Anatomy Final
What is the optic disc?
Where all nerves leave eye-no rods or cones. BLIND SPOT
15%
________ of the motor information will remain in one side within the brainstem and goes straight down to the spinal cord.
Subarachnoid Space
a (true) space in the meninges beneath the arachnoid membrane and above the pia mater that contains the cerebrospinal fluid
Sensory Modality
a system that interacts with the environment through one of the basic senses in specific localized areas of the spinal cord.
What is an example a tendonius muscle?
abdominus rectus
supplies innervation to the lateral rectus muscle of the eye
abducens nerve
What is the general name for the pathway where sensory information is brought to the CNS?
afferent
Compact Bone
aka cortical Bone made up of osteons consists of (central canal which allow blood and nervous supply into bone, canaliculi, osteocytes, lamallae) used for protection
What happens if one cardiocyte contracts?
all contract
What is present between tracheal cartilages?
annular ligaments
What compartment of the eye circulates aqueous humor?
anterior cavity
which of the following structures connect the third and fourth ventricles
aqueduct of the midbrain
why do veins need valves
blood pressure is LOWEST in veins so the valves help ti oppose force of gravity
As food leaves oral cavity and goes to pharynx it becomes
bolus
What engorges the labia?
bulb of the vestibule
What muscle pumps blood?
cardiac
Ileum empties contents into ____
cecum
what divides your brain into anterior and posterior portions?
central sulcus
which of the following separated the motor information from the sensory information
central sulcus
From a superior view, what runs in the center of the diaphragm?
central tendon
What vein is found on the dorsal-lateral aspect of hand?
cephalic
What joint only allows for lateral flexion?
cervical
zygomatic bone
cheek bones
The middle layer of the stomach is ___ muscle
circular
Understand homologous structures between males and females
clitoris>penis, labia majora>scrotum, vestibular bulb>corpus spongiosum, uterine tube>vas deferens
Veins can ____
collapse
The distal tubule by the juxtaglomerular complex has _____
columnar macula densa
Axis Bone C2 (Vertebral Foramen)
contains the Dens
Viscerocranium
contains the organs and soft tissues of the face
conscious perception of vision probably reflects activity in the
cortex of the occipital lobe
What is unique about CN1?
does not pass thalamus, goes straight to cortex
What extends into the longitudinal fissure and has a superior and inferior saggital sinus?
falx cerebri
What is made of collagen fibers and maintains shape of kidney?
fibrous capsule
What is the top of the stomach?
fundus
What muscle(s) extend and abduct the thigh?
gluteus maximus
What arteries connect to gonads?
gonadal
Sperm has 3 parts:
head (DNA) with acrosomal cap that dissolves in woman's vagina>neck with mitochondria>tail flagellum
Lower Limb
hip thigh knee leg ankle foot
The right lobe has a _____ fissure
horizontal/oblique
Occipital Bone Features
hyoglossal canal jugular foramen foramen magnum occipital condyles
What is the origin point of the quadratus lumborium?
iliac crest
What muscle(s) act to rotate the spine?
iliocostalus, longissimus
What is an oocyte
immature female gamete
function of peineal structures
important in sexual arousal and intercourse
What function does a second class lever serve?
increases power
What is the point of muscle attachment that "moves"
insertion
this portion of the myocardium separates the ventricles from one another
interventricular septum
macrophages
kill pathogens and work with the immune system
What are the primary features of skeletal muscle?
large, cylindrical, multinucleated, striated, voluntary
Foot (Ankle Joint)
lateral malleolus medial malleolus trochlea talus bone
What is the path of CFS circulation?
lateral ventricles, 3rd ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, 4th ventricle
visceral pericardium
lining closely surrounding heart
What stores the breast milk?
lobes (made of lobules)
thoracic
lungs & heart
White Matter
made of myelinated axons, which receives the name "nuclei."
Collagen Fibers
make bone not too brittle make bone more flexible
erector corpuscle
makes hair stand
Veins are ______ than arteries
more flexible
Iliac Crest
most superior part of ilium rough
What moves mucous up by cilia?
mucous elevator
What occurs during the "cross bridge"
myosin head binds to actin active site
cranial
near your head
What determines heart rate?
nodal cells
Anterior semicircular canal is stimulated when ____
nodding yes
What muscle(s) separate the superior and inferior gemellus?
obturator internus
cribiform plate
olfactory nerves go in and out and surround crista galli
Blood vessels _____
only carry blood
the scientific term for blind spot is
optic disc
CN2
optic nerve
Orbicularis ____ surrounds the mouth
oris
The ___________ is lined by squamous epithelium.
oropharynx
as you go UP in an elevator, what is the mechanism involved in the perception of upward movement
otolithic membrane moves downward as a result of gravity
What cells produce HCL?
parietal/oxyntic cells
Relaxation of a muscle is _____
passive
What is an example of convergent muscle?
pectoralis
What peripheral nerve layer forms the sensory fascicle?
perineurium
Actions from the pharynx to the stomach is known as
peristalsis
What in the ileum prevents infection of the digestive tract?
peyer's patches
What neuron is usually inactive, but when stimulated is active for a short period?
phasic
What receptors are fast adapting?
phasic
What muscle(s) is/are activated when we "grimace" (skin of neck is elevated)
platysma
What muscle(s) unlocks the fully extended knew?
popliteus
What compartment of the eye is filled with vitrous humor?
posterior cavity
What is the function of the pyloric sphincter?
prevents food from stomach to enter duodenum
Where does trachea split?
primary bronchi
Information normally arrives first in the _____ and then goes to the _____
primary cortex, association area
What is the purpose of the ceruminous gland?
produces wax, protects tympanic membrane
What is the function of the phrenic nerve?
provides sensory and motor info from diaphragm
What neural classification has mostly sensory neurons and are myelinated?
pseudounipolar
What is a function of a smooth muscle?
push fluids and solids through the GI
What is the end of the stomach?
pylorus
Superior Sagittal Sinus
receives blood from the cerebral veins and CSF from the subarachnoid space
Inferior Nasal Concha (Nasal Septum)
regulate the flow of air into the nasal cavity
T wave is _____
repol of ventricles
Which side of the heart receives deoxy blood?
right side
The _____ bronchi has a _____ diameter and _____ to lung
right, larger, steeper angle
What detect black and white?
rods
Central Sulcus
separates the motor and sensory information (or cortexs).
Where is oropharynx found?
soft palate to hyoid
What are the four main sensations?
sour, bitter, salty, sweet
The epidydimis is lined with _____
stereocilia
adecocytes
store lipids and fats
How do we test if a baby died of lung problems?
submerge lungs in bucket of water; they will sink (no air)
What are the divisions of nasal conchae?
superior, middle, inferior
corpsul
tactile/touch
Stratum Corneum
(30 cells or more thick) last layer before surface no nucleus
calcification
the deposition of calcium ions into the bone tissue
exocrine glands
thermoregulation waste excretion lubricate epidermis
If one duct is stimulated, what happens to the other ducts?
they are inhibited
CN ____ are sensory only
1,2,8
How many haploid gametes per sex cell?
4
Fissure
A deep depression
What breaks the "cross-bridge"?
ATP
CN5
trigeminal
CN4
trochlear nerve
Sulcus
Depression
What prevents the uterus from moving too anterior
uterosacral ligament
What nerves work with the respiratory system for circulation?
IX and X
Synarthrosis
Immovable ex: cranial sutures, epiphyseal cartilage
Chemoreceptors
Monitor the chemical composition of body fluid
What cerebral structure gives language comprehension and intelligence?
wernicke's area
Thermoreceptors
Respond to change in temperature
What allows myofibrils to communicate?
T-tubules
ala
wings of sacrum
What joint are considered biaxial?
wrist joint
Can you have an unmyelinated axon?
yes
Can we sense something without perceiving it?
yes, they are mutually exclusive
granular layer
The axon of the Purkinje cells is in the ______________________ of the cerebellum.
molecular layer
The dendrites of the Purkinje cells is in the ________________________ of the cerebellum.
Brain Blood Barrier (BBB) is absent in:
-Choroid plexus -Hypothalamus -Pituitary gland -Pineal gland
Nociceptors
-Consist of free nerve endings and large receptive fields -Found in the epidermis
Motor Tracts Carrying Conscious Motor Commands
-anterior corticospinal tract -lateral corticospinal tract
stratum basale
1 cell layer stem cells melanocytes Merkel Cells (no hair) takes 15-30 days until shedding begins
Brainstem consists of:
1. mesencephalon (midbrain) 2. pons 3. medulla oblongata
dura mater is subdivided into
1. periosteal layer (closest to the skull) -> found only in the brain 2.meningeal layer (closest to arachnoid mater)
vertbebral ribs
11-12 only attach to vertebrae, don't attach to front
What is unique about hot and cold thermoreceptors?
3x more cold than hot
Ependymal Cells
A type of glial cells in the CNS that produces and circulates cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in a constant rate. In other words, they also turn nutrients into CSF.
association fibers
Arcuate Fibers and Longitudinal Fasciculi communicate within the area of the single cerebral hemisphere. These kinds of fibers is called ___________________________________.
Somototopic Arrangement
Ascending sesonary fibers are arranged within individual tracts according to their site of origin within the body.
What regions encapsulate the cervical plexus?
C1-C5
Where does lower respiratory normally begin (which verterbae) and end?
C4-C7
What vertebra splits into two plexuses?
C5
Vermis
Connects the two hemispheres of the cerebellum
Remember the process of light entering eye:
Cornea>anterior chamber>pupil>lens> retina>optic nerve>visual cortex
commissural fibers
Corpus Callosum and Anterior Commissure permit communication between the two hemispheres. This kind of fiber is called ______________________________.
Axial Skeleton
Cranium Mandible (forms lower Jaw) Cranial (Head) Postcranial
How is the PCT AND DCT different?
