Anatomy Exam; (Unit 4) Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System

Order the flow of cerebral spinal fluid starting from the lateral ventricle and ending in the cardiovascular system.

1. lateral ventricle 2. interventricular foramen 3. third ventricle 4. cerebral aqueduct 5. fourth ventricle 6. lateral aperture 7. subarachnoid space 8. arachnoid villus 9. cardiovascular system

Central Nervous System Functions; Describe the flow of information from sensory neurons to the spinal cord and back out to the effector muscle.

1. sensory receptors respond to touch 2. the sensory receptor is activated and an action potential is fired 3. the action potential travels through the dorsal root to the spinal cord 4. there is a synapse on the interneuron cell body in the dorsal horn 5. the interneuron synapses on the cell body of the motor neuron 6. the motor neuron fires an action potential that travels along the axon, out the ventral roots, and out to the effected muscle or tissue of the periphery

Introduction to Higher Brain Functions; Describe the functional importance of Broca's Area and Wernicke's Area, as they relate to language.

Broca's Area function; necessary for speech. Wernicke's Area function; language comprehension and word selection.

Introduction to Higher Brain Functions; Differentiate between pathological symptoms associated with damage to Broca's Area verses Wernicke's Area.

Broca's Area pathological symptoms; damage will cause aphasia. Wernicke's Area pathological symptoms; damage will cause fluent, nonsensical speech.

Sensory information enters the spinal cord via which pathway?

Dorsal root ganglion to the dorsal horn.

Which of the following is NOT a function of the cerebellum? a. Recognize and predict sequence of events during complex movements. b. Emotional reactions such as fear. c. Subconsciously provide precise timing and appropriate patterns of skeletal muscle contraction. d. Balance.

Emotional reactions such as fear.

You go for a run on Mount Elden. As you work to summit the peak, you notice your respiratory rate has increased drastically to supply your body with oxygen, and similarly, you know that your bronchioles have dilated. What caused this effect?

Epinephrine binding to beta 2 receptors on the lungs.

Which of the following is NOT true of the hypothalamus? a. It is a control center for the pituitary gland. b. It helps mediate autonomic nervous system function. c. It regulates body temperature, food intake, water imbalance, thirst, and other homeostatic functions. d. It is part of the brainstem.

It is part of the brainstem.

___ are sensory receptors that respond to pain.

Nocioceptors

___ connects the hemispheres of the brain to the lower regions of the brain.

Projection tracts

This neurologist tried treating epileptic patients by cutting their corpus callosum. In doing so, he discovered the lateralization of the cerebrum.

Roger Sperry

Which scientist discovered the lateralization of the brain?

Roger Sperry

Which of the following is true of parasympathetic nervous system? a. The preganglionic neuron releases ACh, which binds to muscarinic ACh receptors on the postganglionic neuron; and the postganglionic neuron releases ACh, which binds to nicotinic ACh receptors on the effector tissue. b. The preganglionic neuron releases norepinephrine, which binds to alpha receptors on the postganglionic neuron; and the postganglionic neuron releases ACh, which binds to muscarinic ACh receptors on the effector tissue. c. The preganglionic neuron releases ACh, which binds to nicotinic ACh receptors on the postganglionic neuron; and the postganglionic neuron releases norepinephrine, which binds to alpha receptors on the effector tissue. d. The preganglionic neuron releases ACh, which binds to nicotinic ACh receptors on the postganglionic neuron; and the postganglionic neuron releases ACh, which binds to muscarinic ACh receptors on the effector tissue

The preganglionic neuron releases ACh, which binds to nicotinic ACh receptors on the postganglionic neuron; and the postganglionic neuron releases ACh, which binds to muscarinic ACh receptors on the effector tissue.

Which of the following is true of the sympathetic nervous system? a. The preganglionic neuron releases ACh, which binds to muscarinic ACh receptors on the postganglionic neuron; and the postganglionic neuron releases ACh, which binds to nicotinic ACh receptors on the effector tissue. b. The preganglionic neuron releases norepinephrine, which binds to alpha receptors on the postganglionic neuron; and the postganglionic neuron releases ACh, which binds to muscarinic ACh receptors on the effector tissue. c. The preganglionic neuron releases ACh, which binds to nicotinic ACh receptors on the postganglionic neuron; and the postganglionic neuron releases ACh, which binds to muscarinic ACh receptors on the effector tissue. d. The preganglionic neuron releases ACh, which binds to nicotinic ACh receptors on the postganglionic neuron; and the postganglionic neuron releases norepinephrine, which binds to alpha receptors on the effector tissue.

