keratinocytes Melanocytes
Langerhans cells
If you cut yourself and bacteria enter the wound, which of the following cells would help get rid of the bacteria? keratinocytes Langerhans cells melanocytes Merkel cells
Langerhans cells
Which of the following develops from the endoderm Heart Muscle Skin Lungs
Lungs
Which of the following contains hydrolytic enzymes? Lysosome Golgi apparatus Vacuole Peroxisome Mitochondrion
Lysosome
Which organelle is the primary site of ATP synthesis in human cells? Lysosome Peroxisome Mitochondrion Golgi apparatus Vacuole
Mitochondrion
Which of the following membrane activities requires energy from ATP? Movement of Na+ ions from a lower concentration in a mammalian cell to a higher concentration in the extracellular fluid Movement of glucose molecules into a bacterial cell from a medium containing a higher concentration of glucose than that inside the cell Facilitated diffusion of chloride ions across the membrane through a chloride channel Movement of carbon dioxide out of a paramecium Movement of water into a cell
Movement of Na+ ions from a lower concentration in a mammalian cell to a higher concentration in the extracellular fluid
What is the function of oxidases contained within peroxisomes? Neutralize toxins by converting them into H2O2 Autolysis Synthesize cholesterol Convert H2O2 into water
Neutralize toxins by converting them into H2O2
Why is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum unable to synthesize proteins? It has no DNA to direct synthesis of proteins. There is no supply of free amino acids that it can easily access. No ribosomes are attached to its surface. It stores calcium, which is a known inhibitor of protein synthesis.
No ribosomes are attached to its surface.
In receptor-mediated endocytosis, receptor molecules initially project to the outside of the cell. Where do they end up after endocytosis? On the inside surface of the vesicle On the outer surface of the nucleus On the ER On the inside surface of the cell membrane On the outside of vesicles
On the inside surface of the vesicle
Which of the following processes includes all others? Diffusion of a solute across a membrane Osmosis Transport of an ion down its electrochemical gradient Passive transport Facilitated diffusion
Passive Transport
Which of the following lipids can be found in the plasma membrane? Phospholipids Eicosanoids Triglycerides Cholesterol
Phospholipids Cholesterol
Which of the following is not a characteristic of muscle tissue? Contractility Elasticity Polarity Extensibility
Polarity
Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which of the following molecules? Glycogen Proteins Cellulose Lipids Nucleic acids
Proteins
Select all of the following that characterize inflammation Redness Swelling Localized heat Pain
Redness Swelling Localized heat Pain
Which structure is the site of the synthesis of proteins that may be exported from the cell? Plasmodesmata Lysosomes Golgi vesicles Rough ER Free cytoplasmic ribosomes
Rough ER
Select all of the following that are classified as primary vertebral curves Sacrococcygeal Lumbar Thoracic Cervical
Sacrococcygeal Thoracic
Select all of the following processes which move molecules with their concentration gradient and do not require the use of cellular ATP Facilitated diffusion Osmosis Primary active transport Secondary active transport Exocytosis Endocytosis Simple diffusion
Simple diffusion Facilitated diffusion Osmosis
Which of the following develops from the ectoderm Muscle Lungs Heart Skin
Skin
Which type of organelle or structure is primarily involved in the synthesis of oils, phospholipids, and steroids? Ribosome Contractile vacuole Lysosome Mitochondrion Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Where would you most likely find an integral membrane protein? Spanning the cell membrane, with parts of the protein visible from both the inside and the outside of the cell On the inside surface of the cell membrane Floating freely in the cytoplasm On the outside surface of the cell membrane
Spanning the cell membrane, with parts of the protein visible from both the inside and the outside of the cell
Which of the following tissue types would you expect to find in an area exposed to abrasion Simple cuboidal epithelium Stratified squamous epithelium Simple squamous epithelium PSCC
Stratified squamous epithelium
Which of the following gives rise to all others? Stratum granulosum Stratum basale Stratum lucidum Stratum corneum
Stratum basale
Which of the following is the most apical living layer of the epidermis? Stratum corneum Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
holocrine
The cell ruptures (lysis) and dies
Which of the following best describes the formation of the thicker scars with a cut perpendicular to the line of cleavage? The incision is pulled open due to the activity of elastin fibers in the dermis The incision is pulled open due to the activity of reticular fibers in the dermis The incision is pulled open due to the activity of collagen fibers in the dermis None of these options is correct
The incision is pulled open due to the activity of elastin fibers in the dermis
Tay-Sachs disease is a human genetic abnormality that results in cells accumulating and becoming clogged with very large, complex, undigested lipids. Which cellular organelle must be involved in this condition? The lysosome The Golgi apparatus Mitochondrion Membrane-bound ribosomesT he endoplasmic reticulum
The lysosome
A patient was involved in a serious accident and lost a large quantity of blood. An inexperienced observer suggests replenishing body fluids by adding distilled water to the blood directly via one of their veins. What would be the most probable result of this transfusion? The patient's red blood cells will shrivel up because the blood has become hypotonic compared to the cells. The patient's red blood cells will shrivel up because the blood has become hypertonic compared to the cells. It will have no unfavorable effect as long as the water is free of viruses and bacteria. The patient's red blood cells will swell and possibly burst because the blood has become hypotonic compared to the cells. The patient's red blood cells will burst because the blood has become hypertonic compared to the cells.
