Anatomy Exam 4 HW Questions
Cerebrum
-Conscious through processes -intellectual functions -memory storage -conscious regulation of skeletal muscle contractions
Cerebellum
-Coordinates somatic motor function -adjusts output of somatic motor centers resulting in smooth operation
mesencephalon
-Processes visual and auditory data -maintains consciousness and alertness -Involved with reflexive somatic motor responses
Medulla oblongata
-Relays info to thalamus and brain stem -regulates HR, BP, digestion
The ventricles of the brain are filled with __________. cerebrospinal fluid synovial fluid neurons blood vessels
CSF
Rick feels a cramping pain deep in his abdomen. What kind of receptor is giving him this sensation?
a visceral interoceptor
In contrast to a sensation, a perception __________. - has a longer-lasting effect upon the body - reaches the brain, not just the spinal cord - reaches the level of conscious awareness in an individual - causes stress to the body
reaches the level of conscious awareness in an individual
What does the thalamus do?
relay and processing centers for sensory information
Parietal lobe
Conscious perception touch, pressure, vibration, pain, temperature, taste
Fasciculus gracilis
Transmits info to cerebrum coming from areas inferior to T6
Fasciculus cuneatus
Transmits info to cerebrum coming from areas superior to T6
Nerve impulse
Action potential of a nerve
Pseudounipolar neurons
Cell body off to one side of axon
Temporal lobe
Conscious perception of auditory & olfactory stimuli
Gray matter in PNS
Ganglia are collections of neuron cell bodies in PNS
Schwann cells
Form a myelin sheath, aka neurolemmocytes
Which of the following is FALSE regarding neurons after an injury? - If an injury occurs along an axon, the distal area to the injury will form a new soma and will interact with the proximal injury area. - Neural function may be permanently lost if oxygen and blood flow are not restored soon enough. - Schwann cells form a tube-like structure to guide the growth of a new axon. - The axon distal to the injury disintegrates.
If an injury occurs along an axon, the distal area to the injury will form a new soma and will interact with the proximal injury area.
Afferent
Incoming, sensory
A leper has stepped on a tack, which has punctured his great toe, but he did not feel it. What spinal nerve was affected by the leprosy bacterium? S2 C6 L4 L5
L5
In what way is a nonvesicular synapse different from a vesicular synapse?
Nonvesicular synapses can transmit information in either direction between cells.
Efferent
Outgoing, motor
Occipital lobe
Perception of visual stimuli
What does the posterior cord form?
Radial & axillary nerves
Satellite cells
Regulate the exchange or material between cell body & environment
Neuroglial cells in PNS
Satellite cells, schwann cells
If Abby goes to the doctor complaining of numbness in her third, fourth, and fifth phalanges on her hand, what spinal nerve will the doctor know has been affected? C4 T1 C7 C6
T1
What happens when both sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons innervate a target organ? Their effects tend to be synergistic. Their effects tend to be antagonistic. One division always exerts greater control over the target organ. They always innervate the organ through different plexuses.
Their effects tend to be antagonistic.
Why is it that the sensory homunculus has such large lips and a large tongue? - These are the areas where the skin is the thinnest and thus the risk for injury is the greatest. - These are the areas that are most active when we are dreaming. - These are the areas where there is the greatest number of sensory receptors. - These are the areas with the greatest number of motor nerve endings.
These are the areas where there is the greatest number of sensory receptors.
Which of the following cranial nerves does NOT innervate the tongue? accessory (XI) hypoglossal (XII) trigeminal (V) facial (VII)
accessory (XI)
Which organ in the sympathetic division contains a modified ganglion? the heart the lungs the adrenal gland the stomach
adrenal gland
The suprarenal medullae release which of the following neurotransmitters? adrenaline GABA serotonin acetylcholine
adrenaline
What is true of all of the axons within a particular tract? They are of approximately the same diameter. They carry information to approximately the same location. They carry either sensory or motor information. All of the listed responses are correct.
all of the listed responses are correct
If a tumor were growing on the hypothalamus, it is possible that you would be able to detect __________. altered levels of pituitary hormones a change in your ability to remember basic information, such as your name, phone number, and address a change in your ability to understand words that you read a change in the circulating levels of CSF
altered levels of pituitary hormones
If Michael experiences a frightening situation that causes the stimulation of his sympathetic nervous system, which of the following is NOT likely to occur? a feeling of energy and euphoria an increase in smooth muscle activity along the GI tract elevation of muscle tone mobilization of energy reserves
an increase in smooth muscle activity along the GI tract
Which type of neuron is found in the CNS and special sense organs and has NO distinguishable axon?
anaxonic neurons
If Rachel takes a medication that is designed to regulate her heart rate but should NOT affect her nervous system, what cells keep the chemical in the medication from penetrating the brain tissue?
astrocytes
After a head injury, which glial cells would try to repair the damaged area?
