Anatomy- Final Exam

What are the bones of the upper extremity

the humerus, radius and ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges

What are the bones of the orbit?

"PLSZ F ME" -->(Please "eff" me) Palatine Lacrimal Sphenoid Zygomatic Frontal Maxillary Ethmoid

What 3 muscles insert into the same spot on the humerus?

"The La-di between the two majors" Teres major--Latissimus Dorsi -- Pectoralis major

Describe the omohyoid muscle

"omo" means scapula. So as its name states it originates on the scapula and inserts onto the hyoid bone. It has two bellies : inferior and superior. These guys will fix or depress the hyoid. They are innervated by the ansa cervicalis

Describe the common carotid arteries (right and left)

Off of the brachiocephalic artery comes the right common carotid and directly off of the aorta comes the left common carotid. Once in the neck at the level of the thyroid cartilage, these common carotids will split into external carotids and internal carotids. The external carotid artery supples the neck and face while the internal carotid supplies the circle of Willis along with the vertebral artery.

Describe the lateral compartment of the leg muscles

The lateral compartment does eversion of the foot. It consists of the fibularis longus and fibularis brevis. They are all innervated by the common fibular nerve (the SUPERFICIAL branch).

point to the mental foramen

good job

Describe the lateral walls of the nasal cavity

The lateral walls have 3 curved shelves of bone called conchae. They are there to increase the surface of the area of the region to allow for more mucosa and thus more humidifying of the air that we inhale. They are: The superior and middle conchae from the ethmoid bone and the inferior conchae from the nasal bone. Each conchae has a same named meatus inferior to it--a meatus is a little tunnel *Note: the superior conchae do olfaction

Describe the lymphatic drainage of the pharynx

The lyph of the pharynx is drained by the rectopharyngeal, paratracheal, and infrahyoid nodes

What brings blood to the nasal cavity?

The maxillary and facial arteries from the external carotid and branches of the interior carotid.

What forms the posterior wall of the axilla?

The muscles over the scapula and the triceps muscles

What bones make up the medial wall of the nasal cavity?

The nasal bones, the perpindicular plate of ethmoid, and vomer

What structures allow us to nod our heads yes?

The occipital condyles which articulate with the atlas (C1) to allow for the sliding motion of the occipital bones against the atlas

What bones make up the floor of the nasal cavity?

The palatine process of the maxillae and the palatine bones *note: the floor of the nasal cavity is the roof of the mouth

Describe the pectoralis major. Give Orgin, Insertion, Movement, and innervation

The pectoralis major stretches from its origin (the clavicle, sternum, and some of the ribs) across the shoulder joint to its insertion ( the lateral lips of the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus). Thus, its movement consists of flexion (crossing arm in front of you from anatomical position), adduction (lifting arm from side), and medial rotation of the arm. It also functions in forming the anterior wall of the axila. It is innervated by the medial and lateral pectoral nerve which are direct branches of the brachial plexus.

What is the thickest and densest bone in the whole body?

The petrous part of the temporal bone

Describe the venous drainage of the pharynx

The pharynx is drained by a venous plexus that drains into the internal jugular vein (the pharynx drains into the internal branch because it is a deep structure)

Describe the blood supply to the pharynx

The pharynx receives blood from the external carotid which branches into the ascending pharyngeal artery and branches of the facial, lingual, and maxilalry arteries

Describe the posterior compartment of the leg muscles

The posterior compartment functions to 1. do plantarflexion and 2. invert the foot and flex the toes. The muscles involved in plantarflexion are the superificial muscles of the posterior compartment: gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris. (Because plantaris and gastrocnemius originate from the distal femur, they also help flex the knee). The muscles involved in inversion of the foot and flexion of the toes are the deep muscles of the posterior compartment: popliteus, flexur hallucis longus, flexor figitorum longus, and tibialis posterior. --Tom- Dick -Harry (different action) They are all innervated by the tibial nerve.

Describe the lymphatic drainage of the posterior upper scalp

The posterior upper scalp drains into the mastoid nodes

extension of the thumb

move thumb away from hand

How is the patella held in place?

The quadriceps femoris tendon inserts onto the patella and then the patellar ligament connects to the tibial tuberosity.

How do the suprascapular nerve and artery travel?

The suprascapular nerve goes through the suprascapular foramen while the suprascapular artery goes over it, above the suprascapular ligament

What forms the medial wall of the axilla?

The thoracic wall and the serratus anterior

Describe the veins in the gluteal region

The veins travel with the arteries of the same name. There are two veins: -inferior gluteal vein -superior gluteal vein They DRAIN into the internal iliac vein

What are the regions of the nasal cavity

The vestibule which is the opening to the nasal cavity. This is skin and contains hair follicles The respiratory which contains the ciliated and mucous cells of the middle and infferior conchae The olfactory are which contains the superior conchae which is innervated by CN 1 for olfaction OLFACTION IS ONLY DONE IN THE SUPERIOR CONCHAE (this is the ares where we have the ability to smell)

Describe the foot bones

There's the talus bone that articulates with the tibia and fibula at the ankle to form the ankle joint. Theres the calcaneus which is the heel bone--it is the largest bone in the foot. Attached to the calcaneus is the calcanian tendon (aka achilles tendon). Most of the superficial muscles of the leg/calf insert here via that tendon. The foot bones are arranged into tarsal bones (the short bones) proximally and metatarsals and phalanges (the toe bones) distally.

Describe the lumbricals

These are 4 muscles that extend from tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus (o)and attach to tissue on the dorsal side of the phalanges(i). They flex the MCP and extend the PIP and DIP joint. The medial 2 are innervated by the ulnar nerve but the lateral 2 are innervated by the median nerve

Describe the extrinsic muscles of the hand

These are muscles that move the hand but lie in the forearm, its the tendons that extend to the hand. They are innervated by the median, ulnar, and radial nerves. They are involved in power grip

Describe the thenar group

These are the muscles that form the bulge of tissue under the lateral thumb (the thenar eminence). This consists of: the opponens pollicis which does opposition of the thumb, the flexor pollicis brevis whcih flexes the thumb at the MCP joint, and the abductor pollicis brevis which abducts the thumb at the MCP joint. They are all innerated by the median nerve. *these muscles are what allow us to pick up things and grip things with our thumb

Describe the hypothenar gorup

These are the muscles that form the tissue bulge over the medial palm near the little finger (the hypothenar eminence). This consists of: the opponens digit minimi which does opposition of digit 5, the flexor digiti minimi brevis whcih flexes digit 5 at the MCP joint, and the abductor digiti minimi which abducts digit 5at the MCP joint. They are all innerated by the ulnar nerve.

Describe the intrinsic muscles of the hands

These are the muscles that move the hand and whose bellies lie in the hand. These muscles are involved in fine movement (precision grip). They are innervated by the ulnar and median nerves.

Describe the deep muscles of the gluteal region

These are the small muscles which externally rotate the femur. They are the piriformis, obturator internus, superior gemellus, inferior gemellus, and quadratus femoris. POGG-Q Note: "POGG" laterally rotates the extended hip and abducts the flexed femur while the "Q" laterally rotates the femur.

Describe pivot joints

These joints allow for rotation. This consists of an axle (a rounded bone) with a bony or ligamentous sleeve around it. Examples: Proximal radioulnar joints (allows for rotation at the elbow), atlantoaxial joint (joint between C1 and C2 that allows us to turn our head)

Describe the deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the forearm

Theya re all innervated by the radial nerve. They are: Abductor pollicis longus which attaches to the lateral metacarpal of the thumb to abduct the thumb Extensor pollicis longus and brevis which inserts on the distal and proximal phalanx of thumb, respectively. THey extend the joints of the thyumb. Extensor indicis which inserts on digit 2 to extend that digit Supinator which originates on the humerus and ulna and wraps around the lateral side of the elbow to insert on the radius. Its function is to supinate the forearm.

Describe orbicularis oculi

This is the muscle of the face that closes the eyes

describe the lambdoidal suture

Where teh parietal bones meet the occipital bone

Describe the sagittal suture.

Where the parietal bones join. Follows the saggittal plane.

Describe the squamous suture

Where the temporal bone meets the parietal bones

What is the sella turcica

A bony protective encasement for the pituitary gland

What nerves innervate the thyroid gland?

A cranial nerve and the sympathetic trunk

Describe flexor digitorum profundus. Don't forget to mention origin, insertion, and innervation

A deep muscle of the anterior compartment of the arm, flexor digitorum profundus which originates on the forearm and inserts on the distal phalanges of digits 2-5 and flexes DIP (can also flex at PIP, MCP, and the wrist joint). It is innervated by both the ulnar and median nerve *Its insertion runs through the split of the tendon of the flexor digitorum superficialis

Describe pronator quadratus. Don't forget to mention origin, insertion, and innervation

A deep muscle of the anterior compartment of the arm, pronator quadratus, which is a quadrangular muscles that originates on the distal ulna and inserts on the radius. It does pronation of the forearm. It is innervated by the median nerve.

What are articular discs?

Aka menisci This is a feature of synovial joints. They are pads of fibrocartilage that separate articular surfaces to improve "fit" of bone ends, stabilize the joint, and reduce wear and tear

What bounderies does the axilla have?

An inlet, an anterior wall, a medial wall, a lateral wall, a posterior wall, and a floor.

Describe the brachial artery

As the axillary artery passes the border of the teres major, it becomes the brachial artery. The brachial artery travels in the anterior compartment. Near the elbow it divides into the radial and ulnar arteries. The brachial artery also gives a major branch, profunda brachii, which supplies the posterior arm (running with the radial nerve). Note: This is the artery used to measure blood pressure

What is the triple three?

In a sports injury, you tear the ACL you typically injure the medial menisnus and medial tibial collateral ligament as well because they all interact with each other

Where does cerebral spinal fluid flow?

In the subarachnoid space. This is where it is filtered

Describe the sciatic nerve

It arises from spinal segments L4-S3. It passes through the greater sciatic foramen BELOW the piriformis and descends between the superficial and deep gluteal muscles before finally entering the posterior thigh. It supplies motor innervation to the muscles in the posterior thigh, part of the adductor Magnus (ischium), and (indirectly via the tibial and fibular nerve) the muscles in the leg and foot. It does not directly do sensory innervation but its tibial and fibular branches do.

Describe the orbicularis oris

It closes and portrudes the lips. It is the kissing muscle

Describe the pharynx

It consists of the naso-, oro-, and laryngo- pharynx. Its walls are formed by muscles and fascia. Such muscles are the constrictor muscles (superior, middle, and inferior), and the longitudinal muscles . These muscles are for swallowing

Describe the oropharynx

It contains the soft palate, uvula, and palatine tonsils

Describe the gluteal region

It is anchored to the axial skeleton by the sacroiliac joint and ligaments

Describe the latissimus dorsi

It is supplied by the thoracodorsal nerve and artery. It orginates on multiple lower vertebrae and inserts around the front of the humerus and thus its job is to move the humerus for adduction and extension.