The patient's red blood cells will swell and possibly burst because the blood has become hypotonic compared to the cells.
Differences in skin color are due to melanocyte activity and melanosome size/concentration True/False
True
Under what circumstances does membrane transport require energy? Whenever oxygen moves through a phospholipid bilayer membrane Whenever an ion moves through a phospholipid bilayer membrane Whenever a solute is moved against its electrochemical gradient Wherever large molecules are moved within a cell
Whenever a solute is moved against its electrochemical gradient
Under what circumstances does membrane transport require energy? Wherever large molecules are moved within a cell Whenever an ion moves through a phospholipid bilayer membrane Whenever oxygen moves through a phospholipid bilayer membrane Whenever a solute is moved against its electrochemical gradient
Whenever a solute is moved against its electrochemical gradient
Rank/Order the skin cancers from most severe (worst prognosis) to least severe (best prognosis) Melanoma Basal cell carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma
_1__Melanoma_ _2__Squamous cell carcinoma_ 3__Basal cell carcinoma__
A typical lumbar vertebra has ________. a short, rounded spinous process articulation sites for ribs a bifid spinous process a transverse foramen
a short, rounded spinous process
A membrane protein that spans the phospholipid bilayer one or more times is ________. :a transmembrane protein a peripheral protein an associated protein
a transmembrane protein
A membrane protein that spans the phospholipid bilayer one or more times is ________. a peripheral protein an associated protein a transmembrane protein
a transmembrane protein
A membrane protein that spans the phospholipid bilayer one or more times is ________. a transmembrane protein an associated protein a peripheral protein
a transmembrane protein
Ion pumps and phagocytosis are both examples of ________. endocytosis active transport facilitated diffusion passive transport
active transport
Ion pumps and phagocytosis are both examples of ________. endocytosis facilitated diffusion passive transport active transport
active transport
Sebaceous glands ________. may function in response to touch release a watery solution of salt and metabolic waste are a type of sweat gland are associated with hair follicles
are associated with hair follicles
Sebaceous glands ________. release a watery solution of salt and metabolic waste may function in response to touch are a type of sweat gland are associated with hair follicles
are associated with hair follicles
Eccrine sweat glands _____ are present in the skin throughout the body and produce watery sweat act as a moisturizer are present on hair produce sebum
are present in the skin throughout the body and produce watery sweat
Eccrine sweat glands ________. produce sebum are present on hair act as a moisturizer are present in the skin throughout the body and produce watery sweat
are present in the skin throughout the body and produce watery sweat
The primary curvatures of the vertebral column ________. are remnants of the original fetal curvature include the lumbar curve include the cervical curve develop after the time of birth
are remnants of the original fetal curvature
In response to stimuli from the sympathetic nervous system, the arrector pili ________. :secrete sebumare glands on the skin surface are responsible for goose bumps can lead to excessive sweating
are responsible for goose bumps
In response to stimuli from the sympathetic nervous system, the arrector pili ________. are responsible for goose bumps can lead to excessive sweating are glands on the skin surface secrete sebum
are responsible for goose bumps
True ribs are ________. attached via their costal cartilage to the next higher rib attached via their costal cartilage directly to the sternum ribs 8-12 made entirely of bone, and thus do not have a costal cartilage
attached via their costal cartilage directly to the sternum
In general, skin cancers ________. occur due to poor hygiene affect only the epidermis are easily treatable and not a major health concern can be reduced by limiting exposure to the sun
can be reduced by limiting exposure to the sun
Why do humans produce carbon dioxide? Carbon dioxide is a reactant required to make ATP Carbon dioxide is an enzyme used to power cellular respiration Carbon dioxide is a waste product of making ATP None of these answers are correct
carbon dioxide is a waste product of making atp
Which of the following develops from the mesoderm Cardiac muscle Lungs Skin Nervous tissue
cardiac muscle
Connective tissue is made of which three essential components? matrix, ground substance, and fluid cells, ground substance, and protein fibers cells, ground substance, and carbohydrate fibers collagen, ground substance, and protein fibers
cells, ground substance, and protein fibers
In observing epithelial cells under a microscope, the cells are arranged in a single layer and look tall and narrow, and the nucleus is located close to the basal side of the cell. The specimen is what type of epithelial tissue? stratified columnar transitional squamous
columnar
The papillary and reticular layers of the dermis are composed mainly of ________. :melanocytes adipose tissue keratinocytes connective tissue
connective tissue
The papillary and reticular layers of the dermis are composed mainly of ________. adipose tissue connective tissue melanocytes keratinocytes
connective tissue
The papillary and reticular layers of the dermis are composed mainly of ________. adipose tissue melanocytes connective tissue keratinocytes
connective tissue
Which of the following is not a characteristic of epithelial tissue? Polarity Contractility Cellularity Avascular