astrocytes and microglia
The bladder, the lungs, and the blood vessels are all monitored by what kind of receptor? - chemoreceptors - baroreceptors - proprioceptors - thermoreceptors
baroreceptors
Which of the following is NOT categorized as a general sense? - vibration - balance - pain - pressure
balance
When you're driving on a busy road but not paying attention to your driving, what part of the brain handles the unconsciously determined skeletal muscle contractions that keep your car in operation while you're paying attention to something else? - prefrontal cortex - medulla oblongata - basal nuclei - thalamus
basal nuclei
If damage were done to a collateral ganglion, which of the following would NOT be affected? activity levels in the digestive glands urine formation levels in the kidneys release of lipids from adipose tissue blood flow to the skeletal muscles and brain
blood flow to the skeletal muscles and brain
The superior, middle, and inferior trunks are found in which plexus? cervical plexus brachial plexus sacral plexus lumbar plexus
brachial plexus
The ulnar nerve, which we refer to as our "funny bone" when we strike it, comes from what structure? cervical plexus, lateral cord brachial plexus, posterior cord brachial plexus, superior trunk brachial plexus, medial cord
brachial plexus, medial cord
Damage to the cervical plexus could interfere with what important process? heart rate urination breathing digestion
breathing
Unencapsulated receptors __________. - have very large receptive fields. - can be found at the base of hair follicles - contact Merkel cells in the stratum corneum - have dendrites that are wrapped in modified Schwann cells
can be found at the base of hair follicles
The sympathetic nerve ____________. carry impulses to sweat glands of the skin carry sensory messages from the proprioceptors of the limbs carries impulses to skeletal muscles of the back carries sensory information from the heart and lungs
carries sensory info from the heart and lungs
If Julie is in a store deciding whether or not to buy a new purse, her decision-making thought process requires activity from which part of the nervous system?
central nervous system
What is the large groove that separates the frontal lobe of the cerebrum from the more posterior parietal lobe? lateral sulcus longitudinal fissure central sulcus postcentral gyrus
central sulcus
Moving from the superior to inferior ends of the spinal cord, give the order of the spinal regions and their correct numbers of nerve pairs. cervical (7), thoracic (13), lumbar (5), coccygeal (1), sacral (5) cervical (8), lumbar (6), thoracic (12), coccygeal (1), sacral (5) cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacral (5), coccygeal (2) cervical (8), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacral (5), coccygeal (1)
cervical (8), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacral (5), coccygeal (1)
If Adam accidentally drops a hot pan onto his bare foot, which of the following receptors is NOT likely to be stimulated? - thermoreceptors - chemoreceptors - mechanoreceptors - nociceptors
chemoreceptors
In which ganglion does a preganglionic neuron in the oculomotor nerve synapse? optic ganglion ciliary ganglion otic ganglion submandibular ganglion
ciliary ganglion
John is playing the piano and must send a message between the motor divisions of each cerebral hemisphere in order to direct his hands to strike certain keys. He is using which kind of cerebral white matter? commissural fibers arcuate fibers association fibers projection fibers
commissural fibers
Which of the following is NOT a function of the sympathetic division of the ANS? increase in mental alertness stimulation of tissue metabolism conservation of energy increases in heart rate and respiratory rate
conservation of energy
The lateral gray horns __________. are lateral to the lateral white columns contain the nuclei for visceral motor nerves contain the nuclei for visceral sensory nerves contain bundles of axons that travel to the brain
contain the nuclei for visceral motor nerves
The arbor vitae __________. has all of the listed functions contains axons of the Purkinje cells may synapse with neurons in the basal nuclei transmits messages from the cerebrum to other parts of the brain and vice versa
contains axons of the Purkinje cells
The spinal cord __________. -extends from the base of the brain into the sacrum -contains enlarged areas for nerves supplying the upper and lower limbs -is covered in 10 layers of supportive wrappings to protect it from injury -has only 12 pairs of nerves extending from it, one for each pair of ribs
contains enlarged areas for nerves supplying the upper and lower limbs.
Unlike the cerebrum, the cerebellum __________. is involved in the movement of the body contains specialized Purkinje cells contains ridges of tissue has a right and a left hemisphere
contains specialized Purkinje cells
Which of the following terms identifies the most inferior part of the spinal cord? -cauda equina -dorsal root -conus medullaris -filum terminale
conus medullaris
Which of the following is an activity of the nervous system?
detection of pain after a bee sting
If a mosquito lands upon Tyrone's arm, the electrical message conveying the detection of the mosquito would travel through which structure? dorsal root ganglion conus medullaris ventral root cauda equina
dorsal root ganglion
If a motor impulse travels to a sweat gland located on the upper limb, which structure would the impulse NOT pass through? white ramus of the rami communicantes gray ramus of the rami communicantes ventral root of the spinal nerve dorsal root of the spinal nerve
dorsal root of the spinal nerve
The meningeal layer of the dura mater does NOT form which of the following structures? falx cerebri diaphragma sellae tentorium cerebelli dural sinuses
dural sinuses
What is the last layer of connective tissue that blood vessels must penetrate in order to supply individual axons in a spinal nerve? endoneurium supraneurium perineurium epineurium
endoneurium
Which cell monitors the composition of the CSF in the CNS?