DCT does not have microvilli
Sensory Homunculus
Demonstrates that the area of the cortex dedicated to the sensations of various body parts is proportional to how sensitive that part of the body is (ex: hands and lips has more sensory sensation than back and arms).
receptor specificity
Each sensory receptor responds to one specific type of stimulus
Gyrus
Elevation
T or F: the pulmonary arteries carry oxygenated blood to the heart
FALSE
At the end of the luteal phase
FSH and LH drops and estrogen and progestrone levels rise
During the follicular phase
FSH levels increase
Neurocranium
Frontal Bone (forehead/eye orbits, right/left parietal bones, temporal bone, sphenoid bone, ethmoid bone)
Facial Nerve (VII)
Functions: sensory and motor
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
Functions: sensory and motor *taste involves posterior third of tongue that includes pressure receptors (baroreceptors) and chemical receptors (chemoreceptors) as it leaves the tongue (glosso-) into the pharynx or throat (-pharyngeal)
Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)
Functions: sensory and motor *It is the only nerve with three divisions or branches (ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular divisions)
Lumbar Vertebrae
L1-L5 Abdomen Region Intervertebral Structures (intervertebral discs, articular process', spinal nerves, vertebral canal aka spinal cord) Uniqueness: nothing
During luteal phase
LH levels increase
Bone
Made up of osseous tissues
longitudinal Arch
Maintained by calcaneonavicular ("spring") ligament located just between calcaneous and navicular
Pallatine Bone
Near roof of mouth
Baroreceptors
One type of mechanoreceptor that detects changes in pressure Ex: digestive tract, lungs, urinary bladder
Coxal Bone (Lower Limb)
Only 1 bone, the Femur Patella Tibia (larger & Medial) Fibula (always lateral) Foot Bones (tarsals, Metatarsals, Phalanges)
Laternal and Medial Apertures
Openings that communicate with the subarachnoid space in the brain and spinal cord
Hydrocephalus
Overproduction of CSF; usually found in newborns with large heads since their heads are not completely fused.
Prefrontal Cortex
Part of frontal lobe responsible for thinking, planning, judging, reasoning, and language.
Exteroceptors
Provide information about external environment
Interoceptors
Provide information about internal environment
Proprioceptors
Provide information about position of the body
Lupp is ____
QRS complex/closing of AV valves/opening semilunar valves/ventricular systole
General Senses
Refers to temperature, pressure, vibration, pain, touch, and proprioception that disbribute through the entire human body
Mechanoreceptors
Sensitive to physical distortion of cell membrane (pressure and vibration)
spinal cord; cerebellum
Spinocerebellar tract begins at the ___________________ and ends at the ________________.
cerebrum (from the thalamus)
Spinothalamic tract ends at the ____________________.
Dupp is
T/opening of AV valves/closure of semilunart valves/ventricular diastole
Thoracic Vertebrae
T1-T12 All Contain (Spinouse Process, Transverse Process, Vertebral Foramen, Centrum) Uniqueness: 3 costal facets
granular cell layer
The axon of the Purkinje cell is found in the __________________________.
purkinje layer
The cell body of the Purkinje cells is found in the ____________________________.
Perception
The conscious awareness and understanding of a sensation
molecular layer
The dendrite of the Purkinje cells is found in the __________________________.
Corpus Callosum
The large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them.
What are the formed elements of blood?
WBC, RBC, platelets
Thalamus
_________________ is the largest nuclei of the central nervous system (CNS)
Multipolars
___________________ go from the spinal cord to the thalamus.
Insula
a region of cortex lying below the surface, within the lateral sulcus, of the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes
What thin sheet covers the muscle belly of the abdomen?
abdominal apeneurosis
What action(s) is/are performed by the gluteus medius and minimus?
abduct and medially rotate thigh
Where on the actin protein allows thick filaments to bind?
active sites
What is reduction in sensitivity due to presence of a constant stimulus?
adaptation
Generally, what is/are the main action(s) of the medial thigh compartment muscles?
adducting the thigh
hair papillae
allow nutrition to enter
obturator foramen
allows passage of obturator artery, vein, and nerve -greater/lesser sciatic notch -ischial spine -ischial tuberosity -- what you sit on
What has simple squamous epithelium in respiratory?
alveoli
What on the lobules produce breast milk?
alveoli
Where does gas exchange occur?
alveoli
What is another name for slightly movable connective tissues?
amphiarthosis
What is the widened part of the ductus deferens?
ampulla
Oocyte is fertilized in
ampulla of uterine tube
What follows the infundibulum?
ampulla>isthmus>uterine part>uterine cavity
Where two arteries meet is an ______
anastomosis
The dorsal and plantar arterial arches are an ________
anastomosis of anterior and posterior tibial artery
The ACL connects the _____ of the tibia to the _____ of the femur
anterior, posterior
Premotor Cortex
area of the frontal cortex, active during the planning of a movement. It allows you to consciously make a decision before you dance or make other movements.
What happens when body temp is low?
arteries constrict and veins in superficial layer is bypassed
What contains 30-35 percent of blood volune?
arteries, capillaries, heart
Blood flow:
arteries>arterioles>capillary bed>venules>veins
Know the segments of the l. intestine:
ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid <colons>, rectum
What cells comprise the blood brain barrier?
astrocytes
What neural cell maintains the blood-brain barrier?
astrocytes
What is occurring during the cardiac cycle
atrial diastole
Humerous
attaches to glenoid fossa
clavicle
attaches to sternum at manubrium
child has strep throat and infection in middle ear. the middle ear infection has spread to the hair cells near the beginning of the cochlea. which structure likely made it possible for this infection to reach the middle ear and what kind of sounds will the child have trouble hearing
auditory tube, high frequency
Structure of external ear:
auricle>external acoustic meatus>tympanic membrane>ceruminous gland
The heart has _____
auto-rhythmicity
What layer lies beneath the joint capsule?
avascular fibrous
What kind of synovial joint do you find at the shoulder?
ball and socket
What generally detects changes in pressure of the GI, urinary, and reproductive systems?
baroreceptors
What cells replace dead olfactory receptor cells?
basal
What is formed by the vertebral arteries?
basilar artery
What vein is found on the palmar-medial aspect of hand?
basilic
What region of the muscle does contraction occur?
belly
Lower respiratory is everything _____ larynx
below
Intertubercle/Bicipital groove
between tubercles, a long thin depression that holds tendon to biceps brochii muscle
What is an example of a parallel muscle?
biceps brachii
which structure is known as AV valve with 2 flaps
bicuspid valve
which structure prevents backflow into the left atrium
bicuspid valve
What neural classification plays a role in special senses and are unmyelinated?
bipolar
Osteogenesis
bone formation
Motor Homunculus
broad areas of primary motor cortex devoted to controlling movements of different body regions (ex: hands and tongue has more motor commands than back and arms).
What prevents side to side movement of uterus
broad ligament
What is needed in the pre-synaptic terminal to move an action potential through the neuron?
calcium
What chemical(s) triggers muscle contraction?
calcium, ATP
Which corpus is engorged during erection?
cavernosum
Right Lower Quadrant (Abdominal-pelvic Quadrant)
cecum, appendix, reproductive organs (right ovary & right spermatic cord), right ureter
What structure coordinates and adjusts somatic motor functions?
cerebellum
opening for fetus to leave uterus is
cervix
What is the function of the medulla?
checks partial pressure and adjusts depth and rate of respiration
What cells produce pepsinogen?
chief/zymogen cells
epihysis
contain bone marrow
What does CN1 pass through?
cribriform of ethmoid
What muscle wrinkles the surface of the scrotum as it contracts?
dartos
Stratum Espinosum
daughter cell differentiation into keratinocytes melanocytes Langerhan cells
Anatomically speaking, arteries are found ____ in the body
deep
P wave is ______
depolarization of atria
What is the name of the aorta post aortic arch?
descending aorta
What is common about all chemoreceptors?
detect pH change
What is an extension of the pia mater that connects the meninges to stablize the spinal cord to the vertebral column?
deticulate ligament
What compresses the urinary bladder to expel its contents to the urethra?
detrusor muscle
The ____ has a left and right dome
diaphragm
What type of contraction allows for lengthening?
eccentric
What is the general name for the pathway where motor commands are delivered to the rest of the body?
efferent
Tunica media of arteries has more ______ than veins
elastin fibers
What surround alveoli to maintain shape during inspiration and expiration?
elastin fibers
What joint is considered monaxial?
elbow joint
What is the function of gap junctions between cardiocytes?
electrical relays
What action(s) do/does the levator scapulaen perform?
elevates scapulae (duh)
What actions does the trapezius muscle perform?
elevation and retraction of pectoral girdle
What kind of synovial joint do you find at the radiocarpal?
ellipsoid
What are the contractions of smooth muscle that propels sperm into urethra?
emission
What are ventricles?
empty spaces in the brain
What are the heart valves an extension of?
endocardium
What does the autonomic nervous system control?
endocrine, viscera
What connects the occipitofrontals?
epicranial apenurosis
after sperm leaves rete testis is goes to ___ where sperm ____
epididymis, motile
Which abdominal regions contain the stomach?
epigastric, left hypochondriac, umbilical region
What prevents food from entering trachea during swallowing?
epiglottis
What can we find surround skeletal muscles?
epimysium
What structure contains the pineal gland?
epithalamus
What structure produces melatonin?
epithalamus
If we start from a flexion position of the back, what muscle(s) act to extend it back to anatomical position?
erector spinae
All muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh perform what action(s)?
extend thigh or flex leg
Contraction of bilateral (2) splemius capitis produces ____ of the neck
extensionn
What muscle(s) extend and abduct the hand at the wrist?
extensor carpii radialis longus/brevis
What muscle(s) extend the phalanges of digit 2?
extensor indicus
What deep muscle(s) serve to extend the phalanges of the pollex?
extensor pollicus longus/brevis
What muscle(s) hold the extensor tendon sheaths in place?
extensor retinaculum
What are included in the simple classification of general senses?
extero/intero/proprioceptors
The inferior oblique allows for _____ of the eye
extortion (lateral rotation)
What holds the joint capsule to a joint?
extra and intracapsular ligaments
CN7
facial nerve
hypodermis
fat cells
What artery branches from external iliac?
femoral
What drains deeper structure of lower limb?
femoral vein
Which muscle(s) serve to evert the foot?
fibularis longus/brevis
What superficial muscle(s) flex and abduct the hand at the wrist?
flexor carpi radialus
What deep muscle(s) flex(es) phalanges 2-5?
flexor digitorum profundus
What deep muscle(s) flex the pollux?
flexor pollicus
What muscle(s) serve to hold the flexor tendon sheaths in place?
flexor retinaculum
From anatomical position, all anterior compartment muscles of the arm are _____
flexors
What receptor responds to a wide rage of stimuli with localized and generalized receptive fields?
