ANATOMY Lecture Exam 3
A muscle that works with another to produce the same or similar movement is called a/an A. fixator B. prime mover C. synergist D. medial rotator E. antagonist
C. synergist
An action potential does not re-stimulate the adjacent membrane that was previously depolarized because A. the resting membrane potential of the axon is too high B. stimulation is inhibited by the myelin sheath C. the area of the membrane is absolutely refractory to depolarization D. it is impossible for an action potential to be propagated along an axon toward the nerve call body E. the resting membrane potential of the axon is too low
C. the area of membrane is absolutely refractory to depolarization
The CNS of vertebrate animals consists of A. nerve originating at sensory receptors B. the spinal cord C. the brain and spinal cord D. all nerves in the body E. the brain
C. the brain and spinal cord
A neuron repolarizes by _________ after it has been stimulated. A. the generation of a second impulse B. growing a myelin sheath C. the outward movement of potassium ions (K+) D. generating an impulse in the opposite direction E. producing ATP
C. the outward movement of potassium ions (K+)
local potentials exhibit all of the following characteristics EXCEPT A. they are reversible B. they are of variable voltage C. they obey the all-or-none law D. they are sometimes inhibitory E. they spread only short distances from the point of stimulation
C. they obey the all-or-none law
There are _________ enlargements of the spinal cord where nerves supplying the extremities enter and leave. A. six B. five C. two D. three E. four
C. two
____________ division carries signals to the smooth muscle in the large intestine A. somatic sensory B. afferent C. visceral motor D. visceral sensory E. somatic motor
C. visceral motor
Stepping on a piece of glass would most likely invoke a _________ reflex. A. Stretch B. Motor C. Withdrawal D. Pain E. Golgi tendon
C. withdrawal
Which protein contains an ATP binding site?
Myosin
Excitability is the ability of skeletal muscle to -
respond to a stimulus
The functional unit of a skeletal muscle fiber is the -
sarcomere
The ability of the muscle cell to shorten in response to a stimulus A. conductivity B. contractility C. extensibility D. elasticity E. excitability
B. contractility
Which of the following is/are contractile proteins? A. tropomyosin B. myosin C. actin D. A & B E. all of the above
A & B
Which is a correct listing of the hierarchy of a skeletal muscle's components, beginning with the smallest? A. myofibrils B. muscle fiber C. fascicle D. skeletal muscle
A, B, C, D
Which are possible functions of skeletal muscles? A. maintenance of posture B. both highly coordinated and localized simple movements C. temperature regulation D. support of certain body organs E. restricting the movement of material through certain body tracts
A, B, C, D, E
One motor neuron can stimulate up to ____________ muscle fiber(s) A. 1000 B. 100 C. 1 D. 10 E. 10,000
A. 1000
Which of the following individuals would have more mitochondria in his skeletal muscles? A. a 22 year old football player B. a 50 year old sedentary computer gamer C. a long term hospice patient D. a model on a reduced calorie diet E. a newborn
A. 22 year old football player
Which of the following is not found in the thin filaments of striated muscle? A. ATPase B. troponin C. F actin D. tropomyosin E. Ca2+ receptors
A. ATPase
Rising intracellular levels of which ion are necessary for neurotransmitter release from a neuron? A. Ca2+ B. Cl- C. HCO3+ D. K+ E. Mg2+
A. Ca2+
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in cross-bridge cycling? A. Myosin cross-bridge binds to actin, the powerstroke moves the thin filament relative to the thick filament, ATP binds to myosin and cross bridge detachment occurs, ATP is hydrolized and the myosin head is "cocked" B. The powerstroke moves the thin filament relative to the thick filament, myosin cross-bridge binds to actin, ATP binds to myosin and cross-bridge detachment occurs, ATP is hydrolyzed and the myosin head is "cocked." C. Myosin cross-bridge binds to actin, ATP is hydrolyzed and the myosin head is "cocked," the powerstroke moves the thin filament relative to the thick filament, ATP binds to myosin and cross-bridge detachment occurs. D. Myosin cross-bridge binds to actin, ATP binds to myosin and cross-bridge detachment occurs, the powerstroke moves the thin filament relative to the thick filament, ATP is hydrolyzed and the myosin head is "cocked." E. These events can occur in any sequence without affecting muscle function