ependymal cell
The connective tissue wrapping that surrounds an entire spinal nerve is called the __________. endoneurium pianeurium epineurium perineurium
epineurium
The ability of a plasmalemma to conduct electrical impulses is known as __________.
excitability
While resting in the shade, Antony consciously feels a fly land on his leg. This sensation did NOT pass through which of the following structures? - a dorsal root ganglion - medulla oblongata - fasciculus cuneatus - fasciculus gracilis
fasciculus cuneatus
A cross section is taken from a dorsal root ganglion. Upon observation, it is noted that the section is full of cell bodies. These cell bodies belong to what order of neuron? - first - second - third - It could be any of these options.
first
Vagus (X)
function: mixed -sensory- info from organs -motor- sends info to organs innervation: sensory from pharynx, auricle and external acoustic meatus, diaphragm, visceral organs in thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities. motor to palatal and pharyngeal muscles, visceral organs in thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
Trigeminal (V)
function: mixed innervation: ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular branches: ophthalmic- sensory for forehead, eyelid, eyebrows, nose maxillary- sensory for lower eyelid, upper lip, cheek, nose mandibular- motor to muscles of mastication
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
function: mixed innervation: sensory form posterior 1/3 of tongue, motor-swallowing
Facial (VII)
function: mixed innervation: sensory sensations from face/taste, motor to muscles of facial expression
Where can the primary somatosensory area be found?
in the postcentral gyrus
If a disease erodes away the myelin sheath on a PNS axon, what structure will have been removed?
neurilemma
What meningeal layer surrounds the brain?
the pia mater
It is possible for an axon to synapse with __________. - another neuron - a glandular cell - a muscle cell, such as skeletal muscle - All of the listed responses are correct.
All of the listed responses are correct.
What do the spinal meninges do? -absorb shock transmitted up the body when walking, running, or other vigorous motions occur -protect the cord from injury that would be caused by rubbing against a vertebral foramen -isolate the spinal cord from surrounding tissue -All of the listed responses are correct.
All of the listed responses are correct.
Which of the following statements accurately compare(s) neuroglia to neurons? - Neuroglia have a greater ability to block the movement of materials out of the blood vessels. - Neuroglia have a greater ability to phagocytize foreign particles. - Neuroglia act more as structural components of the CNS. - All of the listed responses are correct.
All of the listed responses are correct.
Which of the following reasons describe(s) why CNS nerve repair is more complicated than PNS nerve repair? - Astrocytes may release chemicals to block axon regrowth. - Astrocytes may form scar tissue, which could block axon regrowth. - More axons are involved in the CNS. - All of the listed responses describe why CNS nerve repair is more complicated than PNS nerve repair.
All of the listed responses describe why CNS nerve repair is more complicated than PNS nerve repair.
Anaxonic neurons
Cannot different between axons and dendrites, only in CNS
What does the gray matter in CNS contain?
Cell bodies, dendrites, neural cortex, nuclei
Bipolar neurons
Cell body between dendrite and axon, axons not myelinated
Frontal lobe
Conscious control of skeletal muscles
Which of the following scenarios describes a phasic receptor? - Maria feels a light pressure on her shoulders as she puts on her jacket to go running but then doesn't notice the pressure of the clothing again. - After the run, Maria returns home and sleeps. Receptor cells in the eye continually inform Maria as to whether or not there is any light in the room, even if her eyes are closed. - At the close of the nap, Maria returns to consciousness and knows that she is in a supine position, even when her eyes are closed. - Receptors in the lower back help Maria know that she is in an upright position while running and indicate any changes in that position.
Maria feels a light pressure on her shoulders as she puts on her jacket to go running but then doesn't notice the pressure of the clothing again.
What do the lateral & medial cords form?
Median nerve
What does the lateral cord form?
Musculocutaneous nerve
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the myelin sheath and myelination? - The presence of a myelin sheath increases the speed of impulse transmission along the length of an axon. - Multiple Schwann cells are used to cover a myelinated axon in the PNS. - A single oligodendrocyte may provide myelin for multiple CNS axons, linking them together. - Myelinated axons are covered by Schwann cells in the PNS, whereas unmyelinated axons have no Schwann cells associated with them.
Myelinated axons are covered by Schwann cells in the PNS, whereas unmyelinated axons have no Schwann cells associated with them.
A neurotransmitter travels across the synaptic cleft and binds to receptors on a postsynaptic cell. Provided that the neurotransmitter is inhibitory, which of the following is likely to occur?
No action potential will be generated.
Which of the following is FALSE regarding chemical synapses? - Neurotransmitters are sent from one cell to another to initiate change in a cell's activity. - The synapses are filled with vesicles containing neurotransmitters. - The change in cell activity is short-lived, so multiple action potentials must occur to cause more neurotransmitter to be released. - None of the listed responses are false; all are true.