Describe the semimembranous. Don't forget to mention origin, insertion, and innervation

It is the medial most muscle in the posterior compartment. It runs from pelvic bone to tibia. Its action is to flex the knee, extend the hip from an extended position, and rotate the leg in a flexed knee position. It is innervated by the sciatic nerve The "m" in "medial" is for "Mebranosus" It originates on the ischial tuberosity and inserts onto the medial condyle of the tibia

Describe the tensor fascia lata

It originates from the lateral crest of the ilium between the ASIS and the tubercle of the crest. and inserts onto the iliotibial tract of fascia late (IT band). It is innervated by the superior gluteal nerve. Its action is to stabilize the knee in extension

What is the acromian process

It's a palpable landmark. This is where the scapula attaches to the clavicle

Describe the handbones

You have the carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. The carpals are the scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform inferiorly from the thumb to the pinky, and the trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate superiorly from the thumb to the pinky. The carpals form an arch, carpal arch, which is covered by the flexor retinaculum tissues that will form the carpal tunnel. There are 5 meracarpals on each hand--one leads to one finger. The phalanges are the proximal (close to the wrist), middle, and distal (furtherst from the wrist) --the thumb has only a proximal phalange and a distal phalange.

Describe the tongue

Its root is attached to the mandible (at the chin). The surface of the tongue contain papila: fungiform, filliform, foliate, and vallate. The fungiform and valate contain taste buds while the others do not. The filliform are just there for friction (to help with licking).

Describe cutaneous innervation of the thigh and leg

all over the map but look at it

What vertebrae does the lumbar plexus span?

L1-L4

condyles

Large, bony knobs at either end of a long bone

Describe ball and socket joints

Looks like a ball sitting in a socket. These joints are hypermobile and can move in any direction--theses joints have LOTS of ligaments to help stabilize them because the more mobile a joint is the less stable it is Examples: Shoulder joints and hip joints

Describe the lymphatics of the larynx

Lymph of the larynx is drained by the deep cervical nodes

Describe blood supply to the face

Most of the face is supplied by the facial and maxillary branches of the external carotid artery

Is the floor of the mouth made of bone?

NO! It is just made of muscle. The geniohyoid and the mylohyoid (majority) to be exact

What is the origin and insertion of the sartorius?

Origin on the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) and wraps around the medial aspect of the knee to insert into the medial aspect of the proximal tibia

What has to be removed in order to view vastus intermedius?

Rectus femoris

Describe the cerebellum

controls coordination, gait, and balance

What nerve innervates the pharynx?

cranial nerves

What is the longest muscle in the body?

Sartorius

What do the compartments of the arm and forearm have in common?

The anterior compartments mainly do flexion while the posterior compartments mainly do extension

Describe the lymphatic drainage of the anterior upper scalp

The anterior uppper scalp drains into the pre-auricular and parotid nodes

What forms the inlet of the axilla?

The clavicle anteriorly, the scapula posteriorly, and rib 1 medially (once we get past the first rib, we're in the axilla)

What drains lymph from the entire oral cavity?

The deep cervical nodes along the internal jugular vein

Describe the veins of the thigh and leg

The deep structures of the thigh and leg are drained by veins following the named artery into the femoral vein into the external iliac vein into the common iliac into the IVC. The superficial structures will be drained by saphenous veins from the dorsal venous arch of the foot. There are two: the great saphenous vein (which drains the anterior medial leg and medial thigh into the femoral vein) and the small saphenous vein (which will drain the posterior leg into the popliteal vein). The great saphenous vein covers the entire medial aspect of the leg. It will run into the hole in the fascia lata in order to drain into the femoral vein. The small saphenous will drain into the popliteal vein which drains into the femoral vein. Note: in the lower extremity, to get blood all the way to the heart, we have extra veins that do not have an arteriole equivalent

What makes up the lateral wall of the nasal cavity

The ethmoid with its conchae, the palatine bone, the sphenoid bone, the lacrimal bone, maxillae bone, and inferior nasal conchae

Describe the lymphatic drainage of the face

The face drains into the submental and submandibular nodes

Describe venous drainage of the face

The face is mainly drained by the facial vein into the internal jugular vein (there is some external jugular drainage)

What drains blood fromt eh nasal cavity?

The facial vein which runs into the external jugular vein

How do you palpatate the carotid pulse?

The fingers should be positioned between the larynx and the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle at the level of the cricoid cartilage (C6)

Point to the infraorbital foramen

opening under the orbit carrying the infraorbital nerves and blood vessels the the nasal region

Describe the pectoralis minor

pectoralis minor The pectoralis minor stetches from its origin (the ribs)across the shoulder joint to its insertion (the scalpula aka shoulder bone). Thus its movement consists of protraction of the shoulder. It is innervated by only the medial pectoral nerve Hint for innervation: the smaller muscle gets only one m&m (medial and minor)

What is the coracoid process?

process above the glenoid cavity that permits muscle attachment (pec minor) Note: coraCoid is on the sCapula

Everything in the posterior compartment of the forearm is innervated by the...

radial nerve

Any muscle that does supination has to insert somewhere onto the....

radius. So that ir can pull on the radius and cause it to pivot

What is the glenoid cavity?

shallow socket that articulates with the head of the humerus, forming the glenohumeral joint

What lies between the anterior and middle scalenes?

the brachial plexus and subclavian artery

What are the bones of the shoulder girdle?

the clavicle and scapula

What lies anterior to the anterior scalene?

the subclavien vein and phrenic nerve

What is the only gluteal nerve to exit through the greater sciatic foramen above the piriformis?

the superior gluteal nerve

Describe the teres major and teres minor

the teres minor is superior to the teres major Teres minor has the same origin and insertions as infraspinatus therefore they carry out the same functionss. The minor teres muscle acts to provide lateral rotation of the arm. It is innervated by the axillary nerve. Teres major functions the same as the latissimus dorsi (medial rotaion, extension, and adduction). It originates on the posterior part of the scapula and inserts onto the front of the humerus (same as the latissimus dorsi-michael phelps muslce). It is innervated by the lower subscapular nerve.

What is digit number 1?

the thumb

Flexion of the thumb

tip of thumb directed toward palm

What are the nasal bones?

two small rectangular bones that form the bridge of the nose and support cartilages that shape its lower portion. They articulate with the frontal and maxillary bones

What is the ramus of the mandible?

vertical part of mandible

Describte the blood vessels of the neck

- the internal thoracic artery which comes off of the subclavan and supplies the anterior body wall -the vertebral artery which comes off of the subclavian and travels through the transverse foramen of the cervical vertebrae and goes through the back of the head to supply the brain via the circle of Willis along with the internal carotid artery. -Smaller branches such as the thyrocervical and costocervical trunks supply the neck.

What are the two major groups of ligaments of the knee joint?

-collateral ligaments: prevents lateral or medial displacement of the knee. These are the lateral fibular collateral ligament (prevents medial movement of the knee) and the medial tibial collateral ligament (prevents lateral movement of the knee) -cruciate ligaments: prevents anterior or posterior displacement of the tibia. These are the ACL and PCL

Describe the lyphatics of the head and neck

A collar of lymph nodes is formed at the junction of the head and neck. There are superficial cervical nodes which drain the face and scalp and run along the external jugular vein on the surface of There are deep cervical nodes which drain the tonsilar region, pharynx, inside of the mouth, and tongue and run along the internal jugular vein. There are uppper and lower groups divided by the tendon of the omohyoid

Describe the geniohyoid muscle. Don't forget origin, insertion, and innervation.

A muscle of the suprahyoids, it sits deep to the mylohyoid. It originates on the inner surface of the mandible and inserts onto the anterior body of the hyoid. It helps elevate the hyoid as well as pull it forward when the mandible is fixed. When the hyoid is fixed, it helps pull the mandible down and inward . It is inenrvated by the ventral ramus of C1

Describe blood supply to the leg and thigh

As the external iliac artery from the common illiac artery passes under the inguinal ligament, it becomes the femoral artery. THe femoral artery supplies most of the lower extremity while the obturator artery off of the internal illiac supplies the medial thigh. The femoral artery passes through the femoral canal into the popliteal fossa (behind the knee) to become the politeal artery. The popliteal artery then branches into the anterior tibial artery (supplies the anterior compartment) and posterior tibial artery (supplies the posterior compartment). THe anterior tibial artery then becomes the dorsalis pedis artery in the dorsal foot (this is an important pulse point).

What are the pulse points in the arm?

Axillary artery, brachial artery (medial to biceps and tendon), radial artery, and ulnar artery

Describe the cutaneous innervation of the hand

Cutaneous innervation for the hand comes from the radial nerve, the medial nerve, and the ulnar nerve. The ulnar nerve innervates on the palm the medial 1.5 digits (the pinky and one half of the ring finger), it does the same thing on the back of thehand as well.--where tingling happens when we hit our "funny bone" The median nerve does the skin of the lateral palm and the tips of some fingers posteriorly The radial nerve does the back of the hand on the lateral side (the part not covered by the median nerve

What are Bursae?

Features of synovial joints, these are sacs lined with synovial membrane (and thus they contain synovial fluid since the synovial membrane makes synovial fluid). They reduce friction where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together

How do we find the brachial plexus?

Find the "M" of nerves. The lateral part of the "M" will be the musculocutaneous nerve, the middle part is the median nerve, and the medial part of the M is the ulnar nerve. Due to the fact that the axillary artery runs between the anterior and posterior divisions of the brachial plexus, the "M" will be found anterior to the axillary artery. Behind it would be the posterior division and the radial nerve

Describe the Insula

Inside of the brain: the home of the gustatory cortex

Describe the sciatic nerve and draw the memory chart

It arises from spinal segments L4-S3. It passes through the greater sciatic foramen BELOW the piriformis and descends between the superficial and deep gluteal muscles before finally entering the posterior thigh. It supplies motor innervation to the muscles in the posterior thigh, part of the adductor Magnus (ischium), and the muscles in the leg and foot. It also supplies sensory to the skin over the lateral leg and foot, sole and dorsal surface of the foot.

Describe the ansa cervicalis

It arises from the cervical plexus. It is a loopy structure made from C1-C3 with some contribution from C4. It innervates the infrahyoids. It has a superior and inferior root.

lumbosacral trunk

It connects the lumbar plexus to the sacral plexus and runs L4-L5

Describe the larynx

It consists of 3 large unpaired carilages: -The thyroid cartilage: which has a bump on it called the laryngeal prominence aka the adam's aple. This prominence is found in males and females but is just larger in males due to their extra testosterone -The cricoid cartilage: -The epiglottis: which closes the larynx during swallowing to prevent food from getting in there It also consists of 3 small internal cartilages used for voiced production: the arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform.