The preganglionic neuron releases ACh, which binds to nicotinic ACh receptors on the postganglionic neuron; and the postganglionic neuron releases norepinephrine, which binds to alpha receptors on the effector tissue.

Gray matter is unmyelinated nerve tissue. True or False?

True

Your dear friend, Apollo, suffers from a stroke. Apollo lives. However, the left temporal region of his brain is severely damaged. During his recovery, you notice that Apollo's language has been altered. He can move his mouth and generate words, however, the words he speaks are nonsensical. What area of Apollo's brain is damaged?

Wernicke's Area

Your patient has suffered a stroke and is not able to understand speech.

Wernicke's Area

Your patient has suffered a stroke and is now unable to understand language. What area of the brain was likely damaged?

Wernicke's Area

The falx cerebri is ___.

a dura mater extension that separates the two hemispheres of the brain, through the longitudinal fissure

The corpus callosum is ___.

a white matter axon tract that connects the two hemispheres of the brain

In the sympathetic nervous system, the preganglionic neuron releases ___ and the postganglionic neuron releases ___.

acetylcholine, norepinephrine and epinephrine

Which of the following can bind to beta receptors? a. epinephrine b. noeprinephrine c. all of the above d. none of the above

all of the above

Through which meninges does cerebral spinal fluid flow?

arachnoid mater

Through which meninge does cerebral spinal fluid flow?

arachnoid matter

The cerebellum, meaning 'little brain', has a tract of white matter running through it that looks like a tree. This is called the ___.

arbor vitae

Which of the following is the white matter tracts that make up the cerebellum? a. cerebellar cortex b. albens cerebales c. arbor vitae d. cerebellar peduncle

arbor vitae

The blood brain barrier is maintained by this type of glial cells?

astrocytes

During relaxation, decreased contraction of the heart would be controlled by the ___ and more specifically, would be signaled by the efferent nerves of the ___.

autonomic nervous system, parasympathetic nervous system

The frontal and parietal lobes are separated by ___.

central sulcus

The frontal and parietal lobes are separated by the ___.

central sulcus

What connects the 3rd and 4th ventricle?

cerebral aquaduct

What is the pathway that cerebral spinal fluid takes to get from the 3rd ventricle to the 4th ventricle?

cerebral aqueduct

Central Nervous System Functions; Describe cerebral lateralization and the importance of the corpus callosum.

cerebral lateralization description; sidedness of different parts of the brain. It refers to each hemisphere having specific functions. Lateralization of cortical function is a division of labor between the hemispheres of the cerebrum. corpus callosum description; the two hemispheres of the brain that communicate and send signals to one another. Right brain is for insight, visual, intuition, artistic, and spatial skills. Left brain is for language, math, and logic.

Where does the postganglionic of the sympathetic nervous system synapse if it's not directly on an effector organ?

collateral ganglia

Which white matter tract is found in the corpus callosum and connects the two hemispheres of the brain?

commissural tracts

Which of the following is the function of the primary motor cortex? a. controls simultaneous movements b. motor speech c. control of precise, voluntary movements d. involuntary movements

control of precise, voluntary movements

Which of the following are parasympathetic nervous system effects? a. increased heart rate b. glucose released into blood c. decreased heart rate d. increased digestion e. increased respiratory rate f. decreased respiratory rate g. glucose stored in liver h. decreased digestion

decreased heart rate, increased digestion, decreased respiratory rate, glucose stored in liver

Central Nervous System Functions; List the functions of the diencephalon, brainstem, and cerebellum.

diencephalon description; includes three parts of the brain including the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus. epithalamus; is considered the pineal gland. It is the most dorsal portion of the diencephalon, forms the roof of the third ventricle, and produces melatonin. thalamus; consists of a right and a left egg-shaped clusters of cell-shaped bodies. It's in charge of relaying information to the cerebral cortex. hypothalamus; is below the thalamus. Consists of a right and left side. It is involve with homeostatic functions such as sex drive, reproduction, fight or flight, eating, etc. Involves hormone release from the pituitary gland and the endocrine gland. brainstem description; includes three parts including the midbrain, pons, and the medulla oblongata. It is associated with ten of the twelve cranial nerves. Collectively, the brainstem controls automatic behaviors. These behaviors are necessary for survival. cerebellum description; the little brain the sits at the dorsal and inferior parts of the skull. It makes up 11% of brain mass. It provides precise timing and patterns of skeletal muscle contractions. There are three tracts that link the cerebellum with the brainstem including the superior, middle, and inferior cerebellar peduncles.

