Anatomy Final Study
What does fever accomplish?
Fever inhibits bacterial reproduction and speeds the repair process.
Which statement is true of antibody IgE?
IgE is involved in allergies
Which abundant antibody is the only one to cross the placental barrier?
IgG
Antigen presentation is essential for the activation and clonal selection of ________.
T cells
White blood cells differ from red blood cells because WBCs contain ________.
a nucleus and most organelles
What is the best graft to have so as to avoid rejection of a transplanted tissue?
an autograft
What is the name of the process by which white blood cells move in and out of blood vessels?
diapedesis
AIDS cripples the immune system by interfering with the activity of cells called ________.
helper T cells
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) present fragments of cells so they can be recognized by ________.
helper T cells
What part of a red blood cell binds and transports oxygen?
hemoglobin
Sustained elevated arterial blood pressure above 140/90 mm Hg is a condition known as ________.
hypertension (high blood pressure)
Which system is a functional system, not an organ system in the anatomical sense, that consists of innate and adaptive defense mechanisms?
immune system
What inhibits viruses from entering and attacking healthy cells?
interferons
In a centrifuged blood sample, the buffy coat situated between the formed elements and the plasma contains ________.
leukocytes and platelets
Veins _______.
often have valves to prevent the backflow of blood
Due to the presence of plasma proteins, what pressure draws fluids into capillaries?
osmotic pressure
What does the umbilical vein carry?
oxygen and nutrients from the placenta to the fetus
How do plasma cells assist with humoral immunity?
plasma cells secrete highly-specific antibodies
If you carry the Rh antigen, you are referred to as Rh ________.
positive
Which of the following blood vessels is a direct branch of the ascending aorta?
right and left coronary arteries
The sinoatrial (SA) node is located in the ________.
right atrium
The tricuspid valve is located between the ________.
right atrium and right ventricle
Coronary artery disease results from ________.
the accumulation of fatty, calcified deposits within blood vessels
What enzyme joins soluble fibrinogen proteins into long molecules of fibrin during coagulation?
thrombin
Why do you think Mrs. Gonzalez was prescribed heparin, an anticoagulant?
to inhibit the formation of clots
Which one of the following represents the proper sequence of hemostasis?
vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation
Which wave on the electrocardiogram (ECG) results from the firing of the sinoatrial (SA) node?
P
A persistent clot in an unbroken blood vessel is known as ________.
a thrombus
Redness, heat, swelling, and pain are the four most common indicators of ________.
acute inflammation
When antibodies bind to antigens on foreign blood types, clumping or ________ occurs.
agglutination
An important plasma protein that contributes to the osmotic pressure of blood is ________.
albumin
Which of the following promotes vasodilation and a decrease in blood pressure?
alcohol
Which of the following hormones promotes sodium ion (and water) reabsorption by the kidney in order to increase blood pressure and blood volume?
aldosterone
Which one of the following is NOT an autoimmune disease?
allergic contact dermatitis
A decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood, for any reason, is a condition known as ________.
anemia
Which one of the following is NOT one of the nonspecific body defenses?
antibody production
A substance that stimulates the immune system to release antibodies is the ________.
antigen
Substances that the body recognizes as foreign are called ________.
antigens
Which of the following is often used to treat allergies?
antihistamines
Blood leaves the left ventricle through an artery known as the ________.
aorta
Which valve guards the base of the aorta and opens when the ventricles are contracting?
aortic semilunar valve
Which valve is closed during heart relaxation to prevent blood from backflowing from the aorta into the heart?
aortic semilunar valve
The pointed, inferior portion of the heart, known as the ________, rests on the diaphragm and is oriented toward the left hip.
apex
The two superior receiving chambers of the heart are known as the ________, while the two inferior discharging chambers of the heart are known as the ________.
atria; ventricles
The atrioventricular valves are closed when ________.
atrial pressure is less than ventricular pressure
Which type of granulocyte releases histamine at sites of inflammation?
basophils
What is blood serum?
blood plasma minus the clotting proteins
Fluid tends to be forced out of a capillary bed by ________ while ________ tends to draw fluid into the capillary bed.
blood pressure; osmotic pressure
What are the tiny white cords that anchor the cusps or flaps of endocardium to the walls of the ventricles?
chordae tendineae
The heart sounds "lub" and "dup" result from ________.
closure of heart valves
Membrane attack complexes (MAC) form holes in attacked cells causing them to burst; this is a result of ________.