None of the listed responses are false; all are true.
Which of the meninges is punctured when a woman in labor receives an epidural injection of anesthesia? -The dura mater and arachnoid layer are punctured during an epidural injection, and the anesthesia is put into the subarachnoid space. -The dura mater is punctured during an epidural injection. -None of the meninges is punctured because the injection is in the epidural space. -All of the meninges are punctured so the spinal cord can be numbed.
None of the meninges is punctured because the injection is in the epidural space.
Which of the following statements about oligodendrocytes and/or Schwann cells is correct? - Damage to an oligodendrocyte could disrupt the regeneration of a PNS axon more than damage to a Schwann cell. - Schwann cells provide a framework for growth when an axon has been cut and is in the process of regenerating. - Oligodendrocytes are important neuroglia of the PNS, whereas Schwann cells are found in the CNS. - Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells perform the important function of isolating neurons from stimuli other than those found at synapses.
Schwann cells provide a framework for growth when an axon has been cut and is in the process of regenerating.
Which of the following would NOT be a reason that visual input is needed from both eyes in order to have correct depth perception? - The eye socket itself partially blocks the view of the opposite eye. - The nose partially blocks the view of the opposite eye. - Secretions from the lacrimal caruncles cause a blurring of the visual field such that two eyes are needed to correct the impairment made in each eye. - The foveae of the two eyes are 2-3 inches apart.
Secretions from the lacrimal caruncles cause a blurring of the visual field such that two eyes are needed to correct the impairment made in each eye.
Multipolar neurons
Single axon, many dendrites, most common type in CNS
In what way is the spinocerebellar pathway different from the posterior column and spinothalamic pathways? - The spinocerebellar pathway terminates at the cerebral sensory cortex. - Some of the neurons in the spinocerebellar pathway do not undergo decussation. - The spinocerebellar pathway contains third-order neurons. - All of these responses are correct.
Some of the neurons in the spinocerebellar pathway do not undergo decussation.
Which of the following statement regarding neurotransmitter stimulation by the sympathetic nervous system is FALSE? Stimulation is greatest at the lacrimal glands, causing us to cry briefly when frightened. Its effects on the target organ are relatively short-lived. It takes place through beaded, chain-like structures called varicosities. A single axon can lead to the release of neurotransmitters from up to 20,000 different telodendria sites.
Stimulation is greatest at the lacrimal glands, causing us to cry briefly when frightened.
What happens when an organ receives neural information from both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions? Each division will attempt to block the reception of information in the tissue from the other division. The actions of the divisions work together to produce exaggerated changes in organ functions. The neurons of each division will travel through the same ganglia. The actions of each division are usually antagonistic to the other.
The actions of each division are usually antagonistic to the other.
Why do you have a blind spot in each eye? - The area receives no oxygen supply from blood vessels and therefore cannot support living cells such as rods and cones. - You have an abundance of bipolar cells in one area of each retina that collect the information from all the rods and cones. - The axons of the ganglion cells converge in one spot to form the optic nerve. - The pigment epithelium is so dark in the blind spot that light cannot be perceived.
The axons of the ganglion cells converge in one spot to form the optic nerve.
Which is NOT a factor in the formation of the blood-brain barrier? Endothelial cells of the capillaries have restricted membrane permeability. Endothelial cells of the capillaries contain large gaps between the cells. Endothelial cells of the capillaries have few pinocytotic vesicles. Endothelial cells of the capillaries are tightly linked together.
Endothelial cells of the capillaries contain large gaps between the cells.
Diencephalon
Epithalamus-contains pineal gland Thalamus- major relay station of brain, processes sensory info Hypothalamus- involved in emotions, thirst, habitual activity
Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system? - the removal of the hand from a hot surface - the monitoring of blood pressures throughout the body - the sensation of a breeze upon one's face - the long-term and short-term storage of new information in the brain
the monitoring of blood pressures throughout the body
Richard has had a stroke. The EMT tells him to raise his right arm. Richard hears the EMT and understands what is being asked of him but cannot originate the message in his brain to raise his arm. What part of his brain has been affected? the primary motor cortex the auditory cortex the auditory association area the primary sensory cortex
the primary motor cortex
Damage to the sympathetic division could affect which of the following reflexes? the coughing reflex the vomiting reflex the swallowing reflex the pupillary reflex
the pupillary reflex
Sensation is defined as __________. - the response to a stimulus by the CNS - the response to a stimulus by an effector organ - the arrival of a sensory stimulus to the body - the reception of sensory information in the CNS
the reception of sensory information in the CNS
In a reflex arc, which step follows the activation of a motor neuron? the activation of a sensory neuron the arrival of a stimulus the processing of the stimulus by the spinal cord the response by the effector
the response by the effector
In which location would you NOT find sympathetic neurons? collateral ganglia the thoracic nerves the paravertebral ganglia the sacral nerves
the sacral nerves
A second-order neuron could be found carrying sensory impulses in which of the following locations? - primary sensory cortex - dorsal roots of the spinal nerves - the thalamus - All of these locations are correct.
