Anatomy Lab Final

In a hypertonic solution, there is a greater concentration of water inside the cell than outside it. As a result, the cell

Shrinks as water flows out.

The place where an impulse is transmitted from a motor neuron to a skeletal muscle is called the __________.

neuromuscular junction

All of the following muscles stabilize the shoulder joint except

the pronator teres

G0 is known as the amitotic phase because:

these cells won't progress through the cell cycle.

Contractions of smooth muscle in the __________ wall propel urine into the bladder

ureter

The life cycle of a cell allows for the continuity of life. What is the contribution of cytokinesis to the life cycle.

One cell splits into two cells during this phase

The male pelvis is _______ and ________ than the female pelvis

deeper, narrower

The _____ muscles are located on the posterior side of the forearm

extensor

Contraction of the abdominal muscles results in

flexion of the vertebral column

The intervertebral joint is a ___________ joint

gliding

Which muscles are used when Pulling the knees up to the chest, as when jumping into a pool "cannonball" style?

i. Iliacus ii. Psoas major iii. Biceps femoris iv. Semitendinosus v. Semimembranosus

Which muscles are used when nodding yes?

i. Sternocleidomastoid ii. Scalenes

Sarcomeres contain thick filaments, which consist of _____, and thin filaments, which consist of _____.

myosin, actin

Is the pubic symphysis a fibrous joint?

no

What type of cells are not somatic?

sex cells

What is the layer of the blood vessel wall that consists of smooth muscle and elastic fibers?

tunica media

Which muscles are part of the rotator cuff that serves to stabilize the shoulder joint?

• Infraspinatus • Supraspinatus • Teres minor • Subscapularis

The binding of _________ to the receptor on an ion channel causes the channel to open, allowing an influx of _________ ions into the muscle fiber

acetylcholine, sodium

Is the clavicle part of the axial or appendicular skeleton?

appendicular

layer of the blood vessel wall that consists of smooth muscle and elastic fibers

tunica media

When you lift your chin when nodding, which muscles are contracting?

upper back muscles

What facial bone is unpaired?

vomer

The heads of the lipids in the membrane are attracted to __________

water

Which muscles are used when climbing stairs-Stepping up to the next step?

1. Gluteus maximus 2. Gluteus medius 3. Rectus femoris 4. Vastus lateralis 5. Vastus medialis 6. Vastus intermedius

Which muscles are used when Climbing stairs-Raising the body up and lifting a leg?

1. Iliopsoas 2. Psoas major 3. Biceps femoris 4. Semitendinosus 5. Semimembranosus 6. Gastrocnemius 7. Soleus 8. Tibialis posterior

Tissues develop from _____ primary germ layers

3

Which of the following accurately lists the rotator cuff muscles?

Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis

Which organelle is associated with translation and the addition of sugars to make glycoproteins?

RER

The pectoralis major is used when performing all the following actions except

Raising your hand during class.

How do cervical vertebrae differ from other vertebrae?

bifid spinous processes and transverse foramina

The action potential continues to travel down the muscle fiber on which structures? Which ion is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum as this happens?

The action potential travels down the sarcolemma and transverse tubules, calcium

If you sustained a foot injury that resulted in foot drop, the inability or impaired ability to lift the front of your foot, which nerve would most likely be affected?

The deep fibular nerve

All of the following statements accurately describe the hallucis muscles except

The flexor hallucis brevis is a dorsum muscle.

Which of the following statements accurately compares how the anterior compartment muscles of the thigh move the knee?

The four heads of the quadriceps femoris extend the knee, whereas the sartorius flexes and internally rotates the knee.

Which of the following statements accurately compares the origins of the long and short heads of the biceps brachii?

The long head originates from the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, whereas the short head originates from the coracoid process.

All of the following statements accurately compare the muscles that pronate and supinate the forearm except

The pronator and supinator muscles are all innervated by the median nerve.

All of the following muscles are involved in elevating your body on your tiptoes except

The semitendinosus.

Which of the following is a similarity among DNA replication, transcription, and translation?

They all consist of three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination.

All of the following are common properties among skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle except

They all look the same because actin and myosin always have the same microscopic organization.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between the psoas major and iliacus muscles?

They both insert into the lesser trochanter of the femur and act as flexors of the thigh.