complement fixation
The binding of complement proteins to certain sugar or proteins on a foreign cell's surface is called ________.
complement fixation
Which portion of the antibody's structure determines the antibody's class?
constant region
Oxygenated blood nourishing the myocardium comes from vessels that branch off the aorta called ________.
coronary arteries
What type of cell specializes in killing virus-infected, cancer, or foreign graft cells directly?
cytotoxic T cell
Which of the following increases heart rate?
epinephrine
What hormone controls the rate of erythrocyte production?
erythropoetin
The flaplike opening in the interatrial septum of the fetus through which blood is shunted directly from the right atrium to the left atrium is the ________.
foramen ovale
Which fetal shunt bypasses the lungs by directly connecting the right atrium and the left atrium?
foramen ovale
All lymph flows in a one-way system toward the ________.
heart
Cardiac output is the product of which two variables?
heart rate and stroke volume
The vagus nerve operates under the control of the parasympathetic nervous system and causes the ________.
heart rate to decrease
The percentage of erythrocytes in blood is known as the ________.
hematocrit
What is necessary for the transport of oxygen by an erythrocyte?
hemoglobin
The condition in which maternal antibodies cross the placenta and destroy the baby's RBCs is called ________.
hemolytic disease of the newborn
Hereditary bleeding disorders that result from lack of clotting factors are referred to as ________.
hemophilia
The process by which bleeding is stopped is called ________.
hemostasis
T cells or B cells that are capable of responding to a specific antigen by binding to it with antigen-specific receptors that appear on the lymphocyte's surface are considered ________.
immunocompetent
Which of the following are harmful or disease-causing microorganisms from which nonspecific defenses protect the body?
pathogens
The transportation of blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart is known as ________ circulation.
pulmonary
Which one of the following blood vessels carries oxygenated blood?
pulmonary vein
Which of the following substances is NOT likely to trigger the immune response?
self-antigens
Which of the following red blood cell disorders may provide a better chance of surviving where malaria is present?
sickle cell anemia
Which of the following is often called the pacemaker of the heart?
sinoatrial (SA) node
You notice a missing P wave on a patient's electrocardiogram (ECG) and believe there is a problem with the ________.
sinoatrial (SA) node
Which one of the following represents the correct path for the transmission of an impulse in the intrinsic conduction system of the heart?
sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV) node, atrioventricular (AV) bundle (bundle of His), right and left bundle branches, Purkinje fibers
What is the body's first line of defense against the invasion of disease-causing microorganisms?
skin and mucous membranes
Which lymphatic organ's major job is to destroy worn-out red blood cells and return some of the products to the liver?
spleen
Excess accumulation of fluid, which impairs the exchange of materials within the tissues, is called ________.
stroke
What is the volume of blood pumped out of a ventricle with each heart beat called?
stroke volume (SV)
Veins draining the head and arms empty into the ________, which carries blood to the right atrium of the heart.
superior vena cava
The mitral valve is normally closed ________.
when the ventricle is in systole
The blood type that contains both antigens A and B is ________.
AB
Allergic contact dermatitis following skin contact with poison ivy would normally lead to ________.
delayed hypersensitivity
The specific foreign substances that an individual's immune system has the ability to recognize and resist are determined by ________.
individual genetic makeup
What small proteins are secreted by virus-infected cells to help defend cells that have not yet been infected?
interferons
The partition where the bundle branches are located is called the ________.
interventricular septum
The walls of the ________ are substantially thicker because that chamber acts as the more powerful systemic pump of the heart.
left ventricle
A recent blood test shows that Mr. Jimenez's total WBC count exceeded 11,000 cells/mm3. What term describes his condition?
leukocytosis
What organ receives blood from the hepatic portal vein?
liver
Fluids that have escaped the cardiovascular system are picked up by the ________.
lymphatic system
What mediates the adaptive defense system (specific defense system)?
lymphocytes
Platelets are fragments of a multinucleate cell known as a(n. ________.
megakaryocyte
What is the muscular layer of the heart wall?
myocardium
Due to a recent respiratory illness from a viral infection, Jennifer has now developed ________.
naturally acquired active immunity
Which of the following best describes positive chemotaxis?
the movements of cells toward a high concentration of signaling molecules
Which valve is located between the right atrium and right ventricle?
tricuspid valve
Active immunity to tetanus, whooping cough, and polio can be artificially acquired when we receive ________.
vaccines
Large veins have ________ to prevent the backflow of blood.
valves
What is the region of the antibody that varies from antibody to antibody?
variable or V region