Anatomy Lab Final
Which of the following creates a muscle contraction?
When the thick and thin filaments of a sarcomere slide across each other
All of the following statements accurately compare the origins and insertions of muscles associated with thumb movement except
Both the opponens pollicis and adductor pollicis muscles originate from the forearm and insert into the medial surface of the thumb's proximal phalanx.
The life cycle of a cell allows for the continuity of life. What is the contribution of cytokinesis to the life cycle.
One cell splits into two cells during this phase
_____ are specialized cardiac muscle cells that directly control heart rate.
Pacemaker cells
The male pelvis is _______ and ________ than the female pelvis
deeper, narrower
The _____ muscles are located on the posterior side of the forearm
extensor
Contraction of the abdominal muscles results in
flexion of the vertebral column
divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
frontal/coronal
Which muscles contract to produce the main effort required to stand on your toes?
gastrocnemius
The intervertebral joint is a ___________ joint
gliding
Which muscles are used when Pulling the knees up to the chest, as when jumping into a pool "cannonball" style?
i. Iliacus ii. Psoas major iii. Biceps femoris iv. Semitendinosus v. Semimembranosus
Which muscles are used when nodding yes?
i. Sternocleidomastoid ii. Scalenes
Sarcomeres contain thick filaments, which consist of _____, and thin filaments, which consist of _____.
myosin, actin
Is the pubic symphysis a fibrous joint?
no
What type of cells are not somatic?
sex cells
What is the layer of the blood vessel wall that consists of smooth muscle and elastic fibers?
tunica media
Which muscles are part of the rotator cuff that serves to stabilize the shoulder joint?
• Infraspinatus • Supraspinatus • Teres minor • Subscapularis
The binding of _________ to the receptor on an ion channel causes the channel to open, allowing an influx of _________ ions into the muscle fiber
acetylcholine, sodium
Is the clavicle part of the axial or appendicular skeleton?
appendicular
G0 is known as the amitotic phase because:
these cells won't progress through the cell cycle.
layer of the blood vessel wall that consists of smooth muscle and elastic fibers
tunica media
When you lift your chin when nodding, which muscles are contracting?
upper back muscles
Contractions of smooth muscle in the __________ wall propel urine into the bladder
ureter
What facial bone is unpaired?
vomer
The heads of the lipids in the membrane are attracted to __________
water
Which muscles are used when climbing stairs-Stepping up to the next step?
1. Gluteus maximus 2. Gluteus medius 3. Rectus femoris 4. Vastus lateralis 5. Vastus medialis 6. Vastus intermedius
Which muscles are used when Climbing stairs-Raising the body up and lifting a leg?
1. Iliopsoas 2. Psoas major 3. Biceps femoris 4. Semitendinosus 5. Semimembranosus 6. Gastrocnemius 7. Soleus 8. Tibialis posterior
Tissues develop from _____ primary germ layers
3
Which of the following accurately lists the rotator cuff muscles?
Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis
Which organelle is associated with translation and the addition of sugars to make glycoproteins?
RER
The pectoralis major is used when performing all the following actions except
Raising your hand during class.
How do cervical vertebrae differ from other vertebrae?
bifid spinous processes and transverse foramina
The action potential continues to travel down the muscle fiber on which structures? Which ion is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum as this happens?
The action potential travels down the sarcolemma and transverse tubules, calcium
If you sustained a foot injury that resulted in foot drop, the inability or impaired ability to lift the front of your foot, which nerve would most likely be affected?
The deep fibular nerve
All of the following statements accurately describe the hallucis muscles except
The flexor hallucis brevis is a dorsum muscle.
Which of the following statements accurately compares how the anterior compartment muscles of the thigh move the knee?
The four heads of the quadriceps femoris extend the knee, whereas the sartorius flexes and internally rotates the knee.
If your lab partner asked you to explain how the hamstrings and quadriceps are involved in climbing stairs, which of the following would you most likely say?
The hamstrings are involved in raising the body up and lifting a leg, whereas the quadriceps are involved in stepping up to the next step.
Which of the following statements accurately compares the origins of the long and short heads of the biceps brachii?
The long head originates from the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, whereas the short head originates from the coracoid process.
Which of the following statements distinguishes the midpalmar muscles from the thenar and hypothenar hand muscles?
The midpalmar muscles are groups of muscles that move multiple fingers.
All of the following lateral rotators are innervated by spinal nerves except
The obturator externus
All of the following statements accurately compare the muscles that pronate and supinate the forearm except
The pronator and supinator muscles are all innervated by the median nerve.
All of the following muscles are involved in elevating your body on your tiptoes except
The semitendinosus.