the thalamus
Damage to the thalamus would affect which of the following? - the transmission of the impulse to the auditory cortex - the transmission of the impulse to the cochlear nucleus of the medulla - the transmission of the impulse to the inferior colliculi - the transmission of the impulse along the vestibulocochlear nerve
the transmission of the impulse to the auditory cortex
Which of the following is NOT a neuroglial function? - lining the central canal of the spinal cord - engulfing pathogens that might infect the brain - providing a three-dimensional framework in the CNS - transmitting the image of a face from the eye to the visual cortex of the brain
transmitting the image of a face from the eye to the visual cortex of the brain
Karen notices that her steak has been overcooked, as evidenced by its mushy texture. This information travels to the brain along the __________ nerve. - trigeminal (N V) - glossopharyngeal (N IX) - facial (N VII) - vagus (N X)
trigeminal (N V)
The neurons that pass through the hypogastric plexus regulate which of the following activities? heart rate respiration stomach contractions urination
urination
The __________ nerve provides the greatest amount of outflow from the parasympathetic division. hypoglossal brachial sciatic vagus
vagus
If Abby is in a horseback riding accident and later has trouble holding her head upright while she is awake, she would likely have damage in the __________. - rubrospinal tracts - tectospinal tracts - vestibulospinal tracts - reticulospinal tracts
vestibulospinal tracts
what are the reflexes that maintain homeostasis?
visceral autonomic reflexes
if a person sustains a head injury and the superior colliculi are damaged, which of the following might be impaired? hearing vision the person's ability to stay awake muscle tone
vision
Trochlear (IV)
function: motor innervation: superior oblique muscle
Oculomotor (II)
function: motor innervation: superior, inferior, medial rectus, inferior oblique, levator palpebrae muscles, intrinsic muscles of eye
Abducens (VI)
function: motor- controls eye movements innervation: lateral rectus muscle
Hypoglossal (XII)
function: motor- controls tongue movement innervation: tongue musculature
Accessory (XI)
function: motor-controls sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, palate, pharynx, larynx muscles innervation: internal branch: skeletal muscles of palate, pharynx, and larynx (with branches of vagus nerve); external branch: sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
function: sensory- balance and hearing branches: cochlear- cochlea (receptors for hearing)- innervation vestibular- vestibule (receptors for motion and balance)- innervation
Olfactory (I)
function: sensory- smell innervation: olfactory epithelium
Optic (II)
function: sensory- vision innervation: retina
There is a constant flow of materials through the blood-brain barrier into the neural interstitial spaces because neurons have a large and constant need for what substance? sodium caffeine glucose amino acids
glucose
In comparison to the sympathetic division, the parasympathetic division __________. operates faster uses more NE as a neurotransmitter requires the expenditure of more energy has ganglia closer to or inside the target organs
has ganglia closer to or inside the target organs
The jelly-like vitreous humor __________. - is continuously reabsorbed and replaced throughout life - contains blood vessels for providing oxygen to the retina - is the substance responsible for the onset of glaucoma - helps maintain the rounded eye shape
helps maintain the rounded eye shape
Jan is a librarian with a passion for reading Emerson. After a car accident, she finds that when she looks at books, she sees symbols (letters) but cannot recognize them or understand what they mean. What part of her brain has been damaged? her visual cortex her optic nerves her visual association area her temporal lobe
her visual association area
Henry is writing down answers on an exam, recalling facts that he has studied; that is, he is using memory to retrieve information. Which of the following limbic system structures is Henry using? hippocampus mamillary bodies hypothalamus reticular formation
hippocampus
A dermatome __________. is a region of skin that has no nerve supply and thus is not very sensitive is a specific organ, such as the heart or liver, supplied by a specific spinal nerve is a region of skin that hairs do not grow on is a region of skin supplied by a specific spinal nerve
is a region of skin supplied by a specific spinal nerve
The patellar reflex __________. is a polysynaptic reflex regulates the length of the hamstring muscles is a stretch reflex that prevents damage to the quadriceps is used to keep muscles from becoming too short from excessive contraction
is a stretch reflex that prevents damage to the quadriceps
A nerve plexus __________. are tangles of spinal nerves that supply sensory information alone to various areas of the spinal cord is a tangle of axons found within the spinal cord that supply given areas of the body is a tangled bundle of spinal nerves formed by the fusion of multiple ventral rami is a branching of spinal nerves found in the hands and feet to supply sensation to the fingers and toes
is a tangled bundle of spinal nerves formed by the fusion of multiple ventral rami
The Ruffini corpuscle __________. - is unencapsulated, as are the other free nerve endings - is stimulated when collagen fibers are distorted - responds to initial touch along with the tactile corpuscle and lamellated corpuscle - adapts quickly to its stimuli, as do tactile corpuscles and lamellated corpuscles
is stimulated when collagen fibers are distorted
How would the use of a beta blocker affect an individual's heart rate? It would slow the heart rate. It would speed up the heart rate. It would regulate the heart rate to a consistent rhythm. It would have none of the listed effects.