free nerve ending
Diarthrosis
freely moveable (synovial joints) ex: joints of limbs
What muscle lies above the frontal bone
frontal belly of occipitalfrontalis
What is the name of the protein free solution after being processed in the renal corpuscle?
glomerularfiltrate
How do blood vessels, arteries, vein enter lungs?
hilum
What artery supplies left side of intestine after left colic flexure?
inferior mesenteric
what vessel brings deoxygenated blood from systemic tissues below the heart to the right atrium?
inferior vena cava
When you inspirate the diaphragm moves _____
inferiorly
What is sensation?
info arriving to CNS
What connects the hypopthalamus to the pituitary gland?
infodibulum
What is the widest part of the uterine tube?
infundibulum
What contains the axons of purkinje cells?
inner layer
Endosteum
inside lines medullary cavity *1 cell thick
Mandibular Foramen
inside Mandible
osteocyte
inside bone tissue provide nutrients
organ systems
integumentary skeletal muscular nervous endocrine cardiovascular lymphatic respiratory
What connects two cardiocytes?
intercalated disc
Arcuate Fibers
interconnect gyri within a lobe
What muscles are located between the ribs?
intercostal
left coronary deviates into _____
interventricular and circumflex artery
Intramembraneous Ossification
involved n development of clavicle, mandible, skull, and face
What structure of the eye regulates how much ligh enters?
iris
Bone Types
irregular bones short bones flat bones long bones sesamoid bones (form inside tendons & reduce friction at a joint
What maintains clitoral erection?
ischiocavernosus muscle
What stiffens/stabilizes penis during erection
isciocavernosus muscle
Which cilia is bigger in the inner ear?
kinocilium
What action produces inhibitory response of nerves?
kinocilium crushing stereocilium (left to right)
What produces speaking, singing, non verbal communication sounds?
larynx
What spinal horn is not found throughout the spinal cord?
lateral
Left Upper Quadrant (Abdominal-pelvic Quadrant)
left lobe of liver, stomach, pancreas, spleen, portions of large intestine
What side of the heart receives oxy blood?
left side
Where does blood pass through in a vessel?
lumen
supra spinous fossa
major top depression
The lateral and medial cord feeds into the ____ nerve
median
Where do the cephalic and basilic veins meet in the arm?
median cubital vein
What nerve is affected by constant pressure on flexor retinaculum?
median nerve
What has a poorly defined tunica media?
medium-sized veins
which labia are hairless?
minora
What layer of the cerebellum do we have purkinje dendrites extending out of?
molecular layer
Left Lower Quadrant (Abdominal-pelvic Quadrant)
most of small intestine, portions of large intestine, left ureter, left ovary, left spermatic cord
Muscles are _____
multi-layered
What composes thick filaments?
myosin
Can a single neuron innervate more than one synapse?
no
Is the diaphragm one solid muscle?
no
Why does diarrhea occur?
no reabsorption
What nerve is found in the cervical plexus?
phrenic nerve
What meninge is attached directly to the spinal cord?
pia mater
nails
protect/support fingers and toes
What carries deoxy blood from heart to lungs?
pulmonary trunk
What are the elastic arteries?
pulmonary trunk, aorta, common carotid, subclavian, common iliac
What is the function of tunica media?
regulated blood pressure by vasoconstriction or dilation
Which dome sits higher in the thoracic cage?
right
Which side of the lung is bigger?
right
the coronary sinus brings blood to be oxidated into the _____
right atrium
What is the only vessel in the aorta without a counterpart on the opposite side?
right brachiocephalic artery
What prevents uterus from moving too posterior
round ligament
What separates nasopharynx from mouth?
soft palate
The cardiac sphincter/lower esophageal sphincter normally _____. why?
stays closed. prevent acid reflux
The upper esophageal spincter normally ____
stays opens
What action produces excitatory response of nerves?
stereocilium tickle kinocilium (right to left)
What are the accessory inhalatory muscles?
sternocleido/scalenes/pectoralis minor/serratus anterior
CN11 external branch innervates ____
sternocleidomastoid, trapezius
Epiphyseal Plate
the line separating the Diaphysis and Epiphysis consisting of cartilage until skeletally mature eventually become the epiphyseal LINE in adults
Visual Cortex
the region of the occipital lobes in which visual information is processed
Primary Motor Cortex (Precentral Gyrus)
the section of the frontal lobe responsible for voluntary movement. It allows you to actually dance and make other movements.
Metaphysis
the widened portion of the diaphysis where bone is added during growth
What is the similarity between visceral and parietal pericardium?
they are the same layer (think fist pushing in balloon)
Arteries are ____ than veins
thicker
Water is freely exchanged in the ____
thin limbs of the nephron loop
Alveolar Part (Mandible Bone Features)
thin portion containing tooth roots
Arachnoid Trabeculae
threads made of collagen fibers extending from arachnoid to pia mater, making the arachnoid mater look like a spider web and anchors blood vessels.
The ______ protect glottis and entrance to trachea
thyroid and cricoid cartilage
The ____ cartilage form the
thyroid, anterior/lateral wall
Actin proteins are arranged in a _____
twisted double-strand
what connects kidneys to urinary bladder
ureter
What marks the border between internal and external genitalia?
urogenital diaphragm
What supplies the walls of blood vessels?
vasa vasorum
What vein lacks a tunica media?
venule
Where does calcium go after a muscle is initially stimulated?
zone of overlap
Where would the muscles pull toward if I open my mouth?
zygomatic bone
What muscle(s) is/are activated when we elevate the corner of the lip laterally (You ain't nothing but a hound dog...crying all the time)?
zygomaticus major/minor
Atlas bone C1 (Vertebral Foramen)
"yes" bone
Proprioceptors
-A type of mechanoreceptor that monitor the position of joints -integrate with sensory information from the inner ear (balance)
Thoracic Cage
12 left/right ribs Manubrium (sternum) Body(sternum) Xiphoid Process(sternum)
What region encapsulates the brachial plexus?
C5-T1
Gustatory pathway
CN 7,9,10>thalamic nucleus>gustatory cortex
Chemoreceptors
Focus on the changes in the chemical concentration of our blood level Ex: Respiratory Centers if Medulla Oblongata
Accessory Nerve (XI)
Function: motor *the only nerve that has a cranial and spinal root
Abducen Nerve (VI)
Function: motor; control laternal rectus eye muscles
Oculomotor Nerve (III)
Function: motor; controls extra-ocular eye muscles (superior, inferior and medial rectus muscles and inferior oblique muscle)
Trochlear Nerve (IV)
Function: motor; controls the superior oblique eye muscle *it used to be called the "pathetic nerve" but now abandoned the concept
Hypoglossal Nerve (XII)
Function: motor; controls tongue movement
Vestibulocochlear Nerve (VIII)
Function: sense of hearing and balance
Olfactory Nerve (I)
Function: sense of smell *It is known to be 1) the shortest cranial nerve [which is why it is referred as the olfactory bulb] and 2) the only one that has a direct connection with the cerebrum *It goes straight to the olfactory cortex (remaining 5%) instead of going to the thalamus
Optic Nerve (II)
Function: sense of vision or sight
Special Senses
Refers to smell, taste, balance, hearing, and vision that can be found only on specialized sense organs (ears, eyes, mouth, and nose)
Central Sulcus
Separates frontal lobes (motor information) from parietal lobes (sensory information).
Longitudinal Fissure
Separates left and right hemispheres
purkinje layer
The cell body of the Purkinje cells is in the ______________________ of the cerebellum.
Pseudounipolars
______________________ go from the effector organ to the spinal cord.
Sensory Adaptation
__________________________ occurs when a receptor becomes so accustomed tonthe stimulation that it stops gathering impulses.
All muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh perform what action(s)?
adduction of the thigh
Where does femoral artery become popliteal artery?
adductor hiatus
What is the only medial compartment muscle that not only adducts the thigh, but can also flex and extend it?
adductor magnus
The ureter/urinary bladder has an outer _____ continuous with fibrous capsule and peritoneum
adventitia
What is the difference between the serosa and adventitia?
adventitia has collagen fibers
The biceps brachii is considered a(n) _____ when moving the forearm
agonist
What structure of the semicircular canals contain cristae?
ampullae
Meningitis
an inflammation of the brain and spinal cord that may be caused by either bacterial or viral infection. Inflammation of the Arachnoid and Pia Mater of the brain that affect reabsorption; no communication between the production of CSF and the reabsorption.
A(n) _____ opposes the action of a primary mover
antagonist
What allows for the passing of nerves bilaterally at the periphery of the central canal?
anterior/posterior gray commisure
what vessel takes oxygenated blood from the heart to the systemic tissues
aorta
What are the semilunar valves?
aortic, pulmonary
What muscle(s) is/are activated when we masticate and compress air?
buccinator
osteoblasts
build secrete osteoid to become hard bone tissue eventually become osteocytes
What muscle constricts vaginal orifice and assists in orgasm?
bulbospongiosus
What pushes semen through the spongy urethra?
bulbospongiosus muscle
What produces the sticky mucous not added to semen in the urethra?
bulbourethral gland
Where does atrial contraction begin?
bundle of his
What is triggered by an electrical event stimulating muscle movement?
calcium release from sarcoplasmic reticulum
When are sperm functionally mature?
capacitation (sperm are only capable of fertilizing once it is in the vagina)
What is not restricted in blood flow to tissues?
capillaries
What lies between epithelia?
capsular space
Where does the esophagus first contact the stomach?
cardia
The larynx has
cartilaginous walls
What system drains the lower limbs pelvis, kidneys, liver
caval
What is the first branch of the abdominal aorta?
celiac trunk
In what direction do the myosin heads pivot in relation to the sarcomere?
center
What is the whole CNS adapting to stimulus?
central
How are the 3rd and 4th ventricles connected?
cerebral aqueduct
The celiac trunk branches into _____
common hepatic artery, left gastric artery, splenic artery
The abdominal aorta divides into
common iliac artery
What is unique about a continuous capillary?
complete endothelium with tight junctions and desmosomes
Bone Matrix
composed of Calcium Phosphate (mineral component that makes bone hard and converts hydroxapitil to crystals)
What type of contraction allows for shortening?