Which layer of the heart lines the heart's internal structures and is continuous with the lining of the blood vessels that attach to the heart?

endocardium

Which layer of the heart wall adheres the heart to the pericardium, a sac of tissue that protects the heart from friction as it beats?

epicardium

A layer of connective tissue called the _____ protects each skeletal muscle.

epimysium

Muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh ______ the knee, and muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh _________ the knee

extend, flex

The carpal tunnel is bordered by the ___________ and the ___________

flexor retinaculum, carpal bones

Which foramen does the spinal cord pass through?

foramen magnum

The Achilles or calcaneal tendon is the common tendon of insertion for which muscles?

gastrocnemius and soleus

The microscopic study of tissue appearance, organization, and function is called

histology

Which muscles are used when whistling?

i. Buccinators ii. Orbicularis oris

Which muscles are used when frowning?

i. Corrugator supercilii ii. Depressor supercilii iii. Orbicularis oculi iv. Orbicularis oris v. Depressor anguli oris vi. Depressor labii inferioris vii. Platysma viii. Procerus

Which muscles are used when chewing?

i. Deep and superficial masseter ii. Temporalis iii. Medial and lateral pterygoid

Which muscles are used when Standing on tiptoes?

i. Gastrocnemius ii. Soleus iii. Tibialis posterior

Which muscles are used when tilting head to look toward sky?

i. Longissimus cervicis ii. Splenius capitis iii. Semispinalis capitis

Which muscles are used when swallowing?

i. Palatoglossus ii. Styloglossus iii. Digastric iv. Stylohyoid v. Mylohyoid vi. Geniohyoid

Which muscles are used when extending the leg to kick a ball?

i. Rectus femoris ii. Vastus lateralis iii. Vastus medialis iv. Vastus intermedius

Which muscles are used when Sitting cross-legged?

i. Sartorius ii. Obturator externus iii. Obturator internus iv. Superior gemellus v. Inferior gemellus 30 vi. Quadratus femoris vii. Piriformis

Which muscles are used when tilting head/bringing ear to shoulder?

i. Sternocleidomastoid ii. Scalenes iii. Splenius capitis

Which muscles are used when shaking head no?

i. Sternocleidomastoid ii. Scalenes iii. Splenius capitis iv. Semispinalis capitis

Which muscles are used when smiling?

i. Zygomaticus major ii. Zygomaticus minor iii. Risorius iv. Levator anguli oris v. Levator labii superioris vi. Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi

Muscle that helps the eye look down

inferior rectus

Smooth muscle contractions are _____ actions managed by impulses that travel through the _____ nervous system to the smooth muscle tissue.

involuntary, autonomic

Joint between parietal and occipital

lambdoid

The outermost smooth muscle layer of the stomach is the __________

longitudinal layer

outermost smooth muscle layer of stomach

longitudinal layer

auditory ossicles outer to inner

malleus, incus, stapes

An organelle with 2 membranes associated that contains DNA and uses oxygen for energy.

mitochondria

The proteins within a muscle cell are organized into large cells called:

myofibrils

Which body system initiates the process of muscle contraction?

nervous system

WBCs called __________work to consume bacteria and remove damaged tissue and debris

neutrophils and macrophages

Are the latissimus dorsi muscles prime movers of back extension?

no

Does the smooth muscle contract voluntarily to move blood through the vasculature?

no

Is the zygomaticus major a muscle of mastication?

no

Does the nervous system strengthen nerve impulses?

nope

Select the organelle that has a double membrane, DNA, and the DNA codes for cytosolic and secreted proteins

nuclear envelope*** What

Inside the cytoplasm are structures called _____, which perform essential cellular functions.

organelles

The points at which the tendons of a skeletal muscle attach to 2 articulating bones are called the _____________

origin and insertion

Diffusion of water across a cell's plasma membrane is called

osmosis

Which is a prime mover of the humerus?

pectoralis major

In horror movies mummies are wrapped from head to toe. Using anatomical terminology you would say they were wrapped from cephalic to ______ region.

pedal

Blood vessels carry _______ to the site of tissue damage to assist in the repair process

platelets

what is the paired and opposing action of supination?

pronation

When the biceps brachii contract, which bone is pulled upward?

radius

Divides body into left and right down the middle

sagittal

Surrounding the myofibrils are membranous sacs called the

sarcoplasmic reticulum

As myosin filaments pull the actin filaments toward the center of the sarcomere, will the muscle lengthen or shorten?

shorten

What is the initial stimulus for muscle contraction?

Action potential from a motor neuron

When breathing normally (not forced) which muscle are you using?

diaphragm

When cells divide and multiply in the embryo and change in shape and structure, the process is is called

differentiation

If someone were to tear his/her Achilles (calcaneal) tendon, what muscle action(s) would be affected?

This person would be unable to bend his/her foot downward (plantar flexion), stand on his/her toes, or walk.

If you were giving an oral report on the role smooth muscle plays in the process of digestion, which of the following points would you include in your presentation?