A. Myosin cross-bridge binds to actin, the powerstroke moves the thin filament relative to the thick filament, ATP binds to myosin and cross bridge detachment occurs, ATP is hydrolized and the myosin head is "cocked"
The plexus that supplies the upper limbs is the _________ plexus. A. Brachial B. Lumbar C. Cervical D. Coccygeal E. Branchial
A. brachial
The posterior ramus of a typical spinal nerve innervates the A. deep muscles of the back and the skin of the back B. special senses C. anterior and lateral trunk and the limbs D. abdominal wall E. major thoracic and abdominal organs
A. deep muscles of the back and the skin of the back
The cutaneous sensory distribution of a spinal nerve can be mapped as a A. Dermatone B. Microtome C. Myotome D. Superdome E. Plexitome
A. dermatone
Which of the following connective tissue layers is superficial to all the others? A. epimysium B. paramysium C. perimysium D. sarcolemma E. endomysium
A. epimysium
The connective tissue that surrounds an entire nerve is the A. Epineurium B. Endosteum C. Perineurium D. Endoneurium E. Periosteum
A. epineurium
You would expect a body-builder to have more __________ muscle fiber than a long-distance marathon runner A. fast glycolytic B. slow oxidative
A. fast glycolytic
Which of the following fractures would be the least likely to cause a spinal cord injury? A. A fracture of vertebra L4 B. A fracture of vertebra C2 C. A fracture of vertebra T5 D. A fracture of vertebra T12 E. A fracture of vertebra C6
A. fracture of vertebra L4
In cardiac muscle and single-unit smooth muscle, ions can flow directly from one cell into an adjacent cell through A. gap junctions B. neuromuscular junctions C. synaptic vesicles D. myosin myofilaments E. transverse tubules
A. gap junctions
An increase in the extracellular concentration of K+ above normal would result in A. hyperpolarization of resting nerve cells B. depolarization of resting nerve cells C. no change in the resting membrane potential
A. hyperpolarization of resting nerve cells
Which of the following attachments occurs when the epimysium of the muscle is merged into a tendon which then is continuous with the periosteum of bone? A. indirect B. direct C. convergent D. dermal E. pennate
A. indirect
A(n) _________ muscle of the hand has both its origin and insertion within the hand A. intrinsic B. convergent C. synergistic D. extrinsic E. internal
A. intrinsic
When a muscle develops increased tension, but does not change in length, it is said to exhibit A. isometric contraction B. treppe C. twitch D. isotonic contraction E. fatigue
A. isometric contraction
The neurons that stimulate muscle contraction are called _____________ neurons. A. motor B. sensory C. inhibitory D. association E. contractile
A. motor
A depression in a muscle fiber where is has synaptic contact with a nerve fiber and a high density of neurotransmitter receptors is a A. motor endplate B. Z disc C. t-tubule D. I band E. striation
A. motor endplate
Which is NOT true of myelin? A. myelin covers all parts of the neuron: axon, cell body, and dendrites B. it influences the rate of conduction of the electrical signal down an axon C. damage to it can have serious consequences D. it is formed by glial cells E. it is a fatty membranous sheath
A. myelin covers all parts of the neuron: axon, cell body, and dendrites
The regions of axon membrane that lie between regions of myelin are the A. nodes of ranvier B. synaptic membranes C. dendrites D. glial cells E. islets of langerhans
A. nodes of ranvier
A neuron innervating your bicep muscle would be considered part of the A. peripheral nervous system B. central nervous system C. sympathetic nervous system D. parasympathetic nervous system E. autonomic nervous system
A. peripheral nervous system
Which is NOT a universal characteristic of all muscles? A. plasticity B. elasticity C. conductivity D. contractility E. extensibility
A. plasticity
A muscle which does most of the work during a specific action is called the: A. prime mover B. antagonist C. secondary mover D. synergist E. protagonist
A. prime mover
Posture is maintained mainly by ________ fibers A. slow oxidative (SO) B. white C. fast-twitch D. fast glycolytic (FG) E. type II
A. slow oxidative (SO)
Muscle tension in the stomach wall drops when you are eating, enabling the stomach to expand and accommodate the meal. This is called - A. the stress-relaxation response B. the latch-bridge mechanism C. plasticity D. peristalsi s E. muscular accommodation
A. the stress-relaxation response
Synaptic vesicles are found in A. the synaptic knob B. the motor end plate C. the terminal cisternae D. the synaptic cleft E. the junctional folds
A. the synaptic knob