concentric
Coxal Bones
connect bones of lower limb to axial skeleton muscle attachments Ilium (superior) Pubis (Anterior) Iscium (posterior)
Anterior Commissure
connects the anterior parts of the cerebral cortex
Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle
connects the cerebellum to the medulla oblongata
interthamalic adhesion
connects the left and right thalami
Aqueduct of the Midbrain
connects the third and fourth ventricles
Aqudduct of the Midbrain
connects the third vertricle to the fourth ventricle
What is perception?
conscious awareness of sensation
What muscle(s) adduct and flex the arm?
corochobrachialis
What drains the myocardium of blood?
coronary circuit
all cardiac veins meet at the _____
coronary sinus
The branches of the ____ go the _____
coronary; SA node/AV node
What muscle on either side form crus of penis?
corpus cavernosum
Which corpus produces progestrone?
corpus luteum
If there is no fertilization,
corpus luteum becomes corpus albicans
What forms the glans penis?
corpus spongiosum
pelvic girdle
coxal bone
What are the movements in the jaw joint?
depression/elevation/protration/retraction
What muscle(s) is/are activated when the corners of the mouth are pulled down?
depressor anguli oris
What is the distribution of sensory fibers called that medical professionals look at to determine areas affected by a spinal cord injury?
dermatomes
What happens during hyperpnea?
diaphragm pushed up and thoracic cavity compresses
what structure covers the pituitary gland but has no sinus?
diaphragma sellae
What connective tissues are considered freely movable?
diarthrosis/synovial
abdominalpelvic cavity
digestive glands
What is the pupil's function?
dilates in dark, constricts in light
Where does the spinal nerve enter the spinal cord?
dorsal ganglion
What function does a first class lever serve?
flexibility
What is superior to the corpus callosum?
limbic system
Lacrimal Bone (Nasal Septum)
location of tear gland
What are clusters of hair cells? what rests on top that responds to movement?
macula; statoconia crystals on a gelatinous membrane (whole thing is otolith)
What receptors are sensitive to bodily distortion?
mechanoreceptors
What contains the cell bodies of purkinje cells?
middle layer
What organelle(s) dominate myofibrils?
mitochondria
CN10 is a ____ nerve
mixed
CN7 is a _____ nerve
mixed
CN1
olfactory nerve
Branches of C5
opthalmic, maxillary, mandibular
What is unique about arterioles?
poorly defined tunica adventitia
Where is the trachealis muscle found?
posterior trachea
Function of the gonads
produce gametes
What receptor is tonic and phasic?
proprioceptor
functions of epithelial tissue
provide protection control permeability provide sensation produce specialized secretions
A _____ lever has the resistance located _____ the force and applied force
second class. between
CN11
spinal accessory nerve
CN8
vestibulocohlear nerve
What removes large particles in nasal cavity?
vibrissae
What information does the lateral spinal horn receive?
visceral
Thermoreceptors
-Found in the dermis -Receptors that detect change in temperature -Exist as free nerving ending
Cerebrum
-Helps us be aware or conscious in our thought processes and voluntary and complex movements -Memory storage and retrieval -Higher order functions (association with the prefrontal cortex of the frontal lobe)
Hypothalamus
-Main Visceral Control Center -Involved in emotions (limbic system) -The center of homeostasis -Contross stable temperature -Behavioral drives (thrist) -Connects to the pituitary gland
Pons
-Relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain -Modulate respiratory reflex center in the medulla
Cereobrospinal Fluid (CSF)
-prevents contact between the fragile and delicate neural tissue and the surrounding bones -provides support for the brain -transports nutrients and chemicLs to the CNS tissue -transports wastes away from the CNS
Mesencephalon (midbrain)
-processing of visual and auditory data -generation of reflexive somatic motor responses -maintenance of consciousness -extrinsic eye muscles role (not all)
Medulla Oblongata
-relays sensory information to thalamus and to other portions of the brain stem -Reflex centers: cardiac and respiratory rhythmicity -autonomic centers for regulation of visceral function (cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive system activities)-controls CN #10 (vagus nerve)
Motor Tracts Carrying Subconscious Motor Commands
-rubrospinal -medial reticulospinal tract -tectospinal tract -vestibulospinal tract
Stratum Granulosum
1-2 cells thick keratohyalin keratin *last location before cells die
The brain is protected by:
1. Bones of the skull -parietal, temporal, occipital, and frontal bones (it does not guarantee complete protection). 2.Cranial Meninges -dura mater (tough or durable; outermost), arachnoid mater (structure with the resemblance of a spider web that protects blood vessels in the brain), and pia mater (softest and most pliable; innermost). 3. Cerebrospinal Fluid (helps brain flow within the cranium; acts as a cushion) 4.Blood brain barrier (BBB) 5.Rich blood supply
types of connective tisue
1. connective tissue proper (loose/Dense) 2. fluid connective tissue 3. supportive connective tissue
Phases of Bone Remodeling
1. lining cells (resting stage) 2. osteoclasts (resorption) 3. Mononuclear cells/ pre-osteoblasts (reversal) 4. osteoblasts (Matrix deposition) 5. osteocytes (Mineralization)
Tactile receptors
1.Unencapsulated tactile receptors -Free nerve endings (basically dendrites) -Tactile discs (on Merkel cells) -Root hair plexus (dermis in hair follicles) 2.Encapsulated tactile receptors -Tactile corpuscle (Meissner's corpuscles) -Bulbous corpuscle (Ruffini corpuscles) -Lamellar corpuscle (Pacinian corpuscles)
How many occipital occipitofrontals are there?
2
The left lung has ____ lobes
2
The larynx is composed of ______________ big pieces of cartilage
3
The right lung has _____ lobes
3
CN ______ are motor only
3,4,6,11,12
coccyx
3-5 are present
How many peptide chains per hemoglobin?
4
Information passing from the eyes is
50% ipsilateral, 50% contalateral
Cervical Vertebrae
7 vertebrae with 8 nerves All Contain (Spinouse Process, Transverse Process, Vertebral Foramen, Centrum) Uniqueness: transverse foramen
What nerves does the medulla innervate?
9 and 10
Cerebellum
A large structure of the hindbrain that is responsible for motor coordination (controls gross and fine motor skills).
Vagus Nerve
A long nerve that "wanders" off to other organs below the medulla oblongata
Tonic Receptors
A type of receptor that continuously responds with the same magnitude; adapt very slowly or not at all
Phasic Receptors
A type of receptor that quickly adapts to stimuli; fast-adapting
Longest nerve in the body?
CN10
Olfactory Sensation pathway
CN1>hypothalamus>limbic system>cortex
Auditory Sensation pathway
CN8>thalamus>auditory cortex
What other system(s) is/are being used when we voluntary use our skeletal muscles?
CNS; neurons
If the meniscus is injured, what normally gets damaged with it?
MCL
Referred Pain
Painful sensation from visceral organs that is perceived as coming from another region
Nociceptors
Respond to the sensation of pain
where are pacemaker cells found
SA node
Sensation
Sensory information arriving at the CNS
2 neurons
Sensory tract ending in the cerebellum have:
3 neurons
Sensory tract ending in the cerebrum (or cerebral cortex) have:
Transverse Cerebral Fissure
Separates cerebrum and cerebellum
T or F: the right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
TRUE
dorsal ganglion
The cell body of the first-order neuron will be located in the _____________________.
can exercise change the size of your heart
YEAH
90%
______ of the CSF flows out of the laternal and medial apertures into the subarachnoid space
10%
______ ot the CSF flows through the central canal straight down of the spinal cord.
95%
_______ of the sensory information goes to the thalamus of the cerebrum.
85%
________ of the motor information will turned from one side to another within the brainstem.
Choroid Plexus
a network of blood vessels in each ventricle of the brain. It is derived from the pia mater and produces the cerebrospinal fluid.
CN6
abducens nerve
What are the movements in the coronal plane?
abduction/adduction
What muscle(s) serve to abduct the pollex?
abductor pollicus longus
Upper respiratory is everything _____ larynx
above
what is the main function of the large intestine?
absorption of water and electrolytes
which cranial nerve has a cranial root and a spinal root
accessory nerve, CN XI
What composes thin filaments?
actin
What happens after an impulse reaches the sarcolemma?
action potential travels to the T-tubule
What arteries come off the genicular arteries?
anterior/posterior tibial/fibular
What organ is attached to the cecum?
appendix
Primary Somatosensory Cortex (Postcentral Gyrus)
area of the parietal lobe where messages from the sense receptors are registered; it is where one consciously feel sensations within the environment.
spongy bone
arranged in parallel struts forms branching plates called trabeculae which form a network making them lightweight
What happens when body temp is high?
arteries and superficial veins dilate
What is another name for joints?
arthroses
What will always be between two diarthroses?
articular/hyaline cartilage
Mandibular Condyle (Mandible Bone Features)
articulates with temporal bone along with mandibular fossa
sternal end
articulates with the acromian of scapula
What is the name of the aorta pre aortic arch?
ascending aorta
Arteries take blood ____ , while veins take blood ____ the heart
away, to
Circular muscles move food ____ from oral cavity, while longitudinal muscles move food ____ oral cavity
away, to
What artery is found internal in our armpit?
axillary
What does the subclavian artery transition to once it passes clavicle?
axillary artery
What is the point of no return of an action potential in a neuron?
axon hillock
What muscle(s) cross over shoulder and forearm joint, and flexes the arm and forearm?
biceps brachii
What muscle(s) in the posterior thigh compartment extend the thigh and flex the leg?
biceps femoris short and long head
What do erythrocytes have that allows flexibility to pass through capillaries?
biconcave disc
Which AV valve is found on the left side of the heart?
bicuspid
What is the only sensation common to all persons?
bitter
during the early phase of ventricular filling
blood flows passively from atria to the ventricles
What plexus serves to innervate the pectoral girdle and upper limb?
brachial
What muscle(s) performs only flexion of the forearm?
brachialis
What does the right aorta branch into the thorax?
brachicephalic, common carotid, subclavian
The subclavian and jugular veins merge into _____ and then the ____ vena cava
brachiocephalic vein, superior
What deep muscle(s) serve(s) to flex the forearm?
brachioradialis
What comprises the CNS?
brain and spinal cord
What is a example of fibrous tissue in the body?