it would slow the heart rate
Movement of the __________ gives the sensations that we use to determine our equilibrium and balance. - sensory nerve - kinocilium of the hair cells - supporting cells - tympanic duct
kinocilium of the hail cells
If you are feeling stressed from reading this question and grab a compressible stress ball and begin to squeeze it repeatedly, you are sending impulses along the __________. - corticospinal tracts - reticulospinal tracts - medial pathways - lateral pathways
lateral pathways
Where would you be likely to find the motor nuclei that control the extensors of the forearm? medial side of the posterior white column lateral side of the anterior gray horn medial side of the anterior gray horn lateral side of the posterior gray horn
lateral side of anterior gray horn
Ganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic division __________. receive widespread stimulation from a wide variety of preganglionic fibers, much more than the sympathetic division may be located in their target organs release GABA to produce the calming effects of the parasympathetic division synapse at the chain ganglia in the thoracic region
may be located in their target organs
Which neurotransmitter does the sympathetic division use primarily to excite target organs? GABA dopamine serotonin norepinephrine
norepinephrine
To which structures do substances bind in order to stimulate olfactory sensations? - olfactory cilia - Bowman's glands - olfactory epithelium - supporting cells
olfactory cilia
Which of the following structures of the medulla contain(s) neurons that communicate with the vermis of the cerebellum? nucleus gracilis nucleus cuneatus vasomotor centers olivary nuclei
olivary nuclei
Consider the following scenario. Raquel is contemplating getting a tattoo. She understands some basic information about receptors and receptive fields. In which location would she likely have the least stimulation of pain (that is, where are the receptors fewer and the receptive fields larger)? - on the antebrachial area - on the manual area - on the scapular area - on the buccal area
on the scapular area
Autonomic neurons leaving the brainstem belong to __________. the somatic nervous system the sympathetic division the parasympathetic division none of the listed responses
parasympathetic division
In comparison to a high-pitched frequency, a low-pitched frequency __________. - causes more hearing loss - moves the endolymph more than the perilymph - penetrates closer to the cochlear spiral tip - causes more vibrations in the tympanic membrane
penetrates closer to the cochlear spiral tip
Movement of which of the following does NOT cause a nerve impulse concerning equilibrium to travel to the brain? - perilymph - kinocilium - endolymph - cupula
perilymph
Which connective tissue layer forms the blood-nerve barrier? epineurium endoneurium perineurium All three listed responses form the blood-nerve barrier.
perineurium
Jen walks into the grocery store and doesn't notice the temperature until she goes to the dairy section to buy milk and eggs. There she feels distinctly colder. Which receptors have given her this sensation? - special sense receptor - tonic receptors - phasic receptors - None of the listed receptors has given her this sensation.
phasic receptors
Which of the following functions listed below is the fibrous tunic of the eye NOT responsible for? - photoreception - providing a passageway for blood vessels - maintaining eye shape - muscle attachment
photoreception
If Adam is walking through his yard barefoot and steps on a nail, he will withdraw his injured foot yet also extend his other leg so as not to fall. This kind of reflex could be called __________. innate cranial polysynaptic autonomic
polysynaptic
What is the somatic equivalent of a long reflex? polysynaptic reflex innate reflex acquired reflex monosynaptic reflex
polysynaptic reflex
In which of the following brain regions can parasympathetic nuclei be found? primary motor cortex frontal lobe pons filum terminale
pons
In which area of the spinal cord would you NOT find any tracts of the spinothalamic pathway? - posterior white column - anterior white column - lateral white column - There are tracts from this pathway in all major areas of the spinal white matter.
posterior white column
If Mahalia consciously feels a deep pressure in her abdomen, this sensation is being processed in what area of the brain? temporal lobe prefrontal cortex primary motor cortex primary sensory cortex
primary sensory cortex
The hypothalamus does NOT __________. process visual information before relaying it to the occipital lobes of the cerebrum set body temperature regulate circadian rhythms produce hormones
process visual information before relaying it to the occipital lobes of the cerebrum
If Mark decides to raise his hand to wave at his neighbor, the message must start in the primary motor cortex and be transmitted to the cerebellum. What in the white matter is responsible for this message relay? commissural fiber projection fiber association fiber arcuate fiber
projection fiber
Lynn is taking a yoga class and closes her eyes while transitioning from one pose to another. Which of the following instructs her brain to tell her whether or not she is in the correct position for the new pose?