Which of the following is a similarity among DNA replication, transcription, and translation?
They all consist of three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination.
All of the following are common properties among skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle except
They all look the same because actin and myosin always have the same microscopic organization.
Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between the psoas major and iliacus muscles?
They both insert into the lesser trochanter of the femur and act as flexors of the thigh.
Which layer of the heart lines the heart's internal structures and is continuous with the lining of the blood vessels that attach to the heart?
endocardium
Which layer of the heart wall adheres the heart to the pericardium, a sac of tissue that protects the heart from friction as it beats?
epicardium
A layer of connective tissue called the _____ protects each skeletal muscle.
epimysium
Muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh ______ the knee, and muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh _________ the knee
extend, flex
The carpal tunnel is bordered by the ___________ and the ___________
flexor retinaculum, carpal bones
Which foramen does the spinal cord pass through?
foramen magnum
The Achilles or calcaneal tendon is the common tendon of insertion for which muscles?
gastrocnemius and soleus
The microscopic study of tissue appearance, organization, and function is called
histology
Which muscles are used when whistling?
i. Buccinators ii. Orbicularis oris
Which muscles are used when frowning?
i. Corrugator supercilii ii. Depressor supercilii iii. Orbicularis oculi iv. Orbicularis oris v. Depressor anguli oris vi. Depressor labii inferioris vii. Platysma viii. Procerus
Which muscles are used when chewing?
i. Deep and superficial masseter ii. Temporalis iii. Medial and lateral pterygoid
Which muscles are used when Standing on tiptoes?
i. Gastrocnemius ii. Soleus iii. Tibialis posterior
Which muscles are used when tilting head to look toward sky?
i. Longissimus cervicis ii. Splenius capitis iii. Semispinalis capitis
Which muscles are used when swallowing?
i. Palatoglossus ii. Styloglossus iii. Digastric iv. Stylohyoid v. Mylohyoid vi. Geniohyoid
Which muscles are used when extending the leg to kick a ball?
i. Rectus femoris ii. Vastus lateralis iii. Vastus medialis iv. Vastus intermedius
Which muscles are used when Sitting cross-legged?
i. Sartorius ii. Obturator externus iii. Obturator internus iv. Superior gemellus v. Inferior gemellus 30 vi. Quadratus femoris vii. Piriformis
Which muscles are used when tilting head/bringing ear to shoulder?
i. Sternocleidomastoid ii. Scalenes iii. Splenius capitis
Which muscles are used when shaking head no?
i. Sternocleidomastoid ii. Scalenes iii. Splenius capitis iv. Semispinalis capitis
Which muscles are used when smiling?
i. Zygomaticus major ii. Zygomaticus minor iii. Risorius iv. Levator anguli oris v. Levator labii superioris vi. Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
Muscle that helps the eye look down
inferior rectus
Smooth muscle contractions are _____ actions managed by impulses that travel through the _____ nervous system to the smooth muscle tissue.
involuntary, autonomic
Joint between parietal and occipital
lambdoid
The outermost smooth muscle layer of the stomach is the __________
longitudinal layer
outermost smooth muscle layer of stomach
longitudinal layer
auditory ossicles outer to inner
malleus, incus, stapes
An organelle with 2 membranes associated that contains DNA and uses oxygen for energy.
mitochondria
The proteins within a muscle cell are organized into large cells called:
myofibrils
Which body system initiates the process of muscle contraction?
nervous system
The place where an impulse is transmitted from a motor neuron to a skeletal muscle is called the __________.
neuromuscular junction
WBCs called __________work to consume bacteria and remove damaged tissue and debris
neutrophils and macrophages
Are the latissimus dorsi muscles prime movers of back extension?
no
Does the smooth muscle contract voluntarily to move blood through the vasculature?
no
Is the zygomaticus major a muscle of mastication?
no
Does the nervous system strengthen nerve impulses?
nope
Select the organelle that has a double membrane, DNA, and the DNA codes for cytosolic and secreted proteins
nuclear envelope*** What
Inside the cytoplasm are structures called _____, which perform essential cellular functions.
organelles
The points at which the tendons of a skeletal muscle attach to 2 articulating bones are called the _____________
origin and insertion
Diffusion of water across a cell's plasma membrane is called
osmosis
Which is a prime mover of the humerus?
pectoralis major
In horror movies mummies are wrapped from head to toe. Using anatomical terminology you would say they were wrapped from cephalic to ______ region.
pedal
Blood vessels carry _______ to the site of tissue damage to assist in the repair process
platelets
what is the paired and opposing action of supination?
pronation
When the biceps brachii contract, which bone is pulled upward?
radius
Divides body into left and right down the middle
sagittal
Surrounding the myofibrils are membranous sacs called the
sarcoplasmic reticulum
As myosin filaments pull the actin filaments toward the center of the sarcomere, will the muscle lengthen or shorten?
shorten
What is the initial stimulus for muscle contraction?