brain sutures
Arachnoid Granulations (Arachnoid Villi)
branched extensions of the arachnoid that project through the dura mater into the venous sinuses and function to return CSF to the systemic circulation
What structure allows us to form words?
broca's area
What is the first phase of swallowing? Is it voluntary?
buccal, yes
Where does the stomach have weak peristalsis?
cardia/fundus
The ridge found at the bifurcation of the trachea is called the:
carina
What is the base where the trachea splits?
carina
hand
carpals/metacarpals/phalanges
What prevents collapse or overexpansion in trachea?
cartilage
What in the spinal cord allows for the passage of CSF?
central canal
What helps supply blood and remove waste to eye?
central retinal artery and vein
What is the compositon of a heme protein?
centralized iron molecule for O2 and CO2 binding
What does the telencephalon transition into?
cerebrum
What structure regulates conscious thought, and is used for memory storage?
cerebrum
What receptors can we find in carotid and aortic sinuses which detect chemical changes?
chemoreceptors
during a trip to a mountain you start to breath more heavily. deciding to take a break, you accidentally burn yourself while trying to cook a meal. what two receptors were stimulated during this process of events?
chemoreceptors (oxygen in blood), nociceptors (burn/pain)
The free edges of the AV valves are tethered to what
chordae tendinae
these connective tissue strings help hold the atrioventricular valves in place so they aren't pushed into the atria when the ventricles contract
chordae tendinae
the vascular coat of the eyeball is called
choroid
Know circulation of aqueous humor:
ciliary body produces humor>collect in anterior chamber>pass though canal of Schlemm>sent to posterior chamber
Respiratory epithelium is mostly ____
ciliated columnar
The orbicularis oris and orbicularis oculi are ____ muscles
circular
The internal anal sphincter is formed by the ____ muscle of the ______ and is _____
circular, muscularis externae, involuntary
What are the taste buds?
circumvillate, fungiform, filiform
pectoral girdel
clavicle and scapula
What has erectile tissue in females?
clitoris
Proximal
close to body
normal heart sounds are caused by what
closure of heart valves
Blood flow in the heart is ____
colateral
What is the tunica adventitia made of?
collagen
Both genders have a ____ of both primary sex hormones
combination
What does the left aorta branch into the thorax?
common carotid, subclavian
Longitudinal Fasciculi
connect the frontal lobe to the other lobes of the same hemisphere
How are motions classified?
connective tissue and range of motion
Joints (Arthroses)
connects between bones that may or may not permit movement
Superior Cerebellar Peduncle
connects cerebellum to mesencephalon (or midbrain)
Middle Cerebellar Peduncle
connects cerebellum to pons
Interventricular Foramen
connects lateral ventricles to the third ventricle
Interventricular Foramen
connects lateral ventricles to third ventricle
What is/are the action(s) performed by the psoas major?
contraction, no actual movement
What does it mean to say a muscle is extensible?
contracts over resting length
What are the laryngeal cartilages?
corniculate, cuneiform, arytenoid (all paired)
The ____ of the kidney is in contact with the fibrous capsule?
cortex
The base of the renal pyramid faces the ___
cortex
What structure gives allows us to plan?
cortex
Which nephron is important in reabsorption and secretion?
cortical
Rib Stucture
costal facets (transverse process & centrum) Tubercle of Ribs Neck Head Body/Shaft Costal Groove
What muscle contracts and relaxes the testes in response to temperature?
cremaster
the ____ cartilage form the
cricoid, posterior wall
What is initiated after the T-tubules receive an action potential?
cross bridge cycle
What contains the cilia that stimulate our sensory nerves in the inner ear?
cupula
Veins are found _____, anatomically speaking
deep and superficial
What is an example of a multipennate muscle?
deltoid
What muscle(s) abduct(s) the humerus?
deltoid
cartilages
dense and found in joints/ribs/ear/nose/throat, and reduce friction at joints
blood in the left ventricle is (deoxy/oxy) and willl pass into the (what vessel?)
deoxygenated, pulmonary trunk
QRS wave is ____
depolarization ventricles/repol of atria
What is the "snuff box"?
depression created by extension of the pollex ad extensor indicus
Iliac Fossa
depression on internal area of ilium
What are the primary inahaltory muscles?
diaphragm, external intercostals
What tubule positions itself between afferent and efferent arterioles?
distal
What connects anterior tibial artery to dorsal arterial arch?
dorsalis pedis
What carries sperm through spermatic cord and into urethra?
ductus deferens
What other system(s) is/are being used when we voluntary use our smoothmuscles?
endocrine; hormones
you spin around in circles quickly and abruptly come to a stop after 10 seconds, yet you still feel like you are still spinning for a few seconds. why do you have this sensation if you have physically stopped spinning?
endolymph in continues to flow and trick the brain
What is she during menses?
endometrium
What can we find surrounding muscle fibers?
endomysium
What is a function of glial cells aside from isolating and supporting neurons?
engage in phagocytosis
What cells line the ventricles and have cilia to circulate CSF?
ependymal
What grouping of muscles pulls the torso upright if they work together?
erector spinae
What is the final phase in swallowing? Is it voluntary?
esophageal, no
What organ does the diaphragm "press" on? why?
esophagus; prevents acid reflux
Nasal Septum
ethmoid vulmer
What are the functions of neurotransmitters?
excitatory and inhibitory responses
The teania coli is located on the large intestine that _____
expands or compresses haustra
What is/are the action(s) performed by the quadriceps femoris group?
extend leg
What is an example of unipennate muscle?
extensor digitorum
What superficial muscle(s) serve to extend the digit 5?
extensor digitorum/extensor digiti minimi
From anatomical position, all posterior compartment muscles of the arm are ____
extensors
The common iliac divides into the
external and internal iliac artery
The ______ supplies face and scalp
external carotid
What are the muscular arteries?
external carotid, brachial, femoral, mesenteric
all blood being drained from the lower limb will take this pathway back to the heart
external iliac vein, common iliac vein, inferior vene cava
What muscle(s) serve to elevate the ribs?
external intercostals
The _____ drains blood from face and scalp
external jugular
What muscle(s) act for lateral flexion of the oblique?
external/internal oblique, quadratus lumborum
Connective Tissue Proper
extracellular fibers viscous gland substance fixed cells (stationary, involved with maintenance and repair) wandering cells (defense and repair damaged tissue)
which of the following is not a cranial nerve that innervates the eye
facial nerve, CN VII
What connects liver to diaphragm?
falciform ligament
Joints only permit movement
false; it can also stop it
distal
far from body
What are the layers of the parietal pericardium?
fibrous and serous
man with trauma to left eye. he cannot move his left eye due to detachment of the lateral, medial, superior, and inferior rectus; the superior and inferior oblique, and the levator palpebra muscle. which layer of the eye sustained the damage?
fibrous layer (b/c this is where muscles attach)
What provides support to the spinal cord after the L1?
filum terminale
What helps to bring ovum to the reproductive tract?
fimbrae
In what lever is both the resistance and applied force moving in the same direction?
first class
A ____ lever has the fulcrum located _____ the applied force and resistance
first class, between
A ____ works agonist and antagonist muscles simultaneously to stabilize a joint
fixator
What divides the cerebellum from the occipital cerebrum and has an occipital sinus?
flax cerebelli
What is/are the action(s) performed by the iliopsoas muscle?
flex thigh
All muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh perform what action(s)?
flex thigh and extend leg
What is/are the action(s) performed by the sartorius muscle?
flex,abduct,and laterally rotate thigh
What is the action created by bilateral (2) flexion of the sternocleidomastoid?
flexion of the neck
What are the movements in the sagittal plane?
flexion/extension
What superficial muscle(s) flex and adduct the hand at the wrist?
flexor carpi ulnaris
What superficial muscle(s) flex phalanges 2-5?
flexor digitorum
What muscle(s) are contralateral, but crossover at the navicular bone?
flexor digitorum longus/flexor hallicus longus
What is found between the epicardium and partietal pericardium?
fluid to prevent friction (pericardial cavity)
Tentorium Cerebelli
fold that separates cerebrum from cerebellum
Falx Cerebelli
folds that separate the two hemispheres of the cerebellum
Falx Cerebri
folds that separate the two hemispheres of the cerebrum
Nasal Bone (Nasal Septum)
form bridge of nose
Head (Femur)
forms hip joint articulates with acetabellum lateral/Medial condyles --articulate with tibia and help form knee joint
What connects the white matter of the hippocampus to the hypothalamus?
fornix
what is the widened upper portion of vagina that surrounds cervix
fornix
What vestigial structure is found in the right atrium that was once open as a fetus?
fossa ovalis
this structure was a hole between the two atria in fetal development but closes up around birth
fossa ovalis
What has the most concentration of cones?
fovea
What does the seminal gland produce?
fructose to power sperm
What cells produce gastrin?
g cells
What veins are part of the portal system?
gastric, splenic, inferior/superior mesenteric
Which muscle(s) serve to plantarflex foot?
gastrocnemius, plantaris, soleus
What arteries come off the popliteal?
genicular arteries
What does the obturator artery and internal pudendal supply?
genitals
What are there more of-glial cells or neurons?
glial cells
What kind of synovial joint do you find at the intercarpals?
gliding
What in the renal corpuscle filters protein and other molecules?
glomeruli
CN9
glossopharyngeal nerve
What in the larynx vibrates to produce sound?
glottis
What muscle(s) extend past the knee to the tibia by means of the iliotibial tract?
gluteus maximus/tensor fascia latae
What cells secrete mucous in the colon?
goblet
What veins are part of caval system?
gonadal, common iliac, superior hepatic veins
What medial compartment muscle in the thigh inserts at the tibia?
gracialis
the axon of the purkinje cells are located in the
granular cell layer
What drains superficial structure of lower limb?
great saphenous vein
What connects stomach to transverse colon and acts as a protective structure?
greater omentum
What lubricates the vagina?
greater vestibular gland
The further down you go the spinal cord, the larger the differential between ______
grey and white matter
2 months into gestation, the testes are connected to scrotum by
gubernaculum testis
What is a type 1 pneumocyte?
has flat squamous epithelium
What is unique about a sinusoid capillary?
has the largest pores and follows contour of complex organs
What are the pockets in the large intestine that churn contents?
haustra
What part of the thick filament attaches to the actin active site?
head
Why is right lung bigger than left lung?