contractility
Which of the following connective tissue would you expect to see extensively in the hypodermis? Dense regular connective tissue Dense irregular connective tissue Adipose connective tissue Loose areolar connective tissue
dense irregular tissue
Ligaments connect bones together and withstand a lot of stress. What type of connective tissue should you expect ligaments to contain? areolar tissue adipose tissue dense regular connective tissue dense irregular connective tissue
dense regular connective tissue
The diffusion of substances within a solution tends to move those substances ________ their ________ gradient. down (with); pressure up (against); electrochemical down (with); concentration up (against); electrical
down (with); concentration
Eccrine sweat gland
eccrine mode of secretion
apocrine sweat gland
eccrine mode of secretion
Differentiated cells in a developing embryo derive from ________. connective tissue, epithelial tissue, and muscle tissue epidermis, mesoderm, and endothelium ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm endothelium, mesothelium, and epithelium
ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
An individual has spent too much time sun bathing. Not only is his skin painful to touch, but small blisters have appeared in the affected area. This indicates that he has damaged which layers of his skin? epidermis and hypodermis epidermis only hypodermis only epidermis and dermis
epidermis and dermis
Endocrine glands secrete onto body surfaces or cavities True False
false
Which of the following processes is not a cardinal sign of inflammation? redness fever heat swelling
fever
The axial skeleton ________. includes only the bones of the lower limbs consists of 126 bones forms the vertical axis of the body includes all bones of the body trunk and limbs
forms the vertical axis of the body
The sternum ________. has the sternal angle located between the manubrium and body consists of only two parts, the manubrium and xiphoid process articulates directly with the thoracic vertebrae receives direct attachments from the costal cartilages of all 12 pairs of ribs
has the sternal angle located between the manubrium and body
Sebaceous gland
holocrine mode of secretion
The ________ exocrine gland stores its secretion until the glandular cell ruptures, whereas the ________ gland releases its apical region and reforms. apocrine; holocrine eccrine; endocrine holocrine; apocrine eccrine; apocrine
holocrine; apocrine
The bony openings of the skull include the ________. hypoglossal canal, which is located in the posterior cranial fossa superior orbital fissure, which is located at the superior margin of the anterior orbit carotid canal, which is located in the anterior cranial fossa mental foramen, which is located just below the orbit
hypoglossal canal, which is located in the posterior cranial fossa
After a skin injury, the body initiates a wound-healing response. The first step of this response is the formation of a blood clot to stop bleeding. Which of the following would be the next response? increased production of melanin by melanocytes increased production of connective tissue an increase in Pacinian corpuscles around the wound an increased activity in the stratum lucidum
increased production of connective tissue
Bones that surround the spinal cord are classified as ________ bones. :short irregular flat sesamoid
irregular
The tubercle of a rib ________. is for articulation with the body of a thoracic vertebra is the area of greatest rib curvature is for articulation with the transverse process of a thoracic vertebra provides for passage of blood vessels and a nerve
is for articulation with the transverse process of a thoracic vertebra
The sternal angle is the ________. junction between the body and xiphoid process site for attachment of the floating ribs site for attachment of the clavicle unction between the manubrium and body
junction between the manubrium and body
Squamous cell carcinomas are the second most common of the skin cancers and are capable of metastasizing if not treated. This cancer affects which cells? keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum basal cells of the stratum basale Langerhans cells of the stratum lucidum melanocytes of the stratum basale
keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum
Long bones enable body movement by acting as a ________. resistive force fulcrum counterweight lever
lever
Which category of bone is among the most numerous in the skeleton? long bone flat bone short bone sesamoid bone
long bone
In adults, new connective tissue cells originate from the ________. endoderm mesenchyme mesoderm ectoderm
mesenchyme
Cyanide binds with at least one molecule involved in producing ATP. If a cell is exposed to cyanide, most of the cyanide will be found within the ________. :ribosomes peroxisomes mitochondria endoplasmic reticulum lysosomes
mitochondria
Skeletal muscle is composed of very hard working cells. Which organelles do you expect to find in abundance in skeletal muscle cell? mitochondria golgi bodies striations nuclei
mitochondria
The cells of muscles, myocytes, develop from ________. myoblasts chondrocytes fibrocytes endoderm
myoblasts
You make a phospholipid bilayer with short, saturated hydrocarbon tails. You measure the permeability of this membrane to oxygen. You then double the length of the hydrocarbon tails and remeasure membrane permeability. Next, you again double the length of the hydrocarbon tails and make a third measurement of membrane permeability. You graph membrane permeability as a function of hydrocarbon tail length. Which of the accompanying graphs best represents the data you expect?
