Anatomy Lecture Ch 17 & 18
white blood cells, red blood cells
2 substances that would not normally be found in urine
corpuscle, tubule
A kidney contains about 1 million nephrons, each of which consists of a renal ______ and a renal ______.
sinus, pelvis, calyces
A medial depression in the kidney leads to a hollow renal ____ into which blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels and the ureter enter. Inside this space lies a basin called the renal _____ that is subdivided into tubes called the minor and major ______.
salt
A person ordinarily obtains sufficient electrolytes from foods eaten. A _____ craving may indicate an electrolyte deficiency.
sodium
Another control over filtration rate is the renin-angiotensin system, which regulates ________ excretion.
macula densa, juxtaglomerular
At the point of contact between afferent and efferent arterioles and the distal convoluted tubule, the epithelial cells of the distal tubule form the _______. Near this area on the afferent arteriole are smooth muscle cells called ______ cells. These 2 structures together form the juxtaglomerular apparatus.
proximal, carrier
Because the only selective mechanism in filtration is the size of the substances, a more careful sorting must be done before urine can be excreted. Much of this is accomplished through the processes of tubular reabsorption. Most of the reabsorption occurs in the ________ convoluted tubule, where cells possess microbial with ________ proteins. These proteins have a limited transport capacity, so excessive amounts of a substance will be excreted into the urine.
osmotic, hydrostatic
Due to plasma proteins, _______ pressure of the blood resists filtration, as does _______ pressure inside the glomerular capsule.
acids, bases
Electrolytes that ionize in water and release hydrogen ions are _____; those that combine with hydrogen ions are ______.
compartments, intercellular fluid, extracellular fluid
Fluids occur in _______ in the body and movement of water and electrolytes between them is regulated. The 2 major compartments are the _______ and the ______.
active transport, osmosis, pinocytosis
Glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed by _______, water by _______, and proteins by _______. (This is in tubular reabsorption)
food, drink, by-product of metabolism
How are electrolytes obtained?
sweating, feces, urine
In what 3 ways are electrolytes lost?
urine, feces, perspiration, evaporation from lungs when breathing
In what 4 ways is water lost?
strong, weak
Maintenance of homeostasis depends on the control of acids and bases in body fluids. Most hydrogen ions originate as by-products of metabolic processes, including : the aerobic and anaerobic respiration of glucose, incomplete oxidation of fatty acids, oxidation of amino acids containing sulfur, and the breakdown of phosphoproteins and nucleic acids. Acids that ionize more completely are _____ acids; those that ionize less completely are _____ acids.
countercurrent, ADH
Most of the sodium ions are reabsorbed before the urine is excreted, and sodium is concentrated in the renal medulla by the _______ mechanism. Normally the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct are impermeable to water unless the hormone _____ is present.
peristalic, urinary bladder
Muscular _____ waves convey urine to the ________ where it passes through a flaplike valve in the mucous membrane.
decrease
On the average, filtration rate is 125 mm per minute or 180 liters in 24 hours, most of which is reabsorbed further down the nephron. Glomerular filtration rate is relatively constant, although sympathetic impulses may _________ the rate of filtration.
nephron loop, collecting duct, calyx, major, urinary bladder
Path of filtrate/urine: Starts with glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, __________, distal convoluted tubule, ________, minor ______, ________ calyx, ureter, ________, urethra
active transport, water
Sodium ions are reabsorbed by _________, and negatively charged ions follow passively. As sodium is reabsorbed, _____ follows by osmosis. (This is in tubular reabsorption)
water, urea, uric, amino, electrolytes
Substances found in normal urine: 95% _____, ______, _____ acid, ______ acids and ________.
distal, collecting, antidiuretic, urine
The ____ convoluted tubules and ______ ducts of the nephrons regulate water output. ________ hormone from the posterior pituitary gland cause a reduction in the amount of water lost in the urine, When drinking adequate water, the mechanism is inhibited and more water is expelled in _______.
thirst, osmotic, hypothalamus, stomach
The _____ mechanism is the primary regulator of water intake. It derives from the _____ pressure of extracellular fluids and a thirst center in the _______. Once water is taken in, the resulting distention of the _______ will inhibit the thirst mechanism.
intercellular, potassium, phosphate, magnesium
The ______ fluid compartment includes all the water and electrolytes within cells. What 3 major types of ions are found in high concentrations in this fluid?
extracellular , sodium, chloride, bicarbonate
The ______ fluid compartment includes all water and electrolytes outside of cells (interstitial fluid, plasma & lymph). What 3 major types of ions are found in high concentrations in this fluid?
renal, interlobar, arcuate, interlobular, afferent
The abdominal aorta gives rise to _____ arteries leading to the kidneys. As these arteries pass into the kidneys, the branch into successively smaller arteries: ______ arteries, ______ arteries, _______ arteries and finally ______ arterioles leading to the nephrons
strong, weak, bicarbonate, protein buffer, phosphate
The chemical components of a buffer system can combine with a _____ acid and convert it to a ______ one. The chemical buffer system in body fluids include what 3 buffer systems?
blood, homeostasis
The function of the nephron is to filter _____ and maintain ______ of body fluid.