heart takes up space of left lung
Trace the flow of blood from the heart:
heart>arteries>arterioles>capillary bed>venules>veins>heart
What kind of synovial joint do you find at the interphalangeals?
hinge
Function of nasal cavity
humidifies, warms, filters air
the larynx has 2 pieces of ______ cartilage and ____ cartilage
hyaline, elastic
All the neck muscles attach to the _____ in some manner
hyoid
Where is laryngopharynx found?
hyoid to beginning of esophagus
CN12
hypoglossal
What structure is involved with instinctive activity and regulates out ANS?
hypothalamus
What is the function of an anastomosis?
if an artery is damaged, blood flow isn't stopped
All arteries in lower limb are branches off the ____
iliac
ventricular systole happens
in a wave that begins at the apex and spreads towards the base
The diaphragm ____ intra-abdominal pressure
increases
What function does a third class lever serve?
increases speed and distance
Hyoid Cranial Bone (Vertebral Foramen)
indirectly attached to the styloid process free floating bone and only bone not articulating to another bone allows swallowing to occur
What region does external iliac and femoral artery deviate?
inguinal ligament
What happens during eupnea?
inhalation active, exhalation passive
What are the arteries in the ribs?
intercostal arteries
The abdomen has a series of _____ tendons separating the muscles
intermediate
Blood drained back to heart in neck is by ____
internal and external jugular
The _______ artery supplies brain
internal carotid
Uterine artery is branch off the
internal iliac
The _____ supplies pelvis
internal iliac artery
What are the accessory exhalatory muscles?
internal intercostal/transversus thoracis, external oblique, rectus abdominis, internal oblique
What muscle(s) activate during forced exhalation?
internal intercostals
The ____ drains blood inside cranium
internal jugular
What substance do we find within the sarcoplasm?
internal sarcoplasm
Arbor Vitae
internal white matter of the cerebellum
Visual Association Area
interprets information acquired through the primary visual cortex
Somatosensory Association Area
interprets sensory information and responsible for integrating and interpreting sensations to determine the texture, temperature, pressure and shape of objects.
Through what do the lateral ventricles connect to the 3rd ventricle?
interventricular foramen
The superior oblique muscle allows for ____ of the eye
intortion (medial rotation)
What are the movements in the ankle joint?
inversion/eversion/dorsiflexion/plantarflexion
Cardiac and smooth muscles regulate _____ movement
involuntary
Endochondral Ossification
involved in development of limbs, vertebrae, and hips
What type of contraction maintains muscle length?
isometric
if no sperm attaches to oocyte
it is shed through menstrual blood
What is formed by the distal convoluted tubule and arterioles
juxtaglomerular complex
Which nephron concentrates the urine?
juxtamedullary
epidermis (4 cell types)
keratinocytes (most abundant) melanocytes (melanin) Merkel Cells (sensation) Langerhan Cells (kill pathogens)
From lobules, where does breast milk go?
lactiferous duct>sinus>nipple
The left hemisphere is normally associated with what abilities?
language and mathematical calculation
osteoclasts
large cells with multiple nuclei active in bone removal
Pyramidal Cells
large neurons of the primary motor cortex that allow conscious control of precise, skilled, skeletal muscle movements.
Vessels are ____ than arteries
larger
A thick midline ridge in the thyroid cartilage that is sometimes referred to as the Adam's apple is technically named the:
laryngeal prominence
The urinary has ______ that are leftovers of umbilical arteries supplying placenta
lateral and medial umbilical ligament
The superior trunk branches out into ______
lateral cord
Contraction of unilateral (1) splemius capitis produces ____ of the neck
lateral flexion
What is the action created by a unilateral (1) flexion of the sternocleidomastoid?
lateral flexion of the neck
What flexible tissues are found in nasal vestibule?
lateral nasal, major alar, minor alar, external nares
CN6 innervates
lateral rectus muscle
What other sulci are present in the cerebrum?
lateral/occipitoparietal
What is/are the action(s) performed by the muscles that are not "gluteal"?
laterally rotate thigh and steady head of femur
What muscle(s) extend(s) and adduct(s) the arm?
latissimus dorsi
Where is blood pressure highest in systemic circuit?
left and right coronary artery
which kidney sits higher?
left due to liver
blood within the left atrium will pass into the
left ventricle
What is the trade off for more mobility at a joint?
less joint strength
What connects liver to stomach?
lesser omentum
What muscle(s) is/are activated when the upper lip is elevated superiorly?
leveator labii superioris
Diaphragma Sellae
lines the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone ane anchors the dura mater
Right Upper Quadrant (Abdominal-pelvic Quadrant)
liver, gallbladder, right kidney, small/large intestine
Pubic Symphysis
location where 2 coxal bones join
Acetabellum
location where head of femur attaches thigh bone connects to hip bone
What is an issue with right bronchi?
lodges foreign objects easily
What two muscles create rotation?
longissimus, ilio costalis
The outer layer of the stomach is _____ muscle
longitudinal
Hemispheres in the cerebrum are divided by the _______
longitudinal fissure
The outer muscularis externae is _____ muscle, while the inner layer is _____
longitudinal, circular
When does the pre-capillary sphincter open?
low O2/high CO2
infra spinous fossa
lower depression
Caudal
lower part of body
What is the insertion point of the quadratus lumborium?
lumbar vertebrae
trace flow of blood from lungs to systemic tissues (include valves)
lungs > pulmonary veins > left atrium > bicuspid valve > left ventricle > aortic semilunar valve > aorta
Gray Matter
made of neuronal cell bodies, which received the name "cortex."
The PMC is the _____ and has _____ on its _____. Whatever is absorbed becomes _____
main absorption mechanism, microvilli, simple cuboidal epithelium. interstitial fluid
Structure of middle ear:
malleus>incus>stapes (little bell)
What is the origin point of all the muscles of mastication?
mandible
What muscle serves to assist the buccinator during mastication/air compression?
masseter
which type of general sense receptor detects pressure changes in walls of blood vessels and in portions of the digestive, reproductive, and urinary tracts
mechanoreceptors
The inferior trunk forms the _____ cord
medial
Where do most forearm muscles originate?
medial epicondyle of humerus
Muscles most ____ in your antebrachii mostly perform _____
medial, flexion
The ____ contains the renal pyramids
medulla
What structure regulates blood pressure and helps with digestion?
medulla oblongata
What in the limbic system regulates the function of eating?
medullary body
what are bursa?
membranous cells with synovial fluid
When urethra passes through urogenital diaphragm it is called
membranous urethra
What covers articular cartilage in body regions that experience more shock?
meniscus
What is the first phase of the uterine cycle
menses
What structure in infancy becomes the midbrain?
mesencephalon
What anchors the small intestine?
mesentery proper
What neonatal structure becomes the cerebellum and pons?
metencephalon
What cells form from the same cells that produce monocytes and act of phagocytotic cells?
microglia
What comes out of the taste receptors of the tongue?
microvilli
What structure maintains consciousness and alertness, and is involved with reflexive responses to stimuli?
midbrain
CN9 is a ____ nerve
mixed
The mandibular trigeminal nerve is ____ nerve
mixed
the dendrites of the purkinje cells of the cerebellum are located in the
molecular layer
what is the fat pad that sits in front of the pubic bone?
mons pubis
After puberty, oogenesis happens ____
monthly
the larger the receptive field, the _____ it is to localize the stimulus (easier/harder?)
more difficult
Medial-Lateral Rule
most sensory nerves entering the spinal cord at more inferior levels travel more medially within sensory tract than a sensory nerve entering the cord at a more superior level (would be more lateral on cord). Ex: C4 runs more laterally, while T11 runs more medially.
What sends impulses to the sarcolemma?
motor neuron
What is the function of cilia?
moves mucous in trachea to pharynx
What kind of cells do we find at apex of rugae?
mucous neck cells
The urethra of males has _____ which is important in sexual activity
mucous secreting cells
What neural classification is most common and contain mostly motor neurons?
multipolar
The lateral cord feeds into the ____ and ____ nerve
muscular cutaneous/median
What is located between the mucosa and submucosa of the large intestine?
muscularis mucosae
Multiple-sclerosis is degeneration of _____
myelin sheath
What neonatal structure becomes the medulla oblongata?
myencephalon
What is in between the two muscle layers of the muscularis externae?
myenteric plexus
What layer contains the contractile units of the heart?
myocardium
What are the rod like structures that make up a muscle fiber?
myofibrils
What muscle(s) serves as the floor of the mouth?
myohyoid
What is responsible for contraction and cramping?
myometrium
What is the final step of the cross bridge cycle?
myosin heads return to cocked position to repeat process
What is connected to auditory tube that can easily cause ear infections in kids?
nasopharynx
What produces the mucous to remove smaller particles?
nasopharynx
Are diathroses tissues considered fibrous or cartilaginous?
neither
In neuronatal stages, from what does the CNS develop?
neural tube
Do areola have ducts?
no
What is a restriction of intermediate tendons?
no hypertrophy
Do veins and arteries always have the same names?
no, but most of the time yes
What are included in stimulo-topic classification of general senses?
nociceptors
potentially damaging stimuli that result in pain are selectively detected by
nociceptors
What are the empty gaps left between sheets of myelin called?
nodes of Ranvier
What is different about the muscle fibers in a smooth muscle versus a cardiac muscle?
non-stripped
What muscle(s) do we have in the os coxa?
none; it attaches to the sacrum for stabilization
when viewing a dissected heart, it is easy to visually discern the right and left ventricles by
noticing the thickness of the ventricle walls
papillary layer (dermis/ Above)
nourishes and supports epidermis
What does synovial fluid do?
nourishes chondrocytes
The inner layer of the stomach is _____ muscle
oblique
The left lobe has a ____ fissure
oblique
What arteries come off the internal iliac artery?
obturator/internal pudendal
What muscle(s) is/are activated when we raise our brow?
occipitofrontalis
CN3
occulomotor nerve
Orbicularis ____ surround the eyes
oculi
which of the following gives a correct sequence of how substances are smelled
olfactory cilia, sensory neurons, olfactory bulb, temporal lobe
CN11 internal branch innervates _____
olfactory epithelium
receptors of olfaction are found in the
olfactory epithelium
What secretes mucous into the nasal cavity?
olfactory gland
What neural cell creates the myelin sheath?