Which of these spinal nerve counts is incorrect? A. Thoracic nerves =8 pairs B. Cervical nerves = 8 pairs C. Coccygeal nerves = 1 pair D. Sacral nerves = 5 pairs E. Lumbar nerves = 5 pairs
A. thoracic nerves = 8 pairs
In skeletal muscle fibers, the elastic filaments are called _________ and their function is to ___________. A. titin; return the muscle cell to its resting length after contraction B. troponin; bind to Ca2+ to cause muscle relaxation C. actin; bind to myosin heads during a muscle contraction D. myosin; bind to active sites on actin during a muscle contraction E. tropomyosin; move off of the active sites on actin during a muscle contraction
A. titin; return the muscle cell to its resting length after contraction
An isometric contraction does not change muscle length A. true B. false
A. true
Saltatory conduction of a nerve impulse occurs only along myelinated axons A. true B. false
A. true
When a person "works out" with weights, their muscles typically grow. This growth is due to increases in the number of the myofibrils within their muscle fibers: A. true B. false
A. true
You are examining a cross-sectional slide of a muscle, and you noticed the following characteristics in most of the muscle fibers: smaller diameter, abundant mitochondria, abundant myoglobin, and low levels of glycogen reserves. This muscle is predominantly made up of fibers that are A. type I and slow oxidative B. type II slow oxidative C. type II and fast glycolytic D. type III and fast oxidative glycolytic E. type I and fast glycolytic
A. type I and slow oxidative
Nervous tissue consists mainly of what two major types of cells? A. shwann cells and neuroglial cells B. neuroglial cells and neurons C. microglia and schwann cells D. neurons and fibrocytes E. astrocytes and schwann calls
B neuroglial cells and neurons
Which is the correct order of the connective tissue layers of a skeletal muscle, beginning with the outermost first? A. endomysium B. epimysium C. perimysium
B, C, A
Which of the following is FALSE? A. Potassium ions only diffuse down their gradient until the charge difference across the membrane is great enough (electrical equilibrium) to prevent additional diffusion B. At rest, the concentration of Na+ is higher inside the cell than outside. C. The resting potential of a cell develops because of a charge difference between the membrane of the outside and inside of the cell. D. Potassium's tendency to diffuse out is opposed by the attractive forces of the negative charge inside the cell E. The sodium-potassium exchange pump maintains the normal resting concentrations of ions on either side of the cell membrane.
B. At rest, the concentration of Na+ is higher inside the cell than outside
"Motor unit" refers to A. a single muscle fiber plus all of the motor neurons that innervate it B. a single motor neuron plus all of the muscle fibers it innervates C. a pair of antagonistic muscles D. all of the motor neurons supplying a single muscle E. all of the muscles that affect the movement of any given joint
B. a single motor neuron plus all of the muscle fibers it innervates
A condition known as flaccid paralysis - A. arises because of lactic acid breakdown B. arises because the muscle is incapable of contracting in response to nervous stimulation C. arises because acetylcholine in the neuromuscular junction never breaks down D. arises because the muscle is incapable of relaxing E. arises because acetylcholinesterase levels are artificially low
B. arises because the muscle is incapable of contracting in response to nervous stimulation
When a resting muscle is stimulated, its electrical potential: A. stays the same B. becomes more positive C. becomes more negative
B. becomes more positive
Creatine kinase A. acts as a second messenger is muscle fibers B. catalyzes the transfer of phosphate from CP to ADP C. phosphorylates and activates certain enzymes in the sarcoplasm D. functions as a substitute for ATP during anaerobic fermentation E. donates one of its phosphate groups to ADP
B. catalyzes the transfer of phosphate from CP to ADP
What is the correct order for the parts of the spinal cord, from superior to inferior? A. Thoracic - cervical - lumbar - coccygeal - sacral B. Cervical - thoracic - lumbar - sacral - coccygeal C. Thoracic - lumbar - sacral - cervical - coccygeal D. Thoracic - lumbar - sacral - coccygeal - cervical E. Cervical - thoracic - sacral - coccygeal - lumbar
B. cervical - thoracic -lumbar - sacral - coccygeal
Which of the following is NOT a function of skeletal muscle? A. body movement B. constriction of organs C. production of heat D. maintenance of posture E. respiration