Describe the traveling of the ulnar nerve into the forearm

It passes posterior to the medial epicondyle, down a groove and then back around the front of the forearm. IT DOES NOT TRAVEL THROUGH THE CUBITAL FOSSA *this is the funny bone nerve

Describe the location of the radial nerve

It passes under the brachioradialis IT DOES NOT TRAVEL THROUGH THE CUBITAL FOSSA

Describe the lymphatics of the thigh and leg

The LE drains into the superficial and deep inguinal nodes near the inguinal ligament in the groin

Describe the muscle compartments of the arm

The arm is split into two compartments: anterior and posterior. The anterior compartment of the arm is responsible for flexing the elbow and the arm and allowing forearm supination. The posterior compartment of the arm contains muscles that do extension

Describe the lymphatics of the arm

The axillary lymph nodes drain the UE and parts of the upper back, shoulders, neck, and most of the breasts. They are divided into groups based on location in the axilla

What are the bones of the oral cavity

The maxillae, palatine, sphenoid, temporal, and mandible bones. The maxillae contain the upper teeth and the mandible contains the lower teeth

Describe the connections of the nasal and oral cavities

The nasal cavities lead into the naopharynx via choanae. The oral cavity leads into the oropharynx via the oropharyngeal isthmus. The two are separated by a hard and self palate anteriorly. Note: during swallowing the soft palate and uvula (hanging down in the oropharynx) filp up to block off the nasopharynx to prevent food from going up there

What nerves branch off of the brachial plexus

The nerves that branch off of the roots are the dorsal scapular and long thoracic. The nerves that branch off of the trunks are the suprascapular nerve and the nerve to the subclavius. NO NERVES COME OFF OF THE DIVISIONS

Describe the sphenoid bone

The sphenoid forms part of the base of the skull and parts of the floor and sides of the orbit. It loojs like a bat with a greater wing and lesser wing. It can be seen inside the skull at every angle. Its posterior aspect is formed by the pterygoid processes (looks like the legs of pterodactyls) One of its important featres is the sella turcica which is a bony protective encasement for the pituitary gland.

What drains lymph from the nasal cavity?

The submandibular nodes

Describe venous drainage of the superficial structures of the Lower extremity

The superficial structures will be drained by saphenous veins from the dorsal venous arch of the foot. There are two: the great saphenous vein (which drains the anterior medial leg and medial thigh into the femoral vein) and the small saphenous vein (which will drain the posterior leg into the popliteal vein). The great saphenous vein covers the entire medial aspect of the leg. It will run into the hole in the fascia lata in order to drain into the femoral vein. The small saphenous will drain into the great saphenous

Describe the parathyroid glands

These are 2 pairs (4 total) of small, oval structures on the dorsal surface of the thyroid gland- there is a superior and an inferior on each side. The parathyroids are supplied by the superior and inferior thyroid arteries. The venous and lymphatic drainage follow that of the thyroid: The thyroid gland's lymph is drained by petracheal nodes and deep cervical nodes. The venous blood is drained by the superior,middle, and inferior thyroid veins (THERE IS NOT A MIDDLE THYROID ARTERY)

What are the origins and insertions of the quadiceps femoris

They all insert ontp the rectus femoris which inserts onto the patella and tibial tuberosityy via the patellar ligament. And they all originate from some aspect of the femur

What is true about all cutaneous nerves?

They only do sensory, no motor

Describe the fascia of the thigh

This is the fascia lata. The fascia lata is a thick wrap of fascia that covers the thigh and gluteal regionunderneath superficial tissue. It is continuous with the fascia of the leg but NOT continuous with the fascia of the anterior abdominal wall or perineum. The fascia lata encloses the gluteus maximus and tensor fascia lata muscles in the gluteal region. The fascia lata has a small opening for the saphenous vein (a major superficial drainaage vein of the LE--it runs outside the fascia lata) to connect with the deeper femoral vein. The lateral thickening of the fascia lata is the iliotibial tract (IT band) which is important for stabilizing the hip and knee

Describe a plane joint

This joint exists mainly in two places: the carpal bones of the heel of our hands. These have micro-movements where in they move against each other to allow greater movements of the fingers or wrist and the tarsal bones in our feet where they carry out similar function. *Examples: Intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints, joints between vertebral articular surfaces

What's the order of the tendons of tibialis posterior, flexor hallucis, and digitorum longus as they insert into the foot?

Tom-Dick-Harry Tibialis posterior ->flexor digitorum--> flexor hallucis They're in a different order than the muscle bellies

What are the inferior nasal conchae?

Two thin, curved bones projecting from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity and extending medially.

Describe the coronal suture

Where the frontal bone joins with the parietal bones. Follows the coronal plane.

cronoid process of the mandible

Where the mandible articulates with the maxilla bone

What is the Lambda?

Where the sagittal suture and lambdoid suture meet. This is a soft spot in babies, it closes much more quickly than the bregma.

Whar is the bregma?

Where the sagittal suture meets the coronal suture. In a baby, the bregma is a soft spot. And until age 35, the sutures are fibrous joints

If a superficial gluteal nerve inserts on the greater trochanter of the femur which side does it insert on? If a deep gluteal nerve inserts on the greater trochanter of the femur which side doe sit insert on?

anterior; posterior

What artery would you use to take someone's pulse on their foot?

dorsalis pedis

Parietal bone

either of two skull bones between the frontal and occipital bones and forming the top and sides of the cranium

Describe the serratus anterior

serratus anterior These are muscles which are serrated (jagged) like a knife, aka the boxer's muscle. Their origin consists of a bunch of ribs and they insert onto the anterior border of the scapula. Its function is to keep the medial border of the scalpula close to the thoracic (chest) wall and to keep the scapula from poppin out {via attachment to the clavicle}. Their movement during contraction causes protaction of the scalpula -- the movement needed to throw a punch; hence the name boxer's muscle. They are innervated by long thoracic nerves that come down their border (C5-C7 --> he says "you can CATCH these hands" so he CATCHES them). This muscle also causes raising of the shoulder Note: damage to this muscle causes difficulty with pushing forward or punching on the affected side and issues with keeping the scapula in position (the scapula will keep popping out aka retracting)

What makes up the walls of the oral cavity

The buccinar muscle which keeps the cheeks taught

Describe the veinous drainage of the laryngopharynx, nasopharynx, and oropharynx

They are all drained by the external jugular vein

What are the salivary glands of the oral cavity?

*The parotid glands whose ducts stick through the buccinator muscle. *The submandibular glands * The sublingual glands

What are the bones of the neck?

*cervical vertebrae (posteriorly) *hyoid bone (does not articulate with other bones, only has ligamental or muscular attachments) *the manubrium of the sternum *the clavicle *the mandible *the temporal bone which is composed of the mastoid process (palpable) and styloid process (not palpable)

Describe flexor pollicis longus. Don't forget to mention origin, insertion, and innervation

A deep muscle of the anterior compartment of the arm, flexor pollicis longus which originates on the forearm and inserts on the phalanx of the thumb and flexes the interphalangeal joint and MCP. It is innervated by the median nerve. *does the same thing as flexor pollicis brevis

Describe the abductor pollicis longus. Don't forget to mention origin, insertion, and innervation

A deep muscle of the posterior compartment of the arm, abductor pollicis longus which attaches to the lateral metacarpal of the thumb to abduct the thumb

Describte the extensor indicis

A deep muscle of the posterior compartment of the arm, extensor indicis which inserts on digit 2 (the index finger) to extend that digit

Describe the extensor pollicis longus and brevis.

A deep muscle of the posterior compartment of the arm, extensor pollicis longus and brevis which inserts on the distal and proximal phalanx of thumb, respectively. They extend the joints of the thumb. -only the longus can do the interohalangeal joint, brevis does the metacarpal phalangeal joint

Describe the supinator

A deep muscle of the posterior compartment of the arm, the Supinator muscles originates on the humerus and ulna and wraps around the lateral side of the elbow to insert on the radius. Its function is to supinate the forearm.

What are the 6 main features of synovial joints?

1.Articular cartilage-alows for frictionless movement of the joints 2.Synovial cavity 3.Synovial fluid 4.Joint capsule- it is made up of two layers: Fibrous layer- External Synovial membrane- Internal, makes synovial fluid 5.Reinforcing ligaments-help to maintain the integrity of the joint because as we gain motiltiy of a joint we lose stability of a joint 6.Nerves and blood vessels

What is the fovea capitis?

A depression in the ehad of the femur that cnatins the ligament of the head of the femur (aka ligamentm teres femoris) which attaches the head of the femur to the acetabular fossa

What are fatty pads?

A feature of synovial joints for cushioning between the fibrous layer and synovial mebrane or bone

What are tendon sheaths?

A feature of synovial joints, they are elongated bursa wraped completely around tendons subjected to friction

What is the perpendicular plate?

A feature of the ethmoid bone that forms the top half of the nasal septum

Describe the adductor group

A group of muscles in the medial thigh, this consists of the adductor longus, brevis, and magnus. These are fan-shaped muscles that run from pelvis to femur. THeir action is to provide adduction and medial rotation of the thigh. They are all innervated by the obturator nerve expect for a portion fo the adductor magnus which is innervated by the sciatic nerve They all originate from the pubic area and insert onto the linea aspera

Describe the sternohyoid muscle

A infrahyoid muscle, as its name states it originates on the sternum and inserts on the hyoid. Its contraction leads to depression of the hyoid after swallowing. It is innervated by the ansa cervicalis.

Why can running lead to pain along the entire posterior aspect of the leg?

A muscle engaged during running is the piriformis muscle. This muscle come sin contact with the sciatic nerve, so when it is iritated, it can compress the nerve

Describe the plantaris

A muscle in the SUPERFICIAL posterior compartment of the leg. It is a small muscle that originats from the femur and ends in a long tendon that attaches to the calcaneal tendon (its insertion). Its function is plantarflexion of the foot andflexion of the knee. It is innervated by the tibial nerve.

Describe the biceps femoris. Don't forget to mention origin, insertion, and innervation

A muscle in the posterior compartment of the thigh, it is the lateral most muscle in the compartment. Its action is to flex the knee and extend the hip. It is innervated by the sciatic nerve Its long head originates on the ischial tuberosity and its short head originates on its middle shaft. The long head inserts onto the head of the fibula and the short head insters onto the lateral condyle of the tibia (biceps means two headed).

Describe biceps brachii. Don't forget to mention origin, insertion, and innervation

A muscle of the anterior compartment of the arm, biceps brachii has two heads (origins) originating from the scapula and insert onto the radial tuberosity. Its long head tendon passes through the intertubercular sulcus. Its action is to flex and supinate the forearm. This muscle is innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve

Describe brachialis. Don't forget to mention origin, insertion, and innervation

A muscle of the anterior compartment of the arm, brachialis originates on the anterior humerus and inserts onto the ula. It only scrosses one joint, the elbow, so Its action is to flex the forearm. This muscle is innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve

Describe the coracobrachialis. Don't forget to mention origin, insertion, and innervation

A muscle of the anterior compartment of the arm, coracobrachialis originates on the coracoid process of the scapula and inserts onto the humerus. It only corssses the shoulder joint and thus can only act on the shoulder joint: its action is to flex the arm (shoulder). This muscle is innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve

Describe tibialis anterior

A muscle of the anterior compartment of the leg. It originates on the tibia and it inserts onto the medial foot. Its function is dorsiflexion and inverison of the foot. It is innervated by the deep fibular nerve (a branch of the common fibular nerve from the sciatic) *This is the muscle that causes shin splints

Describe the sternocleidomastoid and don't forget to mention origin and insertion

A muscle of the posterior neck, it has two heads. Its sternal head originates on the sternum and inserts onto the mastoid process . Is clavicular head originates on the medial 1/3 of the clavicle and inserts onto the mastoid process. There is a pair on each side of the neck. If you do unilateral contraction, you will get either lateral flexion to the same side or rotation to the opposite side. If you do bilateral contraction, you will get cervicle flexion ( pulling the chin down to the sternum) These muscles are innervated by cranial nerves

Describe the digastric muscle

A muscle of the suprahyoids, it has two bellies (hence digastric): an anterior belly and a posterior belly. The anterior belly originates on the inside of our mandible and inserts onto a tendinous pulley/ attachment on the hyoid bone. The posterior belly originates on the the mastoid process and inserts onto the hyoid bone. If the posterior belly is fixed contraction of this muscle will lower the mandible (important for chewing), if the anterior belly is fixed contraction of the muscle will raise the hyoid (important for swallowing) Both muscles are innervated by a cranial nerve

Describe the mylohyoid muscle.