oligodendrocytes
What muscle(s) serve to depress the hyoid?
omohyoid/sternohyoid
For each undifferentiated sex cell
one gamete produced with three non-fertilized polar bodies
Stratum Lucidum
only on thick skin (palms/soles) thick skin cells lack organelles and nuclei cells are flattened, densely packed, filled with keratin filaments oriented parallel
Femur
only the femur articulates with the fibula
Where does blood from the heart empty into the right side of the heart?
opening of the coronary sinus
The internal intercostals and external intercostals have ____ origin and insertion points
opposing
What action is produced when the membranes in the organ of corti shift?
opposing action
Crossing point of optic nerves
optic chiasm
Where might I find an adventitia instead of a serosa?
oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, rectum
What is an example of a circular muscle?
orbicularis oculi
What muscle(s) is/are activated when we wink at someone?
orbicularis oculi
What muscle(s) is/are activated when we close out mouth?
orbicularis oris
What is contained within the cochlea that has the hearing membranes (tectorial/basilar)?
organ of corti
What is the point of muscle attachment that remains stationary?
origin
What do the gluteus medius, piriformis, superior/inferior gemellus all have in common?
originate on os coxa and insert on posterior femur
Periosteum
outside osteogenic bone lines outside of bone protects attachment to fascia-connective tissue *circulatory and nervous supply
Mentle Foramen
outside mandible near the chin
parietal pericardium
outside of visceral pericardium, creating a pericardial cavity
Structure of inner ear:
oval window>cochlea>round window>CN8
What tethers the ovaries
ovarian ligament
blood in the left ventricle is (deoxy/oxy) and will enter the _____
oxygenated, aorta
blood in the pulmonary veins is (deoxy/oxy) and will enter the (atrium)
oxygenated, left atrium
What helps eject milk through nipple
oxytocin
What nerves are included in the free nerve ending category?
pacini, merkel, ruffini
The __________ separates the nasal and oral cavities
palate
What superficial muscle(s) flex the wrist?
palmaris longus
What is the network of small veins which act as a heat exchanger for the testes?
pampiniform plexus
What are the chordae tendinae anchored to in the ventricles?
papillary muscles
The renal corpuscle has a ____ and ____ epithelium
parietal, visceral
What in heart squeezes blood from the atrium to the ventricle?
pectinate muscles
these muscles are located in the right atrium, right auricle and left auricle and are responsible for pushing the last drops of blood out of the atrium
pectinate muscles
The breast is anterior to what muscle
pectoralis major
What muscle(s) adduct(s) the arm and allows for medial rotation?
pectoralis major, subscapularis
What muscle(s) depress(es) and protract(s) scapula?
pectoralis minor
The lumbosacral plexus supplies the ____ and ____
pelvis, lower limbs
Olfactory Cortex
perception of smell
Gustatory Cortex
perception of taste
What can we find surrounding muscle fasciles?
perimysium
What layer of the kidney is made of adipose tissue?
perinephric fat
What is the neural signal reduction or elimination to stimulus adaptation
peripheral sensory adaptation/synaptic fatigue
What organ(s) does motor information of C9 come from?
pharyngeal and parotid salivary gland
What is the second phase of swallowing? What happens? Is it voluntary?
pharyngeal, epiglottis closes trachea, no
What has stratified squamous epithelium in respiratory?
pharynx
What is the connection between nose, throat, and mouth?
pharynx
Thermoreceptors are ____ receptors
phasic
What is unique about the endothelial cells of the hypothalamus, pineal gland, and 3rd and 4th ventricles?
phenestrated (spaced out)
What kind of synovial joint do you find at the atalntal-axial?
pivot
What is the majority of blood's composition?
plasma
The testis and penis are supplied by the
pneudenal artery, vein, nerve
What structure relays information to the cerebellum and thalamus?
pons
a special feature of fenestrated capillaries is that they have
pores
What system drains pancreas, gallbladder, spleen?
portal
Every trunk in the brachial plexus has a branch to form the ________
posterior cord
right coronary deviates into ___
posterior interventricular artery
What are the two lines on the spinal cord that divide their respective anterior and posterior segments?
posterior median sulcus and anterior median fissure
The PCL connects the _____ of the tibia to the _____ of the femur
posterior, anterior
I can only see the small saphenous vein ____
posteriorly
What is found at the entrance to each capillary?
pre-capillary sphincter
What covers the glans of the clitoris?
prepuce
lamilated corpuscle
pressure
Functions of tunica intima:
prevents adhesion of blood to the vessel
What is the purpose of surfactant?
prevents alveolar collapse
fibroblasts
produce fibers of connective tissues
melanocytes
produce melanin
Male testis
produce spermatozoa and testosterone
lymphocytes
produce t-cells to fight pathogens
pineal gland
produces melatonin hormone for wake-asleep pattern
What stimulates breast enlargement and milk production during pregnancy?
prolactin, human placental lactogen
What follows menses?
proliferative phase (increasing estrogen)
What muscle(s) in the anterior antebrachii compartment pronates the forearm?
pronator teres
What neuron is a mix of active and inactive?
proprioceptic
Which is the special function of the plantaris muscle?
proprioception
What structures, aside from the midbrain, are present at 3 weeks into development?
prosen/phombencephalon
What does the prostate produce?
prostatic fluid to give it alkalinic buffer
When the urethra passes through the prostate it is called the
prostatic urethra
hair follicles
protect skull with hair delicate touc sensations
Vertebral Column (Postcranium)
protects spinal cord transfers weight of torso onto lower limb acts as a muscle attachment all vertebrae excepts os coxa
The origin would be generally ____ while insertion is generally _____
proximal, distal
What kind of epithelium does nasopharynx have?
pseudostratified ciliated columnar
What kind of epithelium in trachea?
pseudostratified ciliated columnar
What muscle(s) is/are found on both the axial and appendicular skeleton that have opposing origin and insertion points?
psoas major, iliacus
When does oogenesis temporarily stop in females?
puberty
What is an example of cartilaginous tissue on the body?
public symphysis
What other nerves are found at the level of the lumbosacral plexus?
pudendal, femoral
A muscle exerts a only a ____ force on the skeleton
pulling
what vessel takes deoxygenated blood from the heart to the left and right lungs
pulmonary arteries
what vessels take oxygenated blood to the left atrium
pulmonary veins
cell bodies of purkinje cells are located in the
purkinje cell layer
When does ventricular contraction begin?
purkinje fibers are stimulated
Where does the stomach have strong peristalsis?
pylorus
The posterior cord feeds into the ____ and _____ nerve
radial/axillary
What does brachial artery transition into?
radial/ulnary arteries>superficial/deep palmar arterial arches>digital arteries
function of reproductive tract
receive, nourish, store, transport gametes
Which muscle gives us our 6-pack?
rectus abdominus
If we start from an extensor position of the back, what muscle(s) act to flex it back to anatomical position?
rectus abdominus and psoas major
What is an example of a bipennate muscle?
rectus femoris
What is "generalized" pain specified to regions that are connected in the body?
referred pain
What other function does the skeletal system serve aside from general support and entrance/exit of materials?
regulate body temp
When you are full, the stomach muscles are ____
relaxed
What does the stomach of newborns have that coagulates protein and digests milk fats?
remmin and gastric lipase
neutrophyls
remove debris
What arteries connect to kidneys?
renal
What separates adjacent renal pyramids?
renal columns
Pathway of the nephron:
renal corpuscle>PCT>descending limb>ascending limb, DCT>collecting system>minor calyx...etc
What anchors kidneys to surrounding structure?
renal fascia
What part of the renal pyramid projects into the medulla?
renal papilla
Know this:
renal pyramid>minor calyx>major calyx>renal pelvis>ureter
Reticular Layer (Dermis/ Below)
restricts spread of pathogens stores lipid reserves detect touch pressure, pain, vibration, and temperature blood vessels=thermorugulation
sperm passes from seminiferous tubules into _____ by the ____
rete testis, straight tubules
What is the "machine washing" breakdown of the bolus into the chyne by strong peristalsis?
retropulsion
What muscle(s) assist in elevation of the scapula?
rhomobid major/minor
verterbralsternal
ribs 1-7
vertbebralchondral
ribs 8-10 connected by cartilage
Thoracic Cage (Postcranium)
ribs/sternum protects heart and lungs
Where does signal do to after the bundle of his?
right and left branches
trace blood flow of blood from the right atrium to the lungs (include valves)
right atrium > tricuspid valve > right ventricle > pulmonary semilunar valve > pulmonary trunk > pulmonary arteries > lungs
What are the vessels branching off the aorta?
right brachiocephalic, left common carotid, left subclavian
Why does base of right lung sit higher?
right dome of diaphragm is higher
What are the movements in the transverse plane?
rotation/supination/pronation
Centrums
rounded anterior location where weight is being distributed, located on all vertebrae except for C1
In a non-aroused state, the vagina has ___
rugae
What disappear in the bladder when it is full?
rugae
Where does segmentation occur? What happens to the bolus at this point?
s. intestine, becomes chyne
What kind of synovial joint do you find at carpometacarpal 1?
saddle
What is the membrane of a muscle fiber?
sarcolema
What is the smallest function unit of a muscle?
sarcomere
What is found surrounding each myofibril?
sarcoplasmic reticulum
What muscle(s) form the quadriceps femoris group?
sartorius, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis/medialis
What cells give support to neurons in ganglions?
satellite
What supports the dorsal root ganglion?
satellite cells
What muscles serve to assist the sternocleidomastoid in flexion of the neck?
scalenes
What cells produce myelin and are regenerative?
schwann
What nerve is present at L5-S5?
sciatic
What is the protective outer covering of the eye?
sclera
What is the function of stratified squamous epithelium in pharynx?
scraping or abrasion
In what lever is both the fulcrum and applied force moving in the same direction?
second class
regarding olfactory pathways, axons of which neurons in the olfactory bulb within the olfactory tract to reach the olfactory cortex, the hypothalamus, and portions of the limbic system
second order neurons
What comes after primary bronchi?
secondary bronchi
function of accessory glands
secrete fluid
What is the function of the serous layer of the parietal pericardium?
secretes pericardial fluid
What follow the proliferative phase?
secretory phase (progestrone maintains endometrium)
frontal coronal angle
sections passing through the skull
What is responsible in testis for transporting and creating sperm?
seminiferous tubules
occurs when a receptor becomes so accustomed to the stimulation that it stops gathering impulses
sensory adaptation
Parieto-Occipital Sulcus
separates parietal (sensory information) and occipital (vision information) lobes.