B. constriction of organs
A drug that interferes with the active transport of calcium ions from the sarcoplasm back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum would result in A. an imbalance of blood calcium B. contraction with no relaxation C. muscle hypertrophy D. fibrosis of the muscle E. relaxation of the muscle fiber
B. contraction with no relaxation
In a neuron, _____________ receive signals from sensory receptors. A. axons B. dendrites C. nodes of ranvier D. glial cells E. schwann cells
B. dendrites
Parkinson disease is a progressive loss of motor function due to the degeneration of specific neurons. These neurons secrete an inhibitory neurotransmitter that prevents excessive activity in motor centers of the brain. This neurotransmitter is A. glutamate (glutamic acid) B. dopamine C. GABA D. serotonin E. acetylcholine
B. dopamine
The thickest of the meninges is the A. Subdural space B. Dura mater C. Subarachnoid space D. Pia mater E. Arachnoid mater
B. dura mater
Gray matter tracts of the spinal cord carry sensory information up to the brain and motor information down from the brain A. true B. false
B. false
It is not necessary to vaccinate against the polio virus, because that disease has been eradicated from the earth. A. true B. false
B. false
When a muscle is isometrically contracted, its length changes A. true B. false
B. false
Outside the CNS, groups of neuronal cell bodies that are clustered together to perform basic functions are termed A. nerve nets B. ganglia C. spinal cords D. soma E. nerves
B. ganglia
Which of the following would be cause by contraction of smooth muscle? A. blinking the eyelids B. goose bumps C. taking a deep breath D. blood leaving the left ventricle of the heart E. elevating the eyebrows
B. goose bumps
Shivering - A. is a response of the nervous system to a high fever B. helps raise body temperature C. occurs when body temperature is slightly elevated D. causes vasoconstriction E. increases heat loss from the skin
B. helps raise body temperature
Which of the following would you expect to find in skeletal muscle cells of endurance trained athletes? A. increased numbers of neurons B. increased numbers of mitochondria C. increased levels of lactic acid D. decreased metabolic rate E. all of the above
B. increased numbers of mitochondria
A reflex arc in which both the receptor and effector organs of the reflex are on the same side of the spinal cord is A. Monosynaptic B. Ipsilateral C. Monolateral D. Contralateral E. Polysynaptic
B. ipsilateral
Endurance training favors all of the following changes in the skeletal muscles except A. larger and more numerous mitochondria B. less reliance on fat as an energy source C. a higher density of blood capillaries D. less production of lactic acid E. a higher concentration of myoglobin
B. less reliance on fat as an energy source
Where are single-unit smooth muscles found? A. in the largest arteries B. most blood vessels and viscera as circular and longitudinal muscles C. arrector pili muscles D. pulmonary air passageways E. iris of eyes
B. most blood vessels and viscera as circular and longitudinal muscles
This condition involves progressive demyelination of neurons in the CNS accompanied by the destruction of oligodendrocytes. As a result, the conduction of nerve impulses is disrupted, leading to impaired sensory perception and motor coordination. A. guillain-barré syndrome B. multiple sclerosis C. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis D. muscular dystrophy E. parkinson disease
B. multiple sclerosis
A __________ is a single muscle cell A. myofibril B. myofiber C. fasciculus D. myofilament E. whole skeletal muscle
B. myofiber
Skeletal muscles are stimulated to contract by A. extracellular calcium B. neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine C. pacemaker cells D. hormones such as epinephrine E. stretching
B. neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine
After contraction has occurred, the calcium is A. chemically bound to the cross bridges B. released from troponin C. secreted by the Golgi apparatus to the outside of the cell D. returned to the sarcolemma E. destroyed by cholinesterase
B. released from toponin
Stiffening of the body following death is called A. muscular mortis B. rigor mortis C. threshold voltage D. myasthenia gravis E. muscular dystrophy
B. rigor mortis
The outer membrane around the muscle cell or fiber is called the __________, while the tunnel-like infoldings of the outer membrane form part of the triad called the __________. A. transverse tubule; terminal cisternae B. sarcolemma; transverse tubules C. sarcoplasm; transverse tubules D. transverse tubule; sarcoplasmic reticulum E. sarcolemma; terminal cisternae