A muscle of the suprahyoids, it makes up the entirety of the floor of the mouth. During swallowing it will help elevate the hyoid It is inenrvated by a cranial nerve

Describe the stylohyoid muscle

A muscle of the suprahyoids, it originates on the styloid process and inserts onto the hyloid bone. Thus it pulls the hyoid up during swallowing It is innervaed by a cranial nerve

What is the cribiform plate?

A place on the ethmoid bone that contains tiny holes called olfactory foramina--the nervlets of the olfactory nerve go through here to innervate the epithelium of the nasal cavity

Describe the temporal lobe

A region of the cerebral cortex responsible for hearing and language.

Describe synovial joints

A structure in which the bones are not actually connected by any material but instead the bones are separated by a fluid-filled joint cavity. All synovial joitns are diarthrotic (meaning they have a full range of motion) making these the most movable joints in the body. These make up all limb joints and most of the joints of the body

Describe the flexor carpi radialis. Don't forget to mention origin, insertion, and innervation

A superficial muscle of the anterior compartment, flexor carpi radialis which originates on the medial humerus and inserts onto the lateral metacarpals (the radial side) and thus flexes and abducts the wrist. It is innervated by the median nerve

Describe the flexor carpi ulanris. Don't forget to mention origin, insertion, and innervation

A superficial muscle of the anterior compartment, flexor carpi ulnaris which originates on the medial humerus and inserts onto the medial carpals (the unlar side) and flexes and adducts the wrist. It is innervated by the ulnar nerve

Describe the palmaris longus. Don't forget to mention origin, insertion, and innervation

A superficial muscle of the anterior compartment, palmaris longus which originates on the medial humerus and inserts onto the palmar aponeurosis of the hand and flexes the wrist --the palmar aponeurosis is a triangular deep fascia over the palm, extending to the digits. It is innervated by the median nerve *This muscle is absent in some people

Describe the pronator teres. Don't forget to mention origin, insertion, and innervation

A superficial muscle of the anterior compartment, pronator teres which originates on the humerus and inserts on the the radius. It only crosses the elbow joint and thus can only move the elbow joint: thus its movemnt is to pronate the forearmIt is innervated by the median nerve *this is the medial boundary of the cubital fossa

Describe aconeus. Don't forget to mention origin, insertion, and innervation

A superficial muscle of the posterior compartment of the forearm, aconeus is a small triangular muscle posterior to the elbow joint. It originates on the humerus and inserts onto the ulna, only crossing the elbow joint. It is an accessory extensor of the elbow

Describe brachioradialis. Don't forget to mention origin, insertion, and innervation

A superficial muscle of the posterior compartment of the forearm, brachioradialis oriinates on the humerus, crosses over the lateral elbow joint, and inserts on the radius (the muscle on the side of your forearm). It is an accessory flexor of the elbow *this is one of the boundaries of the cubital fossa

Describe extensor carpi ulnaris. Don't forget to mention origin, insertion, and innervation

A superficial muscle of the posterior compartment of the forearm, extersor carpi ulnaris runs from the lateral humerus to the medial metacarpals and is a wrist extensor and adductor.

Describe extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis

A superficial muscle of the posterior compartment of the forearm, extersor carpiradialis longus and brevis run from the lateral humerus to the lateral metacarpals and are extensors and abductors of the wrist. Note: the longus muscle is more lateral than the brevis

What is the diencephalon?

An area composed of the thalamus and hypothalamus. The thalamus is the relay centery for neuro communication and the hypothalamus has autonomic function.

Describe the sternothyroid

An infrahyoid muscle, as its name states it originates on the sternum and inserts onto the thyroid cartilage. When it contracts it draws the larynx downward for swallowing It is innervated by the ansa cervicalis

Describe the thyrohyoid muscle

An infrahyoid muscle, as its names states, it originates on the thyroid cartilage and inserts onto the hyoid. When it contracts, it depresses the hyoid but when the hyoid is fixed it raises the larynx . It is innervated by the ventral ramus of C1

Describe the flexor digitorum superficialis. Don't forget to mention origin, insertion, and innervation

An intermediate superficial muscle of the anterior compartment, it originates on the medial humerus and radius and inserts on the middle phalanges of digits 2-5 as a split. It flexes the digits at the metacarpal-phalangeal joint (MCP) and Proximal Interphalangeal Joint (PIP). It is innervated by the median nerve

Describe the frontal bone

Bone that forms the forehead: It contains a supraorbital notch (sometimes its a foramen) through which occular nerves travel and a zygotic process where the frontal bone articulates with the zygmatic bone

What are the palatine bones?

Bones that articulate with the maxilla to form the rest of the hard palate (the palatine process of the maxilla make up most of the palate). There are two.

Describe condylar joints

Deals with oval articular surfaces articulating against one another (a convex meets a concave). The joints allow for movement in the sagital planes as well as movement in the coronal planes (so flexion/extension and adduction/abduction). Examples: Metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints (where the fingers meet the hand), wrist joints

What are the three muscle types we can find in the gluteal region?

Extensors, abductors, and external rotators

What are the bones of the lower extrememity moving from superior to inferior? Give a brief description

Femur - the thigh bone, it articulates with the acetabulum of the hip proximally and the tibia AND patella distally. It s angled obliquely medially so that the knees are closer to the midline Tibia (larger leg bone closer to the midline) and Fibula (smaller leg bone farther from the midline --"f" is for fibula and farther) Patella (knee cap)- sesamoid bone (meaning its a bone embedded in a tendon-the patella sits in the tendon of the quadricep muscles) Bones of the foot *note: the fibula doesn't interact with the knee joint at all, it participates minimally with the ankle joint

condylar process

Forms the temporal mandibular joint

What nerves branch off of the cords of the brachial plexus?

From the lateral cord we get the lateral pectoral, the musculocutaneuos, and the median nerve (comes off of the anterior division so it will go to anterior compartments). From the posterior cord we get the thoracodorsal, superior and inferior subscapular, the axillary, and radial(comes off of the posterior division so it will go to posterior compartments). From the medial cord we get the median nerve, the medial pectoral nerve, the medial cutaneous nerves of the arm and forearm, and the ulnar nerve

What are the nerves of the lumbar plexus?

I Get Laid On Fridays Ilio-inguinal (L1), genitofemoral(L1-L2), lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh (L2-L3), Obturator nerve (L2-L4), Femoral nerve (L2-L4)

Describe the nasopharynx

It contains the opening of the pharynotympanic tube (leads to the middle ear). The pharynotympanic tube allows for equalizing of the pressure in the middle ear with that of the outside world (this is why you yawn or chew gum to pop your ears--this is a direct connection between the throat and ear. It also contains the pharyngeal tonsils

Describe fibularis tertius

It does dorsiflexion. It originates on the fibula. It is innervated by the deep fibular nerve (a branch of the common fibular nerve from the sciatic)

Describe the ethmoid bone

It forms part of the posterior portion of the nose, the orbit, and the floor of the cranium. It sits between the eyes. Its main features are: *the cribriform plate which contains tiny holes called olfactory foramina--the nervlets of the olfactory nerve go through here to innervate the epithelium of the nasal cavity *crista gali *the perpendicular plate which makes up the top half of the nasal septum *the superior nasal conchae *the middle nasal conchae *the ethmoid air cells/ sinuses

Describe the trapezius muscle.

It gets its name because two of it resembles a trapezoid. It is innervated by CN XI, the spinal accessory nerve. It originates along the spines of multible vertebbrae and the back of the head. It inserts unto the scapula crossing over the shoulder joint. Thus, its function is movement of the scapula via retraction, elevation and depression. In order to do this, it has multiple nerve fibers so that all the movements don't have to be carried out at once.

Describe the proximal femur

It has a rounded head that articulates with the acetabulum of the pelvic bone. This is done by a ball and socket hip joint that is supported by outer ligaments Note: The acetabulum contains a fibrocartilagenous band known as the acertabular labrum (prevents bone from from rubbing against bone) and is also supported inferiorly by the transverse acetabular ligament. The head of the femur also contains a depression known as the fovea capitis for the ligament of the head of the femur (aka ligamentum teres femoris) which attaches the head of the femur to the acetabular fossa *Other portions of the proximal femur include the neck, greater and lesser trochanter, and the linea aspera

Describe the adductor magnus

It has an anteriorand posterior part. Anteriorly, it originates on the ishial and pubic rami and functions to adduct, medially roate, and flex the thigh and it is innervated by the obturator nerve. Posteriorly, it originates from the the ischial tuberosity funstions to extend the thigh and it is innervated by the sciatic nerve. The adductor magnus inserts along the length of the femur

Describe the femoral triangle

It has three boundaries: the sartorius laterally, the adductor longus medially, and the inguinal ligament superiorly. It contains the femoral nerve and femoral sheath (which contains the femoral artery, vein, and lympahtics) -- Lateral - NAVeL - Medial {The nerve is outside the sheath} The femoral triangle is continous inferiorly with the adductor canal which allows the passage of the femral AV into the popliteal fossa

Describe the distal portion of the humerus

It has two condyles.: the capitulum (lateral) which articulates with the radius and the trochlea (medial and looks like a bowtie) which articulates with the ulna. It has epicondyles (lateral and medial {palpable}) and a coronoid fossa anteriorly and an olecranon fossa posteriorly.

Describe the hyoid

It is a U shaped bone that sits superior to the larynx. It is the only bone in the body that does not articulate with any other bones (thus it is highly moveable). It serves as an anchor for the muscles in the neck

Describe the location of the larynx

It is suspended from the hyoid bone above and continous with the trachea below.(it is connected by two ligaments: the thyrohyoid ligament which connects the hyoid bones to the thyroid cartilage and the cricothyroid ligament which connects the hyoid bone to the cricoid cartilage).

Describe the cubital fossa

It is a depression anterior to the elbow joint formed by the borders of the bracioradialis muscle, pronator teres muscle, and line that runs between the epicondyles of the humerus. It is covered by the bicipital aponeurosis. The median cubital vein travels over the aponeurosis and connects the cephalic and basilic veins. The cubital fossa contains the tendon of the biceps muscle (really large and thick), the median nerve (median to the tendon), and the brachial artery (medial to the tendon).

Describe the tibialis posterior

It is a muscle of the DEEP posterior compartment of the leg. It originates on the superior tibia and fibula and the interosseous membrane and it passes behind the medial malleolus and under the arch of the foot and inserts into the tarsals and metatarsals. It does inversion and plantarflexion. It is innervated by the tibial nerve.