Primary Fissure
separates the anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum
Lateral Sulcus
separates the temporal lobes (auditory information) from all other lobes.
diaphram
separates thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
What divides nasal cavity into two?
septum
What are the left and right ventricles separated by?
septum pellucidum
What muscle assists in protraction of scapula?
serratus anterior
Knee (Patella)
sesamoid bone reduce friction between tendon and other structure covers patella ligament -- attaches patella to tibia
at 7 weeks gestation
sex organs are undifferentiated
Diaphysis
shaft of bone contains bone marrow
Transverse Ligament (Vertebral Foramen)
shake "No" joint
Lateral semicricular canal is stimulated when ____
shaking head no
crista galli
sharp portrusion on ethmoid
Why do we find accessory structures in some joints but not others?
shock is stronger in some areas of the body than others
ligaments
short bands of fibrous connective tissue connecting bones
Contraction ____ a muscle
shortens
What joints are considered triaxial?
shoulder, hip joint
What anchors the large intestine?
sigmoid colon
The mucosa is what kind of epithelium?
simple columnar
What epithelium is found in the endocardium?
simple squamous
What are the three muscle types?
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
The external anal sphincter is formed by the ____ mucle and is ____
skeletal, voluntary
All the muscles of facial expressions are muscle to _____ attachments
skin
Thin filaments ____ over thick filaments during movement
slide
Ampiarthrosis
slightly moveable ex:radia/ulna shafts, pubic symphisis
What drains into popliteal vein?
small saphenous vein
What are the primary features of cardiac muscle?
small, branched, uni-nucleated, striated, involuntary
What kind of muscle does the tunica media have?
smooth
The ____ artery has a greater percentage of smooth muscle in its tunica media
smooth muscle
What occurs once neurotransmitters attach to the post-synaptic cell membrane?
sodium channels open causing an influx
Which muscle(s) form the calcaneal tendon?
soleus/gastrocnemius
Which nervous system controls skeletal muscle contraction?
somatic nervous system
What is unique about a phenestrated capillary?
some channels between cells for transport of large molecules
Know movement of sound:
sound wave hits tympanic membrane>ossicles move>stapes hits oval window>cochlea>basilar membrane stimulated>round window>CN8 stimulated
Subdural Space
space between the arachnoid and dura mater layers of the meninges; a potential space that is there when necessary and doesn't always exist.
The right hemisphere is normally associated with what abilities?
spatial visualization and analysis
Sensory Receptors
specialized information to respond to different changes in one's environment; the interface between the nervous system and the internal and external environments.
What descends from the abdomen to wrap testes and other structures?
spermatic cord
What comprises the PNS?
spinal and cranial nerves
Where are reflexes processed? the brain or spinal cord?
spinal cord
What form the plexuses of the spinal cord?
spinal nerves
What muscle lies most medial of the erector spinae group?
spinalis
What muscle inserts at the occipital bone and originates at the cervical/thoracic vertebrae?
splemius capitis
saggital
split body into 2 equal 1/2s
The longest section of the urethra is the
spongy urethra
What is unique about nodal cells?
spontaneuously depolarize
What is the function of the fibrous layer of the parietal pericardium?
stabilizes heart at apex and vessels at the base
What is not a function of the axial muscles?
stabilizing/moving girdles/limbs
mast cells
stimulate local inflammation to site of injury
Auditory Association Area
stores memories of sounds and permits perception of sounds
The esophagus has what kind of epithelium?
stratified squamous
What epithelium is found in oropharynx?
stratified squamous
What kind of epithelium does layrngopharynx have?
stratified squamous
What muscle(s) elevate the hyoid and larynx during swallowing?
stylohyoid
temporal bone
styloid process (pointy) carotid canal (inside Styloid Process)
Where in the meningeal region is CSF found?
subarachnoid space
What lies in between the dura mater and arachnoid, although it's presence lies in contention?
subdural space
What layer of the digestive tract secretes buffers into mucosa and has a lot of blood vessels?
submucosa
What is found between the submucosa and muscularis externae?
submucosal plexus
What muscle(s) hold the humeral head in the glenoid fossa?
subscapularis
Where does the spermatic cord descend from the abdomen?
superficial inguinal ring
What artery supplies right side of l. intestine?
superior mesenteric
What does CN4 innervate?
superior oblique
What muscles are not moved by CN3?
superior oblique, lateral rectus
Where does CN3 pass through?
superior orbital fissure
Which part of the nasopharynx connects to which part of the nasal cavity
superior-posterior by internal nares
When you expirate the diaphragm moves ____
superiorly
What muscle(s) serve to supinate the forearm?
supinator
What muscle(s) allow for lateral rotation of the arm?
supra/infraspinatus, teres minor
What structure holds the lens and shapes it to focus on objects closer or far away?
suspensory ligaments
What assists in constricting amount of blood when there is blood loss?
sympathetic nerves in veins
what is another name for immovable connective tissue?
synarthrosis
A ____ muscle helps agonists and antagonists move
synergists
what do we find in the joint capsule?
synovial fluid
the process of gustatory transduction starts with which structure of the tongue
taste hairs
What muscle serves to elevate and retract the mandible?
temporalis
What can you find at either end of a muscle?
tendon
the ___ and ___ of your __ ear are able to control the ability of the ____ to vibrate so that the sound waves do not get amplified that much when you hear a loud sound
tensor tympani, stapedius, middle, ossicles
What covers the cerebellum and separates the cerebral hemisphere from it, containing a transverse sinus?
tentorium cerebelli
What muscle, known as the rotator cuff, assists in medially rotating arm by stabilizing the joint?
teres major
Where does the axillary artery transition into brachial artery?
teres major/minor
95 percent of sensory information ascends through the ____
thalamus
What structure is a 2nd order neuron in the diencephalon?
thalamus
Diencephalon
thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
What structure(s) comprise the diencephalon?
thalamus/hypothalamus
Auditory Cortex
the area of the temporal lobe responsible for processing sound information
receptive field
the areas monitored by a single receptor cell
What is unique about the lateral ventricles?
they do not communicate with each other
What is unique about reflex responses?
they do not vary regardless of stimulus
tip of metatarsal 1 has 2 sesamoid bones along the bottom of foot
they prevent crushing of tendon between you and the ground and reduce friction between tendon and metatarsal 1
Where is water actively pushed up in the nephron loop?
thick ascending limb
Joint Capsule (Diarthrosis)
thick, dense connective tissue
A ____ lever has the applied force located ____ the force and resistance
third class
The descending aortra is divided into ______ portions
thoracic/abdominal
What are the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles separated by?
thoracolumbar fascia
What nerve(s) does the sciatic nerve branch into?
tibial/commonn fibular
Which muscle(s) serve to dorsiflex the foot?
tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum/hallicus longus
Which muscle(s) inverts the foot?
tibialis anterior/posterior
Posterior semicircular canal is stimulated when ___
tilting head back
What assists to hold thick filaments stationary?
titin
What organ(s) does sensory information of C9 come from?
tongue, pharynx, palate
What neuron is always active?
tonic
What receptors are slow adapting?
tonic
The trachea is ____
tough and flexible
Inner mucosa of the ureter/urinary bladder is ____
transitional epithelium
What connects transverse colon to pancreas?
transverse mesocolon
What abdominal muscle lies the deepest?
transversus abdominus
What muscle(s) cross over shoulder and attach to scapula to extend the forearm and assists in adduction of arm?
triceps brachii
Which AV valve is found on the right side of the heart?
tricuspid
which structure is known as an AV valve with 3 flaps
tricuspid valve
which structure prevents backflow into the right atrium
tricuspid valve
What lacks rugae and acts as a funnel to channel urine from bladder to urethra?
trigone
What is the superior oblique tethered by in the eye?
trochlea
What happens when calcium binds to troponin?
tropomysin exposes active sites
What allows active sites to be exposed?
troponin
The regions of the brachial plexus form a superior, middle, and inferior _____
trunk
blood vessels inside have a ______
tunica intima
the "lubb" sound heard with a stethoscope is caused by
turbulence in the blood when the AV valved close
which structure separated the external auditory canal from the middle ear
tympanic membrane
What secretes sufactant
type 2 pneumocyte
The medial cord feeds into the _____ nerve
ulnar
What is the fifth sensation? Where is it located?
umami, back of tongue <remember it's made of glutamate>
a large part of the penis is found
underneath pubis
free nerve endings are ____ receptors and they can be compared to ______
unencapsulated, dendrites
ACL, LCL, and meniscus damage are considered what in the medical field?
unhappy triad
Name the sphincters in order:
upper esophageal>cardiac>pyloric>ileocecal valve>external anal sphincter>internal anal sphincter>sphincter of oddi
What facial region is affected by elevation of the levelator labii superioris
upper lip
you were kidnapped, blind folded and dumped in the trunk of a car. even though you can't see anything, you can feel the car is moving. which structures would be involved with this sensation?
utricle/ saccule
longest nerve that innervates the digestive system is the
vagus nerve
What do large veins have?
valves to prevent backflow
What absorbs the high concentration of ions in the interstitial space?
vasa recta
Where do motor signals exit on the spinal cord?
ventral root
Which chambers have thicker muscular walls?
ventricles
Diastole is ____ relaxation with ____
ventricular, decreased chamber pressure
Systole is ____ contraction with _____
ventricular, increased chamber pressure
What collects the blood from the capillary bed?
venules
The hemispheres of the cerebellum are divided by what?
vermis
Where is/are the insertion and origin points for the back muscles?
vertebrae and ribs
Projection Fibers
vertical fibers that connect hemispheres with lower brain or spinal cord.
What structure do we have that protects the heart wall?
visceral epicardium
What does the cervical canal produce? What is its function?
viscous mucous. blocks external os from collecting bacteria and can turn watery to allow sperm in during ovulation
The muscle system, in general, regulates _____ movement
voluntary
What is the composition of plasma?
water, plasma protein, solutes
When can we see rugae?
when stomach is empty
Sacroiliac Joint (Coxal Bones)
where coxal bone articulates with the sacrum
pelvis (Female)
wider shorter wider near pubic symphysis