Through mechanical and chemical processes that occur in the alimentary canal--a musculomembranous tube that extends from the mouth to the anus--food is digested, nutrients are extracted, and waste is expelled.

When calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, where does it bind?

Troponin

Which smooth muscle layer is found in the stomach but not in the rest of the alimentary canal?

oblique layer

What is the energy source that powers muscle contraction?

ATP

Which neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction after the action potential arrives?

Acetylcholine

Which of the following describes the relationship between myosin and actin?

When the myosin heads bind to actin, the cross bridges are established.

Ligament running down the surfaces of the vertebral bodies is called

anterior longitudinal ligament

Which of the following is a similarity between the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Both transport materials for cellular growth.

The _____ is an elbow flexor, whereas the _____ is an elbow extensor.

Brachialis, triceps brachii

All of the following are steps in the cross-bridge formation process except

Calcium ions released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum power the movement of the myosin head.

How does a muscle change in order to accomplish its function?

Contraction of muscle fibers

The life cycle is important for the continuity of life. What contribution does the S phase make to the cell cycle?

DNA replication, or synthesis, occurs during this phase.

Foot drop involves difficulty or inability to lift the front of the foot. It may be due to a variety of factors, including nerve injury. Which nerve would be affected?

Deep fibular nerve

What muscles are used when raising your hand high over your head in class?

Deltoid, supraspinatus

What muscles are used in inhaling deeply?

Diaphragm, External intercostals, Serratus anterior, Pectoralis minor, Serratus posterior superior, Scalenes

Which of the following is a major difference between interphase and mitosis and cytokinesis?

During interphase, the cell is not dividing, while during mitosis and cytokinesis, the cell is dividing.

What phase of mitosis do centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell?

Early prophase

What muscles are used in twisting your torso?

External and internal obliques

Is a maxilla a cranial or facial bone?

Facial

What muscles are used when holding a pencil?

Flexor digitorum profundus, opponens pollicis, lumbricals, palmar interossei

Which muscles are most likely to be affected by carpal tunnel syndrome?

Flexor muscles of the forearm (superficial and deep)

The organelle that sorts and repackages proteins into vesicles.

Golgi

If one of your friends asked you to explain how body movement occurs, which of the following steps would not be included in your explanation?

Impulses from the nervous system move away from the neuromuscular junction.

Which of the following explains how the direction of osmosis depends on the concentration of the solution around the cell?

In an isotonic solution, water input and output is balanced; in a hypotonic solution, the cell swells and may burst; and in a hypertonic solution, water flows out and the cell shrinks.

What muscles are used in taking a bow?

Intertransversarii, Rectus abdominis, External oblique, Internal oblique

If one of your peers asked you to explain the main function of the myocardium, how would you explain it?

It creates the pumping action that distributes blood throughout the cardiovascular system.

What muscles are used when reaching behind you, arm extended and pronated?

Latissimus dorsi, infraspinatus, teres major, teres minor, triceps brachii, pronator teres, pronator quadratus

What is the function of the muscular system?

Movement of structures

Is skeletal muscle the only type of striated muscle?

No, cardiac is also striated

Does the fibula articulate with the femur?

No, only the tibia does

Which muscles are used when raising eyebrows?

Occipitofrontalis

Which muscles are used when expressing surprise?

Occipitofrontalis ii. Levator palpebrae superioris iii. Platysma

When receptors open at the neuromuscular junction, does sodium travel in or out of the muscle fiber?

Sodium travels into the muscle fiber

The NT released by a motor neuron that stimulates skeletal muscle is

acetylcholine

Sarcomeres contain

actin and myosin filaments

Organelle that can disassemble and then reassemble as a mitotic spindle.

centrioles

If the end of a broken bone pierces the skin, the fracture is considered__________

compound

The _________ is a conical pouch formed by the upper and left portion of the R ventricle that leads to the pulmonary trunk

conus arteriosis

How does cardiac muscle differ from skeletal muscle?

fibers are shorter

Lifting the chin is an example of a _____________

first class lever

What muscles are used when bringing your hand to your heart?

Pectoralis major, brachialis, biceps brachii

What muscles are used when reaching in front of you, arm extended and supinated?

Pectoralis major, coracobrachialis, subscapularis, triceps brachii, supinator

What muscles are used in rowing a boat?

Pectoralis minor, Serratus anterior, Trapezius, Levator scapulae, Rhomboid minor, Rhomboid major Deltoid, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, infraspinatus, supraspinatus, teres major, teres minor, subscapularis, coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, brachialis, triceps brachii

If you tore your Achilles tendon, you would be unable to perform all of the following muscle actions except

Pulling your knees to your chest.