Describe the gastrocnemius muscle

It is a muscle of the SUPERFICIAL posterior compartment of the leg. It has two heads which fotm the border of the popliteal fossa. It originates on the condyles of the femur and then it distally ends at the calcaneal tendon (achilles tendon) onto the calcaneus (heel) bone. It is the calf muscle. It is innervated by the tibial nerve. Its function is to help flex the knee and plantarflexion of the foot.

Describe the soleus

It is a muscle of the SUPERICIAL posterior compartment of the leg. It runs from the tibia and fibula into the calcaneal tendon (its insertion). It is innervated by the tibial nerve. Its function is plantarflexion of the foot.

Describe the pectineus muscle

It is a muscle of the medial compartment of the thigh. It is innervated by the femoral nerve. It originates from the pubis (ans superior ramus) and inserts on the lesser traochanter inferior to the linea aspera on the posterior aspect of the femur. The function of pectineus is to adduct, flex, and medially rotate the thigh.

Describe the gracilis muscle

It is a part of the medial compartment of the thigh. It is a thin muscle on the medial side of the thigh that runs from pelvis to tibia. Its action is adduction of the thigh It originates from the inferior ramus and body of the pubis and adjacent ischial ramus and inserts on the medial surface of the tibia just inferior to its medial condyle. Its function is to adduct the thigh and flex and medially rotate the leg. It is innervated by the obturator nerve

What kind of special bone is pisiform? Where is it located?

It is a sesamoid bone located in the tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris

Describe the thyroidgland

It is a single butterfly shaped gland. It does NOT sit on the thyroid cartilage. It sits deep to the sternohyoid, sternothyroid, and omohyoid, on the trachea itself just BELOW the thyroid cartilage. It is made up of 2 lobes of glandular tissue conected by an isthmus

Describe palmaris brevis

It is a small quadrangular muscle over the hypothenar eminence. It improves grip and helps to cup the hand. It inserts unto the palmar aponeurosis. It is innervated by the ulnar nerve

Describe the ankle joint

It is a synovial joint involving talus with the tibia and fibula. It allows for hinge-motion (dorsiflexion and plantarflexion). This joint is supported by ligaments

Describe the adductor pollicis

It is a triangluar muscle that attaches to the proximal phalanx of the thumb. It orginates in tthe middle of the hand and inserts onto the thumb. It adducts the thumb. It is innervated by the ulnar nerve

Describe the popliteus

It is a triangular muscle of the DEEP posterior compartment of the leg located near the knee. It originates on the lateral condyle of the femur and lateral meniscus of the knee and inserts onto the proximal tibia. It stabilizes the knee and unlocks the knee (by rotating the femur medially). It is innervated by the tibial nerve

Describe the deltoid muscle

It is a triangular muscle that originates from the scapula and clavicle and inserts onto the humerus a the deltoid tuberosity. Its action is to do arm abduction (beyond supraspinatus action). It is innervated by the axillary nerve.

Describe the sartorius muscle

It is an "S" shaped muscles running obliquely downaward from the ASIS to the medial side of the tibia. Its action is flexion of the knee and hip, external rotation, and abduction. It is the "Is there gum on my shoe?" muscle This muscle is innervated by the femoral nerve

Why is the knee joint called a modified hinge joint?

It is called a modified hinge joint because while its main actions are flexion and extension, locking the knee can cause SLIGHT rotation

Describe the brainstem

It is composed of the midbran, pons, and medulla oblongota

Describe venous drainage of the thyroid

It is drained by the superior,middle, and inferior thyroid veins (THERE IS NOT A MIDDLE THYROID ARTERY).

Describe the carpal tunnel

It is formed by the arch of the carpal bones and the overlaying flexor retinaculum. It contains the tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus, the tendons of the flexor digitorum superfacialis, and the tendon of the flexor pollicis longus as well as the median nerve.--9 tendons and one nerve

Describe the shoulder

It is made up of three separate joints: Sternoclavicular- between the clavicle and manubrium, it is the only attachment between the UE and the axial skeleton Acromioclavicular- between the acromion of the scapula and the clavicle Glenohumeral- a ball-and-socket jont between the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity. The glenoid cavity is lined by cartilaginous glenoid labrum which helps align the socket. The joint is supported by ligaments, rotator cuff muscles, and bursae (both continuous and separated from the joint capsule)

Describe teh cricle of willis

It supplies blood to the brain. It recieves major contributions from the internal carotid and vertebral arteries

Describe the axilla

It is the armpit. It is an imprtant area that passes structures from the neck to the upper extremity (it's like a gateway): -the subclavian artery to the axillary artery -the subclavian vein to the axillary vein -the brachial plexus -the lymphatics and lymph nodes -the axillary tail of the breat -The upper portions of some arm muscles such as the biceps and coracobrachialis

Describe the occipital bone

It is the bone that protrudes at the base of the skull. It contains the foramen magnum which serves as the demarcation for where the brain stem exits the skull and becomes the spinal cord. And occipital condyles which articulate with the atlas (C1) to allow for the sliding motion of the occipital bones against the atlas --this allows us to nod our head yes

Describe the radius

It is the lateral forearm bone, on the thumb side. It has a portion called the head which articulates with the capitulum of the humerus, a radial tuberosity (attachment point of the biceps), and a styloid process. The radius can freely rotate along the capitulum (pivot joint) to allow for forearm pronation and supination. In the pronated position the ulna and radius are crossed. The radius and ulna are attached to each other at the distal and proximal ends. Fibrous sheet of interosseous membrane runs between them

Describe the ulna

It is the medial forearm bone, on the pinky side. It has a trochlear notch (articulates with the trochlea of the humerus to form a hinge joint), an olecranon process which fits into the olecranon fossa of the humerus, a coronoid process which fits into the cornoid fossa of the humerus (will stop overflexing of the elbow), and a styloid process The radius and ulna are attached to each other at the distal and proximal ends. Fibrous sheet of interosseous membrane runs between them

Brachioradialis sits on the side of the arm between the posterior compartment and anterior compartment. It has been decided that it is a muscle of the posterior compartment. Why is this weird but acceptable?

It is weird because all of the muscles of the posterior compartment are extensors and brachioradialis is an accessory flexor, it is acceptable because all muscles of the posterior compartment are innervated by the radial nerve and that is what brachioradialis is innervated by

Describe the buccinator

It keeps the cheek taut and prevents biting of the cheek while eating. It also depresses the distended cheeks

What is the trendenlenburg sign?

It occurs in people with weak or paralyzed gluteal abductors (gluteus minimus and gluteus medius). When the patient stands on one leg, the pelvis severly drops on the lifted leg's side. Patient with a positive sign have an abnormal gait/ On the single leg phase of walking, weakened abductor muscles allow the pelvis to tilt; the patient compensates by tilting the trunk to the opposite side of the tolt to maintain level of the trunk during gait. Positive signs are seen in patients with superior gluteal nerve damage

Describe the posterior compartment of the arm

It only contains one muscle. The triceps brachii. The triceps brachii has 3 heads originating from the scapula and the posterior shaft of the humerus and inserting onto the olecranon process of the ulna. Its action is extension of the forearm (elbow). It is innervated by the radial nerve.

Describe the geniotfemoral nerve

It originates from L1-L2 . It doesn't do any motor in the lower limb becuase the genito branch inervates the cremaster muscle. The femoral branch however does do sensory for the skin on the anterior central thigh and the genito branch innervates the skin on the anterior peritoneum

Describe the femoral nerve

It originates from L2-L4. It supplies motor innervation to the muscles in the anterior compatment of the thigh and its branches supply the iliacus and pectineus. It also does sensory for the skin over the anterior thigh, anteromedial knee, medial leg, and mefial foot

Describe the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh

It originates from S1-S3. It passes through the greater sciatic foramen below the piriformis and medial to the sciatic nerve. It does not do motor however it does supply sensory to the gluteal fold, the skin over the upper medial aspect of the posterior thigh and the adjacent perineum.

Describe the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh and draw the memory plan

It originates from S1-S3. It passes through the greater sciatic foramen below the piriformis and medial to the sciatic nerve. It does not do motor however it does supply sensory to the skin over the upper medial aspect of the thigh and the adjacent perineum as well as the posterior thigh and the upper posterior leg}Innervates skin over gluteal fold, posterior thigh and parts of perineum

Describe the nerve to quadratus femoris

It originates from segements L4-S1. It passes through the greater sciatic foramen below the piriformis and deep to the sciatic. It supplies motor innervation to the quadratus femoris and the inferior gemellus. It does not do sensory

Describe the obturator nerve

It originates from segments L2-L4. It has motor innervation for the muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh (except the pectineus and part of the adductor magnus) and the obturator externus. It also does sensory for the skin over the upper medial thigh

Describe the superior gluteal nerve

It originates from segments L4-S1. It passes through the greater sciatic foramen ABOVE the piriformis and then travels between the gluteus medium and gluteus minimus. It supplies motor to the gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and tensor fascia lata. It does not do sensory

Describe the superior gluteal nerve and draw the memory chart

It originates from segments L4-S1. It passes through the greater sciatic foramen ABOVE the piriformis and then travels between the gluteus medium and gluteus minimus. It supplies motor to the gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and tensor fascia lata. It does not do sensory

Describe the nerve to the quadratus femoris

It originates from segments L4-S1. It passes through the greater sciatic foramen below the piriformis and deep to the sciatic. It supplies motor innervation to the quadratus femoris and the inferior gemellus. It does not do sensory

Describe the nerve to the obturator internus

It originates from segments L5-S2. It passes through the greater sciatic foramen below the piriformis between the post cutaneous nerve and the pudendal nerve. It supplies motor to the obturator internus and superior gemellus. It does not do sensory

Describe the nerve to the obturator internus and draw the memory chart

It originates from segments L5-S2. It passes through the greater sciatic foramen below the piriformis between the post cutaneous nerve and the pudendal nerve. It supplies motor to the obturator internus and superior gemellus. It does not do sensory

Describe the inferior gluteal nerve

It originates from segments L5-S2.It passes through the sciatic foramen below the piriformis. It supplies motor innervation to the gluteus maximus. It does not do sensory

Describe the inferior gluteal nerve and draw the memory chart

It originates from segments L5-S2.It passes through the sciatic foramen below the piriformis. It supplies motor innervation to the gluteus maximus. It does not do sensory

Describe the perforating cutaneous nerve

It originates from segments S2-S3. It exits the pelvic cavity by piercing the sacrotuberous ligament. It does not do motor but it supplies the skin over the medial gluteal fold/ medial gluteus maximus

Describe the perforating cutaneous nerve and draw the memory plan

It originates from segments S2-S3. It exits the pelvic cavity by piercing the sacrotuberous ligament. It does not do motor but it supplies the skin over the medial gluteal fold/ medial gluteus maximus

Describe the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh

It originates from spinal segments L2-L3. It does not do motor however it does supply sensory innervation to the parietal peritoenum in the iliac fossa and the skin over the anterolateral thigh

Describe the inferior gluteal artery

It originates from the anterior trunk of the internal iliac artery and exits the greater sciatic foramen below the piriformis with the inferior gluteal nerve. It supplies surrounding muscles and descends into the posterior thigh where it anastomoses with branches of the femoral artery

Describe the obturator internus

It originates from the anterolateral wall of the true pelves and the obturator membrane and inserts onto the posterior greater trochanter. It is innervated by the nerve to the obturator internus. Its function is to laterally rotate the extended hip and abduct the flexed femur

Describe the quadratus femoris

It originates from the lateral aspect of the ischium anterior to the ischial tuberosity and inserts on the quadrate tubercle on the intertrochanteric crest. It is innervated by the nerve to the quadratus femoris. Its job is to laterally rotate the femur.