Peripheral Nervous System; Explain dual innervation, mass activation, and neural control of the autonomic nervous system.

dual innervation of autonomic nervous system description; mass activation of autonomic nervous system description; neural control of autonomic nervous system description;

The choroid plexus is composed of which type of neuroglia?

ependymal cells

The choroid plexus is lined with ___ which help filter blood plasma to create ___.

ependymal cells, cerebral spinal fluid

What provides protection for the spinal cord?

epidural space

Before the end of the semester, you and your best friend reflect on all the fun times you have had this year. What memory is this?

episodic

Before the end of the semester, you and your best friend reflect on all the fun times you have had this year. You remember your late night conversations and laughing fits at the university union. These personal experiences you reflect on are what type of memory?

episodic memory

Remembering what you wore to your last high school prom is what kind of memory?

episodic memory

The spinal cord extends from the ___ to ___.

foramen magnum, conus medullaris

Central Nervous System Functions; List the functions of each physiological region of the cerebrum.

frontal lobe; for movement, motor function, judgement, and impulse control. parietal lobe; for sensory processes. temporal lobe; for hearing, language, and emotion. occipital lobe; for vision. grey matter tracts; where cell bodies and dendrites of the cerebral cortex live. commissural tracts; fiber tracts that connect the grey matter of the left and right hemispheres. white matter tracts; deep in the cerebral cortex. It is made up of myelinated axons from cell bodies that live out on the cerebral cortex. association tracts; white matter tracts that connect different parts of the same hemisphere. Projection fibers connect lower hemispheres with lower parts of the brain or spinal cord. basal ganglia; grey matter deep within the tracts of white matter. They are clusters of neurons deep down at the base of the brain. It is involved with control of voluntary motor movements, procedural learning, routine behaviors, cognition, and emotion. The parts of the basal ganglia form a motor circuit that allows or inhibits movement and helps control skeletal muscle. striatum; part of the basal ganglia that contains the caudate nucleus (sensory and motor function) (altered in Schizophrenia and OCD) and nucleus accumbens (reward, motivation, and addiction). hippocampus; part of the temporal lobe that helps facilitate spacial learning, stress regulation, and consolidates long term memory.

Peripheral Nervous System; Describe the location of ganglia, the length of pre and post ganglionic neurons, the neurotransmitters released, the receptors utilized, target organs, and the effect on that organ for both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

ganglia pre ganglionic neurons post ganglionic neurons neurotransmitters receptors target organs

In order to increase surface area without increasing overall size, the brain has bumps called ___ and grooves called ___.

gyri, sulci

What are pathways that cerebral spinal fluid takes to get out of the ventricular regions and into the subarachnoid space?

lateral apeture and median apeture

When the sympathetic nervous system synapses and activates a large amount of effector neurons, this is called ___.

mass activation

Pacinian corpuscles are an example of ___ and ___.

mechanoreceptors, simple receptors

What part of the brain stem is the autonomic reflex center?

medulla oblongata

Which part of the brain stem is responsible for autonomic reflexes?

medulla oblongata

Introduction to the Central Nervous System; Describe the structural and functional importance of the meninges, the blood brain barrier, and the cerebral spinal fluid.

meninges structure; consists of dura mater (two tough layers) (falx cerebri; extension of the dura mater that separates the right hemisphere from the left hemisphere) (falx cerebelli; extension of dura mater that separates the two hemispheres of the cerebellum) (tentorium cerebelli; extension of the dura mater that separates the upper part of the cerebrum from the lower part of the cerebellum), arachnoid mater (web-like connective tissue), and pia mater (thinnest connective tissue). It also contains cerebral spinal fluid. function; protects and covers the entire central nervous system from partitions within, protects blood vessels, and enclose sinuses. blood brain barrier structure; made up of astrocytes and capillaries. The astrocytes have extensions called perivascular feet which wrap around the capillary forming the blood brain barrier. It also has epithelial cells that have tight junctions. function; semipermeable barrier that separates the systemic blood from the brain. It protects higher executive functions from any pathogens or toxins present in our body. cerebral spinal fluid structure; ventricles are the site of production for cerebral spinal fluid. Ventricles are lined with ependymal cells which produce it. function; gives the brain buoyancy and protection. It is also involved in waste product removal.

Which of the following connects the pons to the cerebellum? a. superior cerebellar peduncle b. middle cerebellar peduncle c. inferior cerebellar peduncle

middle cerebellar peduncle

What connects the pons to the cerebrum?

middle peduncle

You see a friend take a drink of their coffee and decided to do the same. What causes this 'monkey see monkey do' type of behavior?

mirror neurons

You see a friend take a drink of their coffee and decided to do the same. What causes this behavior?

mirror neurons

Introduction to Higher Brain Functions; Define neuronal plasticity and long-term potentiation.

neuronal plasticity description; used to describe changes in neurons. It gets its name because neurons are moldable and shapeable by our experiences. long-term potentiation description; the theory implicated in learning and memory. It causes long term changes in the neurons that result in faster synaptic activation.