Action potential from a motor neuron
When breathing normally (not forced) which muscle are you using?
diaphragm
When cells divide and multiply in the embryo and change in shape and structure, the process is is called
differentiation
If someone were to tear his/her Achilles (calcaneal) tendon, what muscle action(s) would be affected?
This person would be unable to bend his/her foot downward (plantar flexion), stand on his/her toes, or walk.
If you were giving an oral report on the role smooth muscle plays in the process of digestion, which of the following points would you include in your presentation?
Through mechanical and chemical processes that occur in the alimentary canal--a musculomembranous tube that extends from the mouth to the anus--food is digested, nutrients are extracted, and waste is expelled.
All protein building occurs through two principal steps, which are
Transcription and translation.
Which of the following describes the main functions of transcription and translation?
Transcription synthesizes a strand of mRNA that is complementary to the gene of interest, while translation synthesizes a protein within the ribosome.
When calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, where does it bind?
Troponin
Which smooth muscle layer is found in the stomach but not in the rest of the alimentary canal?
oblique layer
What is the energy source that powers muscle contraction?
ATP
Which neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction after the action potential arrives?
Acetylcholine
Which of the following describes the relationship between myosin and actin?
When the myosin heads bind to actin, the cross bridges are established.
When the cell needs to move molecules from an area of low concentration to one of high concentration, it uses specialized channels or carriers in the cell membrane. This process expends energy and is called
active transport
In elbow flexion, the biceps brachii is the ________ and the triceps brachii is the __________
agonist, antagonist
Ligament running down the surfaces of the vertebral bodies is called
anterior longitudinal ligament
Which of the following is a similarity between the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
Both transport materials for cellular growth.
The _____ is an elbow flexor, whereas the _____ is an elbow extensor.
Brachialis, triceps brachii
All of the following are steps in the cross-bridge formation process except
Calcium ions released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum power the movement of the myosin head.
The life cycle of a cell allows for the continuity of life. What is the contribution of phase G1 to the life cycle.
Cell growth, organelle duplication, and protein synthesis promote cellular function.
How does a muscle change in order to accomplish its function?
Contraction of muscle fibers
The life cycle is important for the continuity of life. What contribution does the S phase make to the cell cycle?
DNA replication, or synthesis, occurs during this phase.
Foot drop involves difficulty or inability to lift the front of the foot. It may be due to a variety of factors, including nerve injury. Which nerve would be affected?
Deep fibular nerve
What muscles are used when raising your hand high over your head in class?
Deltoid, supraspinatus
What muscles are used in inhaling deeply?
Diaphragm, External intercostals, Serratus anterior, Pectoralis minor, Serratus posterior superior, Scalenes
Which of the following is a major difference between interphase and mitosis and cytokinesis?
During interphase, the cell is not dividing, while during mitosis and cytokinesis, the cell is dividing.
What phase of mitosis do centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell?
Early prophase
What muscles are used in twisting your torso?
External and internal obliques
Is a maxilla a cranial or facial bone?
Facial
Which best describes the structural components of skeletal muscle from largest to smallest?
Fascicle, fiber, myofibril, thick and thin filaments
What muscles are used when holding a pencil?
Flexor digitorum profundus, opponens pollicis, lumbricals, palmar interossei
Which muscles are most likely to be affected by carpal tunnel syndrome?
Flexor muscles of the forearm (superficial and deep)
The organelle that sorts and repackages proteins into vesicles.
Golgi
If one of your friends asked you to explain how body movement occurs, which of the following steps would not be included in your explanation?
Impulses from the nervous system move away from the neuromuscular junction.
Which of the following explains how the direction of osmosis depends on the concentration of the solution around the cell?
In an isotonic solution, water input and output is balanced; in a hypotonic solution, the cell swells and may burst; and in a hypertonic solution, water flows out and the cell shrinks.
Which of the following is an accurate comparison of passive transport and active transport?
In passive transport, certain molecules move through the cell's selectively permeable membrane without the cell using any energy, whereas in active transport, cells use specialized channels or carriers to move molecules across the membrane.
What muscles are used in taking a bow?
Intertransversarii, Rectus abdominis, External oblique, Internal oblique
If one of your peers asked you to explain the main function of the myocardium, how would you explain it?
It creates the pumping action that distributes blood throughout the cardiovascular system.