Describe the gluteus medius

It originates from the posterior ilium between the anterior and inferior gluteal lines and inserts onto the anterior part of the greater trochanter of the femur. It is innervated by the superior gluteal nerve. Its function is to abduct the femur as well as stabilize the pelvis during single leg stance.

Describe the gluteus minimus

It originates from the posterior ilium between the anterior and posterior gluteal lines and inserts onto the anterior part of the greater trochanter of the femur. It is innervated by the superior gluteal nerve. Its function is to abduct the femur and stabilize the pelvis during single leg stance

Describe the superior gluteal artery

It originates from the posterior trunk of the internal iliac artery and exits the greater sciatic foramen above the piriformis with the superior gluteal nerve. It then divides in the gluteal region to form two more branches: }Superficial branch- passes b/w gluteus maximus and medius }Deep branch- passes between gluteus medius and minimus

Describe the piriformis muscle

It originates on the anterior surface of the sacrum and inserts onto the posterior greater trochanter of the femur. It is innervated by branches S1-S2. Its job is to laterally rotate the extended hip and abduct the flexed femur.

Describe the superior gemellus

It originates on the external surface of the ischial spine and inserts on the superior surface of the obturator internus tendon and the posterior greater trochanter of the femur. It is innervated by the nerve to the obturator internus. Its job is to laterally rotate the extended hip and abduct the flexed femur

Describe the gluteus maximus

It originates on the fascia covering the gluteus medius, posterior ilium, fascia of erector spinae, dorsal surface of sacrum, coccyx, and sacrotuberous ligament. It inserts onto the posterior iliotibila tract (IT band) and gluteal tuberosity. It is innervated by the inferior gluteal nerve. Its function is to carry out extension, lateral rotation, and abduction of the hip.

Describe the levator scapulae

It originates on the transverse provess of the cervical vertebrae and inserts on the top of the scapula. Tus its role is to elevate the scapula. It is innervated by the dorsal scapular nerve.

Describe the inferior gemellus

It originates on the upper aspect of the ischial tuberosity and inserts onto the inferior surface of the obturator internus tendon and the posterior greater trochanter. It is innervated by the nerve to the quadratus femoris. Its job is to laterally rotate the extended hip and abduct the flexed femur

Describe the pudendal nerve

It passes through the greater sciatic foramen below piriformis and medial to the sciatic nerve. It provides somatic innervtion of the perineum. IT DOES NOT PROVIDE ANY GLUTEAL INNERVATION OR THE LEG OR THIGH

Describe blood suppy to the thyroid

It receives blood from the superior thyroid artery from the external carotid artery and from the inferior thyroid artery from the thyrocervical trunk.

Describe the cervical plexus

It runs from C1-C4 (with some contribution from C5). It has 4 cutaneous structures that innervate the skin on the side of the neck, top of the shoulder, lower part of the face, and the skull behind the ear. Those are: -the lesser occipital nerve -the great auricular nerve -the transverse cervical nerve -the supraclavicular nerve Let's Get To Swallowing From this plexus comes the ansa cervicalis which is a loopy structure made from C1-C3 with some contribution from C4. It innervates the infrahyoids. It has a superior and inferior root. This plexus also gives rise to the phrenic nerve (C3,C4,C5)whih innervates the diaprhagm.

Describe the ilio-inguinal nerve

It starts at L1. It doesn't do any motor in the lower limb because it innervates muscles of the abdominal wall. It however does do sensory for the skin over the anteromedial thigh and adjacent perineum

Describe the innervation of the thigh and leg muscles

It's carried out by three nerves: the femoral, obturator, and sciatic The femoral and obturator nerves come from the lumbar plexus and innervate muscles in the thigh only. The femoral nerve goes throgh the femoral triangle and does the anterior thigh while the obturator nerve goes through the obturator foramen and does the medial thigh. The sciatic nerve comes from the lumbosacral plexus and innervates muscles in the posterior thigh and theentireto of the leg and the foot. It travels through the gluteal region in the inferior medial area into the posterior thigh. It divides into the tibial nerve and common fibular nerve. The tibial nerve innervates the posterior leg compartment and foot. The common fibular nerve gives off a superficial and a deep branch and innervates the anterior (deep) and lateral (superficiaL) compartments of the leg and foot.

Describe the popliteal fossa

Its a diamond on the back of the knee. It has three boundaries: the semitendinosus/semimembranosus medially, the biceps femoris laterally, and the two heads of gastrocnemius and plantaris, inferiorly. Its contents are the popliteal artery and vein (which are a continuation of the femoral vessels in the thigh) and the tibial and common fibular nerves (which are branches of the sciatic nerve) Mnemonic:Serve And Volley Next Ball S: semimembranosus and semitendinosus (medial border) A: artery (popliteal artery) V: vein (popliteal vein) N: nerve (tibial nerve) B: biceps femoris (lateral border) *Also the two heads of the gastrocnemius and plantaris

Describe the anatomical snuffbox

Its boundaries are the extensor pollicis longus and brevis tendons--comes from the gap betweem the two muscles. The scaphoid amd trapezium bones form the anatomical snuffbox floor. What's important about this landmark is that it contains the radial artery which crosses the area.

Describe the semitendinosus. Don't forget to mention origin, insertion, and innervation

Located in the posterior compartment of the thigh, it is positioned on top (posterior) of the semimembranosus. Its action is to flex the knee, extend the hip from an extended position, and rotate the leg in a flexed knee position. It is innervated by the sciatic nerve *The "t' in "top" is for Tendionsus It originates on the ischial tuberosity and inserts onto the medial aspect of the upper tibial shaft.

Describe the fibularis longus and brevis

Muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg, they do eversion of the ankle and plantarflexion. They originate from the fibula. The fibularis brevis will insert on the lateral foot while the fibularis longus will hook across the foot to insert onto the medial underside of our foot. They are innervated by the superficial fibular nerve ( a branch of the common fibular nerve from the sciatic nerve)

Describe the scalenes and don't forget to mention origin and insertion

Muscles of the posterior neck. There are three scalenese: anterior, middlem and posterior (AMP) They originate on the transverse processes of cervical vertebrae and insert onto the first two ribs. They exist on both sides of the neck. If you contract them bilaterally, you get felxion of the neck which raises the first two ribs (this is important for forced inspiration: posterior scalen raises rib 1 and the others raise rib2 ). If you contract them unilaterally, you get lateral flexion of the neck These muscles are innervatedby the central rami of the cranial nerve. Note: these muscles serve as important landmarks, between the anterior and middle scalenes you find the brachial plexus and sublcavian artery; anterior to the anterior scalene you find the subclavian vein and phrenic nerve

What are the suprahyoid muscles?

My Grandma Said Don't Mylohyoid Geniohyoid Stylohyoid Digastric

What are the muscles of the anterior neck?

My Grandma Said Don't T.O.S.S Mylohyoid Geniohyoid Stylohyoid Digastric Thyrohyoid Omohyoid Sternohyoid Sternothyroid

Does the radial nerve innervate any muscles in the hand?

NO! It only does cutaneous innervation of the hand

menisci

Pads of cartilage that lie between the articular surfaces of the bones

Describe the blood supply to the hand

Radial and ulnar arteries enter the hand and form two interconnected arterial arches: The Superficial and deep palmar arch. The digits receive blood from the branches of the arch: frist branching into common digital arteries and then into proper digital arteries *The hand is drained by superficial and deep veins

Describe the splitting of the brachial plexus

Roots: C5-T1 Trunks: There's a superior, middle, and iferior. They pass from neck to axilla. Divisions: There are anterior and posterior. The posterior division and cord generally supply the posterior compartments. The anterior division, and thus the medial and lateral cords, are associated with anterior compartments. Cords: There are the lateral, posterior, and medial Note: most major nerves of the UE branch off of the cords

What vertebrae does the sacral plexus span?

S1-S4

What are the nerves of the sacral plexus? Draw the pattern for remembering innervation

SIPPS Superior gluteal nerve, inferior gluteal nerve, posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh, pudendal nerve, sciatic nerve Remember that the nerve to quadratus femoris and the inferior gemellus nerve is also included with the superior gluteal nerve and the nerve to the obturator internus and the superior gemullus nerve is included with the inferior gluteal nerve

Describe the rotator cuff muscles

SITS The supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis muscles make up the rotator cuff group (their job is rotating the arm). Their job is to also stabilize the shoulder joint thus injuries of the muscles lead to the shoulder joint being unstable and the head of the humerus can pop out of its socket. Supraspinatus does the initiation of arm abduction and is innervated by the suprascapular nerve. Infraspinatus does lateral rotation of the arm and is innervated by the suprascapular nerve. Teres minor also does lateral rotation of the arm but is innervated by the axillary nerve. Lastly, the subcapularis does medial rotation of the arm and is innervated by the subscapular nerves (upper and lower).

Describe extensor digitorum and digiti minimi

Superficial muscles of the posterior compartment of the forearm, extensor digitorum and digiti minimi run from the lateral humerus to the distal interphalangela joints of phalanges of digits 2-5 and 5, respectively. These are extensors of digits 2-5 and 5, respectively. *5 is written twice because the extensor digit minimi only innervates digit 5 (the pinky)

What muscles that originate in the abdominal cavity aid in the flexion of the hip?

THe psoas major and the iliacus muscles. The psoas major and iliacus muscles from the posterior abdominal wall attach to the lesser trochanter of the femur to flex the hip joint --they actually do the majority of our hip flexion

Why does our nose run when we cry?

Tears flow across the eye into the lacrimal duct, which drains into the nasal cavity. *this is also why our eyes get watery with allergies

Describe the extensor hallucis and digitorum longus

Tendos of the anterior compartment of the leg, they extend to the phalanges. They originate along the tibula and the fibula and they insert onto the toes (Hallus to the big toe and Digitorum to the digits). They do dorsiflexion at the ankle and extension of the toes. They are innervated by the deep fibular nerve (a branch of the common fibular nerve from the sciatic)

What are the infrahyoid muscles?

The "strap" muscles-these guys depress the hyoid T.O.S.S Thyrohyoid Omohyoid Sternohyoid Sternothyroid

Describe the acetabulum

The acetabulum contains a fibrocartilagenous band known as the acertabular labrum and is also supported inferiorly by the transverse acetabular ligament. *The acetabular labrum is shaped like a "C" and the transverse acetabular ligament connects both ends

Describe the anterior compartment of the leg muscles

The anterior compartment does dorsiflexion, inversion of the foot, and extension of the toes. It consists of the tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, and fibularis tertius. They are all innervated by the common fibular nerve (the DEEP fibular branch). Tom-Harry-Dick,-Turtle

Describe the anterior compartment of the thigh muscles

The anterior compartment functions to extend the knee and flex the hip. It consists of the sartorius muscle and the quads (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, castus intermedius, and vastus medialis). They are all innervated by the femoral nerve.