proprioceptors
Which of the following is NOT a function of the limbic system? establishment of emotional states regulating the control of fine motor movements linking the conscious, intellectual functions of the cerebral cortex with the unconscious autonomic areas of the brain facilitating memory storage and retrieval
regulating the control of fine motor movements
Which of the following is NOT a function of the specialized ependymal cells that form the choroid plexus? addition of oxygen to the cerebrospinal fluid removal of pathogenic bacteria from the cerebrospinal fluid removal of waste products from the cerebrospinal fluid addition of organic nutrients from nearby blood vessels to the cerebrospinal fluid
removal of pathogenic bacteria from the cerebrospinal fluid
The thalamus __________. regulates autonomic functions, such as heart rate and blood pressure is the location of the melatonin-producing pineal gland serves as a final relay point for sending sensory information to the cerebral cortex releases hormones, such as growth hormone and prolactin
serves as a final relay point for sending sensory information to the cerebral cortex
Where are you UNLIKELY to find a tactile corpuscle? - fingertip - eyelids - shoulder blade region - lips
shoulder blade region
In which of the following locations would you find a somatic sensory receptor?
skeletal muscle
In which of the following does dual innervation play a major role? adipose tissue small intestine lacrimal glands sweat glands
small intestine
In contrast to a long, visceral reflex, short reflexes __________. require more neurons monitor more processes, such as heart rate and respiratory rate travel to the CNS for processing synapse in autonomic ganglia
synapse in autonomic ganglia
Which of the following activities is NOT controlled by the cerebrum? memory temperature regulation unconscious skeletal motions visual processing
temperature regulation
Which of the following is NOT an endocrine structure found in the brain? pineal gland thalamus pituitary gland hypothalamus
thalamus
Which does NOT affect the speed of an action potential along an axon? - the diameter of an axon - the presence or absence of myelin - whether or not there was damage to an axon - the amount of neurotransmitter binding to the dendrites of the neuron
the amount of neurotransmitter binding to the dendrites of the neuron
Damage to a choroid plexus would not affect __________. the amount of white blood cells passing through the arachnoid granulations the composition of the CSF in terms of waste and nutrient levels all of the listed choices the levels of CSF in the ventricles
the amount of white blood cells passing through the arachnoid granulations
In what way are neurons different from the neuroglia?
The neurons are excitable and conductive, whereas the neuroglia are not.
What does the medial cord form?
Ulnar nerve
Parkinson's disease results from __________. an elevated level of ACh in the red nuclei, so muscles in the body contract more often, producing shaking motions a decreased level of dopamine in the basal ganglia, which affects the substantia nigra erosion of the corpora quadrigemina an increased level of GABA in the substantia nigra
a decreased level of dopamine in the basal ganglia, which affects the substantia nigra
If you're walking at the mall and texting your friends as you walk, which brain structure is responsible for coordinating the background motion of walking as you consciously determine which keys to hit in order to text your friends? - the primary sensory cortex - the basal nuclei - frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex - the primary motor cortex
the basal nuclei
What is the function of the auditory ossicles? - the determination of balance - the conduction of sound - the amplification of soft sounds - the determination of pitch
the conduction of sound
If Antonio looks and sniffs hungrily at a bowl of soup and eagerly consumes a spoonful, finding it delicious but extremely hot, he has stimulated a general sense in __________. - the detection of the heat of the soup on his tongue - the smell of the delicious aroma of the soup - the sight of the steaming soup by his eyes - the detection of a savory taste of the soup by his taste buds
the detection of the heat of the soup on his tongue
Which of the following influence(s) the speed of transmission of an action potential?
the diameter of an axon and presence of a myelin sheath
By what structure is the ear prevented from accumulating too much endolymph? - the utricle - the endolymphatic sac - the saccule - the ampulla
the endolymphatic sac
Which of the following nerves does NOT transmit any taste information to the brain? - the glossopharyngeal nerve - the vagus nerve - the facial nerve - the hypoglossal nerve
the hypoglossal nerve
Which part of the brain regulates the motor patterns associated with eating a sandwich? - the pons and medulla - thalamus and mesencephalon - the hypothalamus - spinal cord
the hypothalamus
Which area of the cerebrum processes our gustatory sensations? the occipital lobe the frontal lobe the lateral lobe the insula
the insula
If the sciatic nerve were compressed, which area of the leg would NOT be affected? the medial side of the thigh the lateral side of the calf the popliteal area the heel
the medial side of the thigh
The pons modifies the respiratory movements that are first controlled by which part of the brain? the cerebellum the medulla oblongata the primary sensory cortex the limbic system
the medulla oblongata
When CSF exits the third ventricle, it then flows to __________. the first ventricle the second ventricle the fourth ventricle none of the listed ventricles. Instead, it circulates within the third ventricle.
4th ventricle
Functions of limbic system
-establishes emotional states -links conscious functions with subconscious autonomic functions -facilities memory storage and retrieval
Function of neuroglia
-framework for neural tissue -maintain intercellular environment -act as phagocytes -ability to reproduce
Pons
-relays info to cerebellum and thalamus -regulates motor centers (somatic, visceral)
Which of the following occurs in the afferent division of the peripheral nervous system?