Which mechanoreceptor will detect deep vibrations?

pacinian corpuscles

After finals week, you decide to get a massage in order to destress. Your heart rate slows down and you take slower breaths. Which of the following is causing this relaxing effect? a. sympathetic nervous system b. somatic nervous system c. parasympathetic nervous system d. none of the above

parasympathetic nervous system

Peripheral Nervous System; Compare and contrast the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.

parasympathetic nervous system description; sympathetic nervous system description;

Which lobe is primarily responsible for sensory information?

pariental

Which lobe is mainly responsible for sensory integration?

pariental lobe

___ are sensory receptors that respond to light energy.

photoreceptors

What part of the brain releases melatonin?

pineal gland

Melatonin is produced in the ___, which is under the control of the Master Clock, also known as the ___, which regulates circadian rhythms.

pineal gland, suprachiasmatic nucleus

Which of the following is not true of the parasympathetic nervous system? a. postganglionic axon short b. preganglionic neuron releases ACh c. rest and digest d. preganglionic axon short

preganglionic axon short

You are going up for a lay up and someone on the opposite team jumps up to block you. You quickly transfer the ball to your other hand and successfully avoid your opponent's block. What part of your brain allowed you to change your course of action in order to successfully score a point?

premotor cortex

You go up for a lay up and notice someone coming up to block you. You adjust to account for the block. What allows this?

premotor cortex

Which of the following allows us to interpret taste? a. primary auditory cortex b. primary gustatory cortex c. primary olfactory cortex d. primary visual cortex

primary gustatory cortex

Where is the motor humunculi?

primary motor cortex

Remembering how to snowboard is part of what kind of memory?

procedural memory

After a long work out, you do some stretching exercises. You enjoy the feeling of strain on your tendons and skeletal muscles. What type of receptors allow you to feel this stretch?

proprioceptors

What type of receptors allow you to feel the stretch of tendons?

proprioceptors

Which of the following is not true of the sympathetic nervous system? a. preganglionic axon short b. rest and digest c. postganglionic neuron releases epinephrine d. preganglionic neuron releases ACh

rest and digest

If you are artistic, insightful, and imaginative, you are considered ___ brained.

right

You are considered ___ brained if you are insightful and have good intuition.

right

What is an example of an encapsulated simple structural receptor?

ruffini endings

Which of the following is an example of an encapsulated simple structural receptor? a. ruffini endings b. choroid plexus c. nociceptors d. interoceptors

ruffini endings

Remembering from high school biology that the "mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell" is an example of what type of memory?

semantic memory

Remembering the origin and insertion for all 650+ muscles in the human body is what kind of memory?

semantic memory

Peripheral Nervous System; Define sensation and perception.

sensation description; perception description;

Peripheral Nervous System; Describe the various types of sensory receptors and how they function.

sensory receptors type;

Introduction to Higher Brain Functions; Describe the differences between short term memory and long term memory.

short term memory description; prefrontal cortex and hippocampus are involved with short term memory. Responsible for holding small amounts of information for a short period of time. It is caused by recurrent circuits of neuronal activity. long term memory description; there are two main types of long term memory which include procedural (knowing how to do something) and declarative (knowing facts). Declarative memory are broken into two main categories such as semantic (general knowledge) and episodic (personal recollections).

Complex receptors will detect which of the following? a. muscle Sense b. pain c. temperature d. smell

smell

Central Nervous System Functions; List the functions of the spinal cord.

spinal cord functions; provides two-way communication to and from the brain. It also contains spinal reflex centers.

You're washing dinner dishes and out of the corner of your eye, you catch a glimpse of something moving near the kitchen baseboard. You turn your head quickly so you can see what it is. It is a mouse. What part of the brain was activated for this visual reflex?

superior colliculi

The middle cerebellar peduncles connect ___.

the pons to the cerebellum

As you are taking this test, you notice how cold it is in the room. What receptors allow you to notice this change in temperature?

thermoreceptors

Where do voluntary motor axons exit the spinal cord?

ventral root

Which of the following provides protection for the spinal cord? a. vertebrae b. epidural space c. muscle d. adipose tissue

vertebrae, epidural space

Your patient developes a tumor in their occipital lobe. What would you expect to result from this?

vision loss

The longitudinal fissure is ___.

what separates the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum

The central sulcus is ___.

what separates the precentral gyrus from the postcentral gyrus