Describe the anterior compartment of the arm

The anterior compartment of the arm contains three muscles: coracobrachialis, brachialis, and the biceps brachi Coracobrachialis originates on the coracoid process of the scapula and inserts onto the humerus. Its action is to flex the arm (shoulder) Brachialis originates on the anterior humerus and inserts onto the ula. Its action is to flex the forearm (elbow) Biceps brachii has two heads (origins) originating from the scapula and insert onto the radial tuberosity. Its long head tendon passes through the intertubercular sulcus. Its action is to flex and supinate the forearm. All of these muscles are innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve.

Describe the brachial plexus

The brachial plexus is a complex collection of nerves from the spinal cord traveling through the neck and axilla to innervate muscles and skin in the upper extremity and anything that moves the upper limb except for the trapezius muscle (it's innervated by the spinal accessory nerve). It is formed from the anterior (ventral) rami of C5-T1 spinal segments. The brachial plexus is divided into (proximal to distal): -roots -trunks -divisions -cords -branches Run To Drink Cold Beer

Describe the occipital lobe

The butt of the brain: in charge of the visual crtex

What are the zygomatic bones?

The cheek bones (prominence). They have a temporal process where they articulate with the temporal bones and a frontal process where they articulate with the frontal bone.

What forms the anterior wall of the axilla?

The clavipectoral fascia (made from subclavius and pectoralis minor) and the pectoralis major

Describe the elbow joint

The common synovial cavity enclose 3 joints of the elbow: 1. Trochlear notch of ulna and trochlea of humerus 2. Head of radius and capitulum of humerus 3. Head of radius and radial notch of the ulna The proximal radio-ulnar joint allows for supination/pronation-- they are pivot joints. The other joints allow for flexion/extensnion--they are hign joints. Ligaments support the elbow joint, including the anular ligament that wraps around the radial head

What does venous drainage of the entire oral cavity?

The deep and dorsal linguinal veins (they drain into the internal jugular vein)

Describe venous drainage of the deep structures of the lower extremity

The deep structures of the thigh and leg are drained by veins following the named artery into the femoral vein into the external iliac vein into the common iliac into the IVC.

Describe drainage of blood from the arm (the veins and what they do)

The deep veins are the ones who are named after arteris of the arm and that follow said arteries. THe superficial veins of the arm don't follow any arteries. The axillary vein accompanies the axillary artery and becomes the subclavein vein after passing rib 1. Small brachial veins accompany the brachial artery, but superficial structures are drained by the cephalic (lateral) and basilic (medial) veins (these are superficial veins) The cephalic vein drains the posterior lateral side of the UE and passes in the deltopectoral groove, between the deltoid and pectoralis major muscle, before it enters the axillary vein. The basilic vein will also pierce the fossa to drain into the axillary vein.

Describe the distal femur

The distal femur has medial and lateral condyles that allow for articulation with the tibia, medial and lateral epicondyles for attachment of ligaments and muscles. It also has a patellar surface anteriorly for articulation with the patella-the patella is a small sesamoid bone that sits in the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle and articulates with the femur. Between the medial and lateral condyle slies the intercondylar fossa (posteriorly). This is a deep groove that allows a passageway for nerves and blood vessels to travel while being protected by bone

Describe the muscle compartments of the elbow

The elbow is split into two compartments: anterior and posterior. The anterior compartment of the forearm contains muscles that flex the wrist and the fingers and causes pronation The posterior compartment of the forearm contains muscles that extend the wrist and fingers and causes supination

What muscles allow you to portrude, retract, depress, and elevate your tongue?

The extrinsic muscles (they attach to structures outside of the tongue). These are the "glossus" muscles (glossus means tongue)

Describe the lymphatic drainage of the eye region

The eye region drains into the pre-auricular and parotid nodes

Describe the humerus

The first bone of the arm, it's poximal part has a head that attaches to the glenoid cavity of the scapula. --forms the glenohumeral joint Its greater tubercle and lesser tubercle create an intertubercular groove through which the biceps tendon travels. It has an anatomical neck (the part closest to the head) and a surgical neck (it is the much thinner part of the bone --more clinically important because it'll be more likely to snap than the anatomical neck). It has a deltoid tuberosity to which the deltoid muscle attaches.

What forms the floor of the scapula

The floor of the scapula is a doem of skin and fascia. Lateral to the floor the axilla is continous with the anterior compartment of the arm --note, we know we've left the axilla region once we've passed the teres major (there's no physical boundary so this is just an anatomical landmark)

Describe the foot

The foot has many intrinsic muscles that are responsible for fine motor movement of the toes. Also, many important structures enter the plantar surface of the foot through the tarsal tunnel on the posterior medial side of the foot covered by the flexor retinaculum (connective tissue). These structures are Tom, Dick, And Very Nervous Harry (tibialis posterior, digitorum longus, posterior tibial artery, posterial tibial vein, tibial nerve, hallucis longus) from medial to lateral. It is innervated by the tibial and common fibular nerves

Describe the frontal lobe

The front of the brain: associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving

Which superficial gluteal muscles have the same origin, insertion, innervation, and action?

The gluteus minimus and the gluteus medius

Describe the muscle compartments of the hand

The hand is separated into two compartments: extrinsic and intrinsic The extrinsic muscles do not originate in the hand while the intrinsic muscles do

Describe the naming of the muscles of the anterior neck

The hyoid bone serves as their landmark. They are named based on their position relative to the hyoid bone: Suprahyoid: muscles above the hyoid Infrahyoid: muscles below the hyoid

Describe the innervation of the hyoid muscles

The infrahyoid muscles are innervated by the cervical plexus

What are the muscles of the scapula?

The infraspinatus (below the scapular spine) and the supraspinatus (above the scapular spine). The supraspinatus does initiation of arm abduction and the infraspinatus does arm lateral rotation. They are innervated by the suprascapular nerve (runs in the suprascapular foramen which is formed by the suprascupular notch and suprascapular ligament) The teres major and minor (the minor is superior to the major). The minor teres muscle acts to provide lateral rotation of the arm and the teres major functions the same as the latissimus dorsi (medial rotaion, extension, and adduction). The teres minor is innervated by the axillary nerve and the major teres muscles is innervated by the lower subscapular nerve. The subscapularis which sits in the subscapular fossa on the anterior side of the scapula. It does medial rotation of the arm and is innervated by the subscapualr nerves.

Describe the infraspinatus and the supraspinatus

The infraspinatus (below the scapular spine) and the supraspinatus (above the scapular spine). The suprinatus and infrapinatus orginates on the scapular spine--supraspinatus above and infraspinatus below. The supraspinatus inserts on the head of the humerus. The infraspinatus inserts onto the back of the humerus. The supraspinatus does initiation of arm abduction (the deltoid will take over) and the infraspinatus does arm lateral rotation. They are innervated by the suprascapular nerve (runs in the suprascapular foramen)

Describe the venous structures of the neck

The internal jugular vein drains MOST deep structures in the head, it is medial to and larger than the external jugular. The external jugular vein (most lateral) and the anterior jugular vein drain the superficial head and neck. All three of these drain into the subclavian vein which will lead into the brachiocephalic vein

What muscles allow you to control the shape of your tounge?

The intrinsic mucles (wtihin the tongue) longitudinal, transverse, and vertical *fine tuned muscles*

Describe the knee joint

The knee joint is composed of an articulation between the femur and tibia and an articulation between the femur and patella (done by a modified hinge joint {called a modified hinge joint because while its main actions are flexion and extension, locking the knee can cause SLIGHT rotation). Inside the knee, are the medial and lateral menisci which are made from C-shaed fibrocartilage. They cushion the kknee and are situated between the condyles of the femur and tibia. The patella is attached to the quadriceps femoris tendon superiorly (making it a sesamoid bone) and the patellar ligament inferiorly

Describe the venous drainage of the larynx

The larynx is drained by the superior laryngeal vein which drains into the internal jugular vein and the inferior laryngeal vein which drains into the left brachiocephalic vein.

Describe the blood supply of the larynx

The larynx receives blood from the superior laryngeal artery from the external carotid and the inferior laryngeal artery from the subclavian.

What is the difference between the larynx and the pharynx?

The larynx runs from the brack of the throat down to the trachea and is a cartilaginous structure through which air flows. The pharynx runs from the back of the throat down the esophagus. It as a muscular structure important for swallowing.

Describe the zygomaticus major

The laughing or smiling muscle. It draws the angle of the mouth backward (laterally) and upward. It originates on the zygomatic bone and inserts onto the fibers of the mouth

What supplies blood to the entire oral cavity?

The lingual artery from the external carotid

What are the 4 major branches of the external carotid artery

The lingual artery which supplies the tongue, tonsils, and the floor of the mouth The facial artery which supplies the face The maxillary artery which supplies the nasal cavity, roof of the oral cavity, upper teeth, sinuses, oropharynx and floor of the orbit The superficial temporal artery which supplies the skin around the temporal bone The superior thyroid artery which supplies the thyroid gland.

Describe the medial compartment of the thigh muscles

The medial compartment functions to adduct and flex the thigh and carry out medial rotation. It consists of the gracilis, pectineus, and the adductor group (the adductor longus, brevis, and magnus). They are all innervated by the obturator nerve except for the pectineus (which is innervated by the femoral nerve) and part of the adductor magnus (which is innervated by the sciatic nerve). Note: G.P. ADDs a Bloody Lot of Margarine Gracilis Pectineus ADDUCTORS - Brevis, Longus, Magnus

Describe parietal lobe

The middle of the brain: receives sensory input for touch and proprioception

Describe the lymphatic drainage of the occipital region

The occipital region drains into the occipital nodes which drain into the deep cervical nodes

What forms most of the hard palate?

The palatine process of the maxilla bone. The palatine bones form the rest

Describe the platysmsa and don't forget to mention origin and insertion

The platysma originates along along the clavicle and inserts along the ridge of the mandible . It is a thin sheet of muscle that hangs over the neck like an apron. Its job is to tense the neck, cause a little depression of the mandible, and tense frowning. This muscle is innervated by a cranial nerve

Describe the posterior compartment of the thigh muscles

The posterior compartment functions to flex the knee and extend the hip. It consists of the hamstrings (the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus). They are all innervated by the sciatic nerve.

Describe the small cartilages of the larynx

The small, paired cartilages of the larynx are arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform. They are also associated with teeny tiny muscles. The cartilage and muscles work together for control of the vocal crods. The stretching of the tiny muscles as men hit proberty is why their voice cracks

Describe the axillary artery

The subclavian artery passes under the clavical and lateral to rib 1 and becomes the axillary artey. It is then divided into 3 parts by the pectoralis minor: •1st part: proximal to pectoralis minor, it has one branch- superior thoracic •2nd part: posterior to pectoralis minor, it has two branches - the thoraco-acromial and the lateral thoracic •3rd part: distal to pectoaralis minor, it has 3 branches-- the Subscapular, Anteriorcircumflex humeral, and posterior circumflex humeral (the circumflex arteries go around the surgical neck of the humerus) When the axillary artery passes the teres major it will become the brachial artery and continue down into the arm.