bean, capsule, peritoneum
The kidney is a reddish-brown _____ shaped organ 12 centimeters long; it is enclosed in a tough, fibrous _____. The kidneys are positioned behind the serous membrane called the ________.
red, blood pressure
The kidneys also help control the rate of _____ cell formation by secreting erythropoietin and regulate ___________ by secreting renin.
composition, metabolic
The kidneys function to regulate volume, ______ and pH of bodily fluids and remove _______ wastes from the blood in the process.
hydrostatic
The main force responsible for moving substances by filtration through the glomerular capillary wall is the _______ pressure of the blood inside.
internal sphincter, external urethral
The portion of the muscle that surrounds the neck of the bladder forms an ______ muscle. There is also a voluntary sphincter, the _______ sphincter.
proximal, nephron loop, distal,
The three sections that comprise the renal tubule: the _______ convoluted tubule, the _______, and the _____ convoluted tubule
urinary bladder
The ureters are muscular tubes extending from the kidneys to the base of the ________.
outside, internal, external, voluntary, involuntary
The urethra is a tube that conveys urine from the urinary bladder to the _____. It has 2 sphincters: The ____ and ______ urethral sphincters. The external is ______ and the internal is _______.
pelvic, trigone
The urinary bladder is a hollow, distensible, muscular organ lying in the _____ cavity. The internal floor of the bladder includes the triangular shaped ______, which is composed of the openings of the 2 ureters and the urethra.
kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
The urinary system consists of 2 _____ that filter the blood, 2 ______, a urinary ______ and a _______ to convey waste substances to the outside.
drinking, metabolism
The volume of water gained each day varies from person to person. About 60% of daily water id gained from _____, another 30% comes from moist foods and 10% from the water of _______.
mucous, submucous, muscular, detrusor, serous
The wall of the urinary bladder is made up of 4 coats: Inner ____ coat, _____ coat, ______ coat made up of _____ muscle, and an outer ______ coat.
amounts taken in, ions
To be in balance, the quantities of fluids and electrolytes leaving the body should be equal to ______________. Electrolytes are molecules that release ____ in water. Anything that alters the concentrations of electrolytes will also alter the concentration of water, and vice versa.
renal tubule, active transport, potassium
Tubular secretion transports certain substances from plasma into the __________. ___________ mechanisms move excess hydrogen ions into the renal tubule along with various organic compounds (includes drugs). _________ ions are secreted both actively and passively into the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct.
medulla, cortex
Two distinct regions are found within the kidney: an inner renal _____ and an outer renal _____.
amino acid, nucleic acid
Urea is a by-product of _______ metabolism; uric acid is a by-product of _______ metabolism.
Diffusion
Urea is reabsorbed by _________
active transport
Uric acid is reabsorbed by ______.
detrusor, spinal cord, internal urethral, external urethral sphincter
Urine leaves the bladder by the micturition reflex. The ______ muscle contracts and the external urethral sphincter must also relax. Stretching of the urinary bladder triggers the micturition reflex located in the sacral portion of the ______. Return parasympathetic impulses cause the muscle to contract in waves ad an urge to urinate is sensed. When these contractions become strong enough, the _______ sphincter is forced open. The _______ is composed of skeletal muscle and is under conscious control.
intake, output
Water balance exists when water _____ equals water _____.
hydrostatic, osmotic
What 2 pressures control the movement of fluids within the body?
glomerulus, glomerulus capsule
What 2 structures are found in the renal corpuscle?
sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, sulfate, phosphate, bicarbonate
What are the 8 electrolytes of greatest importance to cellular metabolism?
afferent arteriole
What blood vessel leads into the glomerulus?
efferent arteriole
What blood vessel takes blood away from the glomerulus?
blood, filtrate
What is the function of the glomerulus?
collecting ducts
What structure does the distal convoluted tubule empty into?
transitional
What type of epithelial tissue lines the bladder?
declines
When hydrostatic pressure inside the glomerular plasma is high, filtration rate ______.
declines
When osmotic pressure of the glomerular plasma is high, filtration rate _______.
constricts, declines
When the afferent arteriole _______ in response to sympathetic stimulation, filtration pressure, and thus filtration rate ________.
increasing
When the efferent arteriole constricts, filtration pressure increases, _______ the rate of filtration.
renin, angiotensin II, heart
When the sodium chloride concentration in the tubular fluid decreases, the macula densa senses these changes and causes the juxtaglomerular cells to secrete ________. This secretion triggers a series a series of reactions leading to the production of _______ which acts as a vasoconstrictor; this may in turn, affect filtration rate. The ______ can also increase filtration rate when blood volume is high.
glomerulus
Where does filtration occur?
calcium, increases, calcitonin
_____ concentration is regulated by parathyroid hormone, which ______ its concentration in extracellular fluids by ______ which does basically the reverse. Generally the regulatory mechanisms that control positively charged ions secondarily control the concentrations of anions
sodium, aldosterone, potassium, absorbed
_____ ions account for 90% of the positively charged ions in extracellular fluids; the action of ______ on the kidneys regulates reabsorption. This hormone also excretes _____ ions when sodium ions are _______.
Transcellular
______ fluid includes the cerebrospinal fluid of the nervous system, fluids within the eyeball, synovial fluid of the joints, serous fluid within body cavities and exocrine gland secretions.