What stimulates a muscle to contract?

Skeletal muscle - signals from the nervous system Smooth muscle - hormones and nervous system Cardiac muscle - conduction system of the heart

What muscles are used in standing erect?

Splenius group - splenius capitis and splenius cervicis, Erector spinae group - spinalis, longissimus, iliocostalis, Transversospinales group - semispinalis, rotatores, multifidus, Interspinales

Sometimes acid that regurgitates from the stomach can irritate the phrenic nerve, causing it to fire spontaneously. What effect do you think this would have?

Spontaneous contraction of the diaphragm, commonly known as hiccups.

The distal joint between the tibia and the fibula is an example of a:

syndesmosis

The calcaneus, cuboid, and talus are _______ bones

tarsal

Smooth muscle lines all of the following body structures except

the brain

The purkinje fibers, sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node are a part of ________

the cardiac conduction system

Which of the following muscles is categorized as a superficial flexor of the hand?

the palmaris longus

All of the following posterior compartment muscles of the lower leg cross the ankle joint on the posterior side and are involved in plantarflexion except

the popliteus

divides the body into superior and inferior portions

transverse

Which of the following describes how messages travel from the brain to muscles?

A signal begins in the brain and travels down the spinal cord to peripheral nerves until it reaches a muscle.

All of the following statements accurately compare the origins and insertions of muscles associated with thumb movement except

Both the opponens pollicis and adductor pollicis muscles originate from the forearm and insert into the medial surface of the thumb's proximal phalanx.

The life cycle of a cell allows for the continuity of life. What is the contribution of phase G1 to the life cycle.

Cell growth, organelle duplication, and protein synthesis promote cellular function.

Which best describes the structural components of skeletal muscle from largest to smallest?

Fascicle, fiber, myofibril, thick and thin filaments

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of passive transport and active transport?

In passive transport, certain molecules move through the cell's selectively permeable membrane without the cell using any energy, whereas in active transport, cells use specialized channels or carriers to move molecules across the membrane.

Which of the following distinguishes the semitendinosus from the semimembranosus?

It inserts into the medial surface of the superior shaft of the tibia.

If you were to describe the myocardium to a friend who is unfamiliar with its structure, which of the following would you be most likely to say?

It is made up of muscular fibers attached to fibrous rings.

How would you explain why the DNA replication process is called "semiconservative"?

It is semiconservative because half of the original DNA molecule is conserved in each new DNA molecule.

If you were describing carpal tunnel syndrome to a classmate, which of the following statements would you not want to make?

It only affects the extensor muscles of the forearm.

How would you explain the path exhaled oxygen-poor and carbon dioxide-rich air takes to leave the body?

It passes through the bronchioles and tertiary and secondary bronchi in the lungs to the right or left bronchi, and then it goes into the larynx and up through the trachea to pass out of the body via the mouth or nose.

What phase of mitosis do spindle MTs attach to kinetochore proteins?

Late prophase

What phase of mitosis does the nuclear membrane and nucleolus disintegrate?

Late prophase

Which step of muscle contraction is called the power stroke?

Myosin heads move the actin filament inward, shortening the sarcomere

Within the plasma membrane, the lipid tails are

Not dissolved by water.

_____ are specialized cardiac muscle cells that directly control heart rate.

Pacemaker cells

If your lab partner asked you to explain how the hamstrings and quadriceps are involved in climbing stairs, which of the following would you most likely say?

The hamstrings are involved in raising the body up and lifting a leg, whereas the quadriceps are involved in stepping up to the next step.

Which of the following statements distinguishes the midpalmar muscles from the thenar and hypothenar hand muscles?

The midpalmar muscles are groups of muscles that move multiple fingers.

All of the following lateral rotators are innervated by spinal nerves except

The obturator externus

All protein building occurs through two principal steps, which are

Transcription and translation.

Which of the following describes the main functions of transcription and translation?

Transcription synthesizes a strand of mRNA that is complementary to the gene of interest, while translation synthesizes a protein within the ribosome.

Which of the following creates a muscle contraction?

When the thick and thin filaments of a sarcomere slide across each other

When the cell needs to move molecules from an area of low concentration to one of high concentration, it uses specialized channels or carriers in the cell membrane. This process expends energy and is called

active transport

In elbow flexion, the biceps brachii is the ________ and the triceps brachii is the __________

agonist, antagonist

The assembly of the protein's amino acid chain occurs in the _____ and is facilitated by _____.

cytoplasm, ribosomes

divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

frontal/coronal

Which muscles contract to produce the main effort required to stand on your toes?

gastrocnemius