Describe the subscapularis

The subscapularis sits in the subscapular fossa on the anterior side of the scapula (its origin). It inserts onto the front of the humerus. It does medial rotation of the arm and is innervated by the subscapualr nerves.

What are the muscles of mastication?

The temporalis muscle and the masseter. The temporalis muscle originates on the temporal foss and coronid process of the mandible. It raises the mandible for chewing and retraction of the jaw. The masseter muscle originates on the ramus/angle of the mandible and inserts on the zygomatic arch. It raises the jaw for chewing and allows protraction of the jaw.

Describe lymphatic drainage from the thyroid

The thyroid gland is drained by petracheal nodes and deep cervical nodes

Descrbe the tibia and fibula

The tibia has medial and lateral condyle along with the femur (since these two will articulate-the fibula DOES NOT participate). The tibia does not interact with the knee joint at all,but it does interact minimally with the ankle joint. The tibia also has a structure called the medial malleolus, the medial bump on the ankle. The fibula has a structure called the lateral malleolus, the lateral bump on the ankle. *Note: the medial malleolus is a little higher up/proximal than the lateral. The tibia and fibula are conencted by the interosseous membrne which forms a fibrous joint that also separates the muscle compartments into the anterior and posterior compartments of the leg and allows the passage of blood vessels and nerves.

The only muscle that moves the upper extremity and does not get innervation from the brachial plexus

The trapezius muscle

What is the maxilla?

The upper jaw bone. It begins as 2 bones that fuse. It has a zygomatic process where it articulates with the zygomatic bone, and infraorbital foramen, and a palatine process which forms the most of the hard palate.

What nerve innervates the larnyx?

The vagus nerve (cranial nerve) Remember: "the vagrant sings"

Describe the wrist joint

The wrist joint comes from an articulation between the radius and ulna (with articular disc) with the scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum of the carpals

What is the purpose of the superior and middle nasal conchae?

Their purpose is to create more surface area to allow more mucosa. This enhances our ability to clean, warm, and humidify the air that we breathe

Describe the compartments of the leg muscles

There are three. The anterior, lateral, and posterior. The anterior compartment does dorsiflexion, inversion of the foot, and extension of the toes. It consists of the tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, and fibularis tertius. They are all innervated by the common fibular nerve (the DEEP fibular branch). The lateral compartment does eversion of the foot. It consists of the fibularis longus and fibularis brevis. They are all innervated by the common fibular nerve (the SUPERFICIAL branch). The posterior compartment functions to 1. do plantarflexion and 2. invert the foot and flex the toes. The msucles involved in plantarflexion are the superificial muscles of the posterior compartment (gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris). The muscle sinvolved in inersion of the foot and flexion of the toes are the deep muscles of the posterior compartment (popliteus, flexur hallucis longus, flexor figitorum longus, and tibialis posterior. They are all innervated by the tibial nerve.

Decribe the compartments of the thigh muscles

There are three. The anterior, medial, and posterior. The anterior compartment functions to extend the knee and flex the hip. It consists of the sartorius muscle and the quads (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, castus intermedius, and vastus medialis). They are all innervated by the femoral nerve. The medial compartment functions to adduct and flex the thigh and carry out medial rotation. It consists of the gracilis, pectineus, and the adductor group (the adductor longus, brevis, and magnus). They are all innervated by the obturator nerve except for the pectineus (which is innervated by the femoral nerve) and part of the adductor magnus (which is innervated by the sciatic nerve). The posterior compartment functions to flex the knee and extend the hip. It consists of the hamstrings (the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus). They are innervated by the sciatic nerve.

Describe the hand joints

There are: -carpal joints -carpometacarpal joints --note that the saddle joint between he first metacarpal and the trapezium allows for special movement of the thumb (makes it apposable) -The metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP) -Interphalangeal joints - Proximal (PIP) and (DIP)

Describe saddle joints

There is only one saddle joint in the entire body and it is found in the meaty part of the thumb where the thumb bone is meeting the carpals in the wrist area. These consist of concave and convex articular surfaces that interact with each other in a "saddle" fashion. This joint is responsible for the fact that we have apposable thumbs. It allows us to abbduct/adduct and flex/extend our thumbs. They also alow apposition (grip) Example: Carpometacarpal joints of the thumbs

Describe the interossei

These are a group of muscles that run between the metacarples. These muscles are responsible for adduction or abduction of the fingers. There are the dorsal interossei (4 muscles-one per finger except the pinky gets its own) which do the abduction of digits 2-4 ("DABB"). And there are the palmar interossei (3 muscles-the middle finger doesn't adduct and the pinky gets its own special muscle) which do the adduction of digits 2,4,5("PAD"). They are all innervated by the ulnar nerve'

What are cruciate ligaments?

These are ligaments in the knee joint. There are two: The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) which runs from the tibia and medial meniscus to the back of the femur. It prevents anterior displacement of the tibia. The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) which runs from the posterior tibia to the posterior femur. It prevents the posterior displacement of the fibia.

What are collateral ligaments?

These are ligaments in the knee that prevent lateral or medial displacement of the knee. Thus there are two: the fibular (lateral) collateral ligament --sits on the lateral side of the knee, separated from the joint capsule by a bursa and prevents MEDIAL movemnt of the knee the tibial (medial) collateral ligament--sits on the medial side of the knee and is associated with the medial meniscus and prevents LATERAL movement of the knee

Describe the flexor hallucis and digitorum longus

These are tendons of the DEEP posterior compartment of the leg that extend into the plantar surface to the phalanges. They flex the toes. They are innervated by the tibial nerve. They insert into the toes

Describe the superficial muscles of the gluteal region

These are the large muscles which abduct and extend the hip. They are the gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and the tensor fascia latae

Describe the superficial muscles of the anterior compartment of the foream

These muscles originate near the medial humerus and are innervated by the median nerve (except for the carpi ulnaris which is innervated by the ulnar nerve): Flexor carpi ulnaris which inserts onto the medial carpals and flexes and adducts the wrist Palmaris longus which inserts onto the palmar aponeurosis of the hand and flexes the wrist (may be absent) --the palmar aponeurosis is a triangular deep fascia over the palm, extending to the digits Flexor carpi radialis which inserts onto the lateral metacarpals and thus flexes and abducts the wrist Pronator teres which originates on the humerus and inserts on the the radius. It only crosses the elbow joint and thus can only move the elbow joint: thus its movemnt is to pronate the forearm

Describe hinge joints

They allow for flexion (decreased angle at the joint-balling up) and extension (increased angled at the joint) Examples: Elbow joints, interphalangeal joints (the joints IN the fingers, not the knuckles where the fingers meet the hand)

Describe the superficial muscles of the posterior compartment of the arm

They are all innervated by the radial nerve. These are: Extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis which run from the lateral humerus to the lateral metacarpals and are extensors and abductors of the wrist. Extersor carpi ulnaris which runs from the lateral humerus to the medial metacarpals and is a wrist extensor and adductor. Extensor digitorum and digiti minimi which run from the lateral humerus to the phalanges of digits 2-5 and 5, respectively. These are extensors of digits 2-5 and 5, respectively. Aconeus which is a small triangular muscle posterior to the elbow joint. It is an accessory extensor Brachioradialis which crosses over the lateral elbow joint and is an accessory flexor of the elbow

Describe the sinuses of the nasal cavity

They are: *The maxillary sinus *The frontal sinus *The sphenoidal sinus *The ethmoidal sinus (air cells) All of the sinuses are filled with cilia. They all drain into the nasal cavity. Even if a hole is put in the bottom of the maxillary sinus, the cilia will STILL force the mucus into the nasoal cavity, not down with gravity.

Describe the lymphatics of the laryngopharynx, nasopharynx, and oropharynx

They drain into the retropharyngeal, paratracheal, and infrahyoid nodes

What are the lacrimal bones?

They form part of the medial wall of each orbit. They are the smallest bones of the skull.

Describe the lymphatics in the gluteal region

They mostly accompany the gluteal blood vessels: The deep vessels accompany gluteal blood vessels into the pelvic cavity and drain into internal iliac nodes. The superficial drain into the superficial inguinal nodes.

Describe the rhomboid major and rhomboid minor

They originate on the middle vertebrae and inser unto the scapula. Thus theur function is retraction and slight elevation of the scapula (they're short muscles so can't move it far). They are innervated by the dorsal scapular nerve which comes off of the brachial plexus Note: the major is inferior to the minor

Describe the blood supply of the laryngopharynx, nasopharynx, and oropharynx

They recieve blood from the facial, maxillary, and lingual arteries off of the external carotid artery

Describe the temporal bones

This bone forms the sides and base of the cranium. It is made of many parts: *A squamous part *A petrous part (stone line) which is the thickest and densest bone in the whole body and contains the ear canal *The external acoustic (auditory) meatus which is the opening of the ear canal *A styloid process *A mastoid process *The zygomatic process of the temporal bone (where the temporal bone articulates with the zygomatic bone)

Describe the administration of intramuscular injections

When these are given in the gluteal region, you must be careful not to damage neurovascular structures in the gluteus. In order to do this, you must inject into the upper lateral (outer) quadrant to avoid the sciatic nerve and superior gluteal vessels and nerve--this means injecting into the gluteus medius-anterosuperior to the gluteus maximus

Describe frontalis

aka frontal belly of the epicranius, this is the muscle of the face that raises teh eyebrows

Describe the quadriceps femoris group

aka the "quads". This group consists of the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, and vastus medialis. The rectus femoris is anterior to the vastus intermedius. It runs from the AIIS on the pelvis to the quadraceps tendon. The vastus group runs from the proximal femur to the united quadriceps femoris tendon attached to the patella. As far as action, the vastus group extends the knee, but the rectus femoris extends the knee AND flexes at the hip. All of these muscles are innervated by the femoral nerve.

adduction of the thumb

move thumb back toward hand

abduction of the the thumb

movement of the thumb anteriorly

What is the vomer?

forms the inferior half of the nasal septum (the perpendicular plate of the the ethmoid forms the superior half)

What are the 6 types of synovial joints?

plane hinge pivot condyloid saddle ball and socket

What makes up the roof of the nasal cavity?

the cribiform plate of ethmoid

Describe the deep muscles of the anterior compartment of the forearm.

the deep muscles originate on the forearm and interosseous membrane. They are innervated by the median nerve (the flexor digitorum profundus is also innervated by the ulnar nerve). They are: Flexor digitorum profundus which inserts on the distal phalanges of digits 2-5 and flexes DIP (can also flex at PIP, MCP, and the wrist joint). It is innervated by both the ulnar and median nerve Flexor pollicis longus which inserts on the phalanx of the thumb and flexes the interphalangeal joint and MCP. Pronator quadratus, which is a quadrangular muscles that originates on the distal ulna and inserts on the radius. It does pronation of the forearm.

What are the regions of the lower limb?

the gluteal region, the thigh, the leg, and the foot

What makes up the roof of the mouth?

the hard palate (palatine process of the maxilla and the palatine bones) and the soft palate (made of just tissue with the uvula hanging down)

What is the body of mandible?

the horizontal portion of the lower jaw

What forms the lateral wall of the axilla?

the humerus