negative slope
Choose the answer that best completes the following analogy: Diffusion is to ________ as endocytosis is to ________. osmosis; pinocytosis solutes; fluid gradient; chemical energy filtration; phagocytosis
osmosis; pinocytosis
In bone, the main cells are ________. chondrocytes fibroblasts lymphocytes osteocytes
osteocytes
An individual using a sharp knife notices a small amount of blood where he just cut himself. Which of the following layers of skin did he have to cut into in order to bleed? stratum granulosum papillary dermis stratum corneum stratum basale
papillary dermis
Which of the following is a bone of the brain case? maxillary bone lacrimal bone zygomatic bone parietal bone
parietal bone
A cell with a predominance of free ribosomes is most likely ________. enlarging its vacuole primarily producing proteins in the cytosol digesting large food particles primarily producing proteins for secretion constructing an extensive cell wall or extracellular matrix
primarily producing proteins in the cytosol
Which of the following is a function of the rough ER? production of proteins regulation of intracellular calcium concentration synthesis of steroid hormones detoxification of certain substances
production of proteins
Which of the following is part of the axial skeleton? sacrum scapula femur os coxae
sacrum
Parts of the sphenoid bone include the ________. sella turcica squamous portion zygomatic process glabella
sella turcica
The cervical region of the vertebral column consists of ________. seven vertebrae 12 vertebrae a single bone derived from the fusion of five vertebrae five vertebrae
seven vertebrae
Most of the bones of the arms and hands are long bones; however, the bones in the wrist are categorized as ________. short bones flat bones irregular bones sesamoid bones
short bones
Striations, cylindrical cells, and multiple nuclei are observed in ________. cardiac muscle only smooth muscle only skeletal muscle only skeletal and cardiac muscles
skeletal muscle
Which of the following is not a function of the hypodermis? source of blood vessels in the epidermis protects underlying organs helps maintain body temperature a site to long-term energy storage
source of blood vessels in the epidermis
Which of the following is not a function of the hypodermis?: a site to long-term energy storage helps maintain body temperature protects underlying organs source of blood vessels in the epidermis
source of blood vessels in the epidermis
The papillary layer of the dermis is most closely associated with which layer of the epidermis? stratum basale stratum granulosum stratum spinosum stratum corneum
stratum basale
The papillary layer of the dermis is most closely associated with which layer of the epidermis? stratum spinosum stratum granulosum stratum corneum stratum basale
stratum basale
As you are walking down the beach, you see a dead, dry, shriveled-up fish. Which layer of your epidermis keeps you from drying out? stratum corneum stratum granulosum stratum spinosum stratum basale
stratum corneum
As you are walking down the beach, you see a dead, dry, shriveled-up fish. Which layer of your epidermis keeps you from drying out? stratum granulosum stratum corneum stratum basale stratum spinosum
stratum corneum
Langerhans cells are commonly found in the ________. stratum basale stratum spinosum stratum granulosum stratum corneum
stratum spinosum
Langerhans cells are commonly found in the ________. stratum spinosum stratum corneum stratum granulosum stratum basale
stratum spinosum
Collagen lends ________ to the skin. color elasticity UV protection Structure
structure
Sesamoid bones are found embedded in ________. ligaments joints muscles tendons
tendons
Ions diffuse across membranes through specific ion channels down ________. their electrical gradients their concentration gradients the osmotic potential gradients their chemical gradients their electrochemical gradients
their electrochemical gradients
In humans, exposure of the skin to sunlight is required for ________. folate production arteriole constriction thermoregulation vitamin D synthesis
vitamin D synthesis
In humans, exposure of the skin to sunlight is required for ________. vitamin D synthesis thermoregulation arteriole constriction folate production
vitamin D synthesis