Which of the following distinguishes the semitendinosus from the semimembranosus?
It inserts into the medial surface of the superior shaft of the tibia.
If you were to describe the myocardium to a friend who is unfamiliar with its structure, which of the following would you be most likely to say?
It is made up of muscular fibers attached to fibrous rings.
How would you explain why the DNA replication process is called "semiconservative"?
It is semiconservative because half of the original DNA molecule is conserved in each new DNA molecule.
If you were describing carpal tunnel syndrome to a classmate, which of the following statements would you not want to make?
It only affects the extensor muscles of the forearm.
How would you explain the path exhaled oxygen-poor and carbon dioxide-rich air takes to leave the body?
It passes through the bronchioles and tertiary and secondary bronchi in the lungs to the right or left bronchi, and then it goes into the larynx and up through the trachea to pass out of the body via the mouth or nose.
What phase of mitosis do spindle MTs attach to kinetochore proteins?
Late prophase
What phase of mitosis does the nuclear membrane and nucleolus disintegrate?
Late prophase
What muscles are used when reaching behind you, arm extended and pronated?
Latissimus dorsi, infraspinatus, teres major, teres minor, triceps brachii, pronator teres, pronator quadratus
What is the function of the muscular system?
Movement of structures
Which step of muscle contraction is called the power stroke?
Myosin heads move the actin filament inward, shortening the sarcomere
Is skeletal muscle the only type of striated muscle?
No, cardiac is also striated
Does the fibula articulate with the femur?
No, only the tibia does
Within the plasma membrane, the lipid tails are
Not dissolved by water.
Which muscles are used when raising eyebrows?
Occipitofrontalis
Which muscles are used when expressing surprise?
Occipitofrontalis ii. Levator palpebrae superioris iii. Platysma
Which of the following describes how messages travel from the brain to muscles?
A signal begins in the brain and travels down the spinal cord to peripheral nerves until it reaches a muscle.
In a hypertonic solution, there is a greater concentration of water inside the cell than outside it. As a result, the cell
Shrinks as water flows out.
When receptors open at the neuromuscular junction, does sodium travel in or out of the muscle fiber?
Sodium travels into the muscle fiber
The NT released by a motor neuron that stimulates skeletal muscle is
acetylcholine
Sarcomeres contain
actin and myosin filaments
Organelle that can disassemble and then reassemble as a mitotic spindle.
centrioles
If the end of a broken bone pierces the skin, the fracture is considered__________
compound
The _________ is a conical pouch formed by the upper and left portion of the R ventricle that leads to the pulmonary trunk
conus arteriosis
How does cardiac muscle differ from skeletal muscle?
fibers are shorter
Lifting the chin is an example of a _____________
first class lever
What muscles are used when bringing your hand to your heart?
Pectoralis major, brachialis, biceps brachii
What muscles are used when reaching in front of you, arm extended and supinated?
Pectoralis major, coracobrachialis, subscapularis, triceps brachii, supinator
What muscles are used in rowing a boat?
Pectoralis minor, Serratus anterior, Trapezius, Levator scapulae, Rhomboid minor, Rhomboid major Deltoid, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, infraspinatus, supraspinatus, teres major, teres minor, subscapularis, coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, brachialis, triceps brachii
If you tore your Achilles tendon, you would be unable to perform all of the following muscle actions except
Pulling your knees to your chest.
What stimulates a muscle to contract?
Skeletal muscle - signals from the nervous system Smooth muscle - hormones and nervous system Cardiac muscle - conduction system of the heart
What muscles are used in standing erect?
Splenius group - splenius capitis and splenius cervicis, Erector spinae group - spinalis, longissimus, iliocostalis, Transversospinales group - semispinalis, rotatores, multifidus, Interspinales
Sometimes acid that regurgitates from the stomach can irritate the phrenic nerve, causing it to fire spontaneously. What effect do you think this would have?
Spontaneous contraction of the diaphragm, commonly known as hiccups.
The assembly of the protein's amino acid chain occurs in the _____ and is facilitated by _____.
cytoplasm, ribosomes
The distal joint between the tibia and the fibula is an example of a:
syndesmosis
The calcaneus, cuboid, and talus are _______ bones
tarsal
Smooth muscle lines all of the following body structures except
the brain
The purkinje fibers, sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node are a part of ________
the cardiac conduction system
Which of the following muscles is categorized as a superficial flexor of the hand?
the palmaris longus
All of the following posterior compartment muscles of the lower leg cross the ankle joint on the posterior side and are involved in plantarflexion except
the popliteus
All of the following muscles stabilize the shoulder joint except
the pronator teres
divides the body into superior and inferior portions
transverse