A neuron carries information from the stomach area to the brain
Neuroglial cells in CNS
Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells
White matter organization in PNS
Bundles of axons= nerves
What does the white matter in CNS contain?
Bundles of myelinated axons that form ascending & descending columns
Which of the following is FALSE regarding the myelin sheaths of neurons? - Schwann cells can myelinate only one segment of one axon, whereas oligodendrocytes can contribute myelin to many axons. - The gaps between areas of myelin are called nodes. - Only large-diameter axons in the PNS are covered in myelin. Small-diameter axons are also short and require no myelin. - Axons covered in myelin have faster action potential speeds than those without myelin.
Only large-diameter axons in the PNS are covered in myelin. Small-diameter axons are also short and require no myelin.
The denticulate ligaments of the pia mater __________. -protect the spinal cord from side-to-side motion that might damage the cord -provide a passageway for blood vessels from the exterior to penetrate the spinal cord -block the passage of drugs into the spinal cord -serve as a pathway for the spinal nerves to exit and enter the spinal cord
Protect the spinal cord from side to side motion that might damage the cord
Consider two receptors for touch. One is located in the epidermis and is made of dendrites of sensory neurons. The other is located deep in the dermis and is covered by many protective cell layer wrappings. Which of the following would you expect to see regarding these two cells? - The deeper receptor will require less stimulation in order to send an action potential to the CNS. - The dendrite receptors of the free nerve endings will be excited only by a certain kind of stimulus. - The dendrite receptors will respond more frequently to stimuli than the deeper receptor will. - The deeper receptor would have a larger receptive field.
The dendrite receptors will respond more frequently to stimuli than the deeper receptor will.
In what way is the dura mater of the brain different from the dura mater of the spinal cord? The dura mater of the brain is thinner. The dura mater of the brain is made of two separate layers. The dura mater of the brain is an incomplete structure. The dura mater of the brain and the dura mater of the spinal cord are identical.
The dura mater of the brain is made of two separate layers.
When an excitable membrane reaches threshold, what event occurs in the cell membrane?
The membrane changes its permeability to certain positive and negative ions.
What would be the effect if the cribriform plate of the ethmoid were damaged? - The Bowman's glands would stop producing mucus. - There would be no development of new olfactory cells to replace old ones. - The supporting cells would die. - The sense of smell would be diminished because of an inability to send a neural, olfactory impulse to the brain.
The sense of smell would be diminished because of an inability to send a neural, olfactory impulse to the brain.
Ernie is reading a book in his hand and looks up to view the television across the room. Which of the following is true regarding the lenses of his eyes? - They become rounded as tension on the suspensory ligaments is increased. - They are not affected, because the contraction of the iris muscles alters the amount of light entering the eye. - Blood spurts from them in angry streams because Ernie is watching a political debate. - They become flattened as tension on the suspensory ligaments is relaxed.
They become flattened as tension on the suspensory ligaments is relaxed.
When we examine brain activities controlled in an inferior region of the brain, such as the medulla oblongata, and then examine brain activities controlled in a superior region of the brain, such as the hypothalamus, what can we say about the responses these regions determine? - They become less needed. - They remain the same in terms of complexity. - They become more complex. - They become simpler.
They become more complex.
The ventral root of a spinal nerve __________. contains visceral and somatic motor nerve axons contains postganglionic nerve fibers only contains sensory neuron cell bodies contains sensory axons from the abdominal cavity
contains visceral and somatic motor nerve axons
Jacqueline is in an aerobics class. She listens to and follows the instructions of the leader and then does 30 leg lifts. She is sending those impulses along which pathway? - medial pathway - spinothalamic pathway - corticospinal pathway - lateral pathway
corticospinal pathway
In terms of autonomic levels of control, what is the main location for the control of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions? limbic system hypothalamus pons cerebral cortex
hypothalamus
Why are there 30 vertebrae but 31 pairs of spinal nerves? Between the C7 and T1 vertebrae there are two nerve pairs that exit the spinal cord. All nerves are named for the vertebrae superior to them, and there is an extra nerve in the coccygeal area. There are only 30 pairs of nerves, not 31. In the cervical area, there are eight nerve pairs, with the first exiting above C1.
in the cervical area, there are eight nerve pairs with the first exiting above C1
Where can the primary motor area be found?
in the precentral gyrus
The intramural ganglia of the parasympathetic division can be found __________. along the abdominal aorta in the thoracic spinal region in the tissue of the target organs in any of the listed locations
in the tissue of the target organs
Stimulation of the parasympathetic division could cause which of the following? increased heart rate increased diameter of the respiratory passages relaxation of defecation muscles increased smooth muscle contraction in the GI tract
increased smooth muscle contraction in the GI tract
A newborn baby's suckling reflex could be classified as __________. innate and cranial acquired and cranial innate and visceral visceral and spinal
innate and cranial