B. sarcolemma; transverse tubules
This virus remains for life in the dorsal root ganglion but can travel down neurons from the dorsal root ganglion by fast axonal transport and cause a painful trail of skin discoloration along the path of the neurons. This virus travels down ____ neurons and causes _____. A. motor; polio B. sensory; shingles C. motor; small pox D. sensory; chicken pox E. motor; herpes
B. sensory; shingles
Which type of muscle has fibers as long as 30 cm? A. cartilaginous B. skeletal C. smooth D. epithelial E. cardiac
B. skeletal
Smooth muscle is found in A. the rectus abdominis B. the walls of the digestive tract C. the heart D. the meninges E. the spinal cord
B. the walls of the digestive tract
The motor root of a spinal nerve is also referred to as the A. posterior root B. ventral root C. afferent root D. sensory root E. dorsal root
B. ventral root
Anesthetics and anti-inflammatory drugs are introduced into this space in the vertebral column. A. subdural B. central canal C. epidural D. dural sinus E. subarachnoid
C epidural
Arrange the following list of biochemical events in the correct sequence (1) An action potential is conducted deep into the muscle fiber by the T tubule. (2) Calcium ions bind to troponin. (3) The membranes of the sarcoplasmic reticulum become more permeable to calcium ions. (4) Calcium ions diffuse into the sarcoplasm around the myofibril. (5) The troponin-tropomyosin complex moves exposing active sites. A. 1,5,2,3,4 B. 1,4,3,2,5 C. 1,3,4,2,5 D. 1,3,2,5,4 E. 1,2,3,4,5
C. 1,3,4,2,5
How many cervical spinal nerves do humans have? A. 6 B. 7 C. 8 D. 5 E. 12
C. 8
Muscle contraction and relaxation both require A. lactic acid B. acetylcholinerase C. ATP D. phosphagen E. creatine kinase
C. ATP
During the contraction phase of a muscle twitch A. acetylcholine stimulates the pre-synaptic terminal B. sodium ions diffuse into the muscle fiber C. actin-myosin cross-bridges form D. calcium ions are transported back to the sarcoplasmic reticulum E. the action potential travels down the T-tubules
C. actin-myosin cross-bridges form
Which of the following does NOT increase the strength of a contraction? A. size of motor units B. muscle size C. availability of iron D. fascicle arrangement E. frequency of stimulations
C. availability of iron
Which part of the neuron is responsible for propagating action potentials? A. nucleus B. dendrite C. axon D. soma E. myelin sheath
C. axon
The antagonist of the triceps brachii is the A. anconeus B. teres minor C. biceps brachii D. deltoid E. supinator
C. biceps brachii
Which type of respiration produces ATP molecules? A.anaerobic respiration B. aerobic respiration C. both anaerobic and aerobic respiration
C. both
This plexus is formed by the ventral rami of nerves C4 to T2. It innervates the upper limb and some muscles of the neck and shoulder. A. Sacral B. Cervical C. Brachial D. Lumbar E. Pectoral
C. brachial
When there is not enough oxygen to create ATP by aerobic respiration, a muscle fiber can produce ATP by borrowing phosphate groups from A. cholinesterase B. creatine kinase C. creatine phosphate D. cyclic adenosine monophosphate E. phospholipids
C. creatine phosphate
Motor nerves are known as _________ nerves and sensory nerves are known as ____________ nerves A. somatic; visceral B. afferent; efferent C. efferent; afferent D. visceral; somatic E. sympathetic, parasympathetic
C. efferent; afferent
Which of the following connective tissue layers is deep to all others? A. perimysium B. fascia C. endomysium D. epimysium
C. endomysium
The glial cell that helps to form cerebrospinal fluid is the A. satellite cell B. oligodendrocyte C. ependymal cell D. neurolemmocyte E. microglial cell
C. ependymal cell
Identify the incorrect description of muscles based upon size A. biceps - two heads B. maximus - large muscle C. minimus - long muscle D. profundus - deepest E. levator - elevates a body part
C. minimus - long muscle
The elasticity of skeletal muscle fibers functions to A. resist ovestretching B. contract the muscle C. recoil the muscle to resting length D. B & C E. all of the above
C. recoil the muscle to resting length
As you are lifting a box someone places extra weight on top of it. For your muscle to continue contracting and lifting the box, the muscle must A. lower its threshold B. reduce its wave summation C. recruit more muscle fibers D. shift from slow twitch to fast twitch mode E. shift from isometric to isotonic contraction
C. recruit more muscle fibers
Body temperature - A. is lowered by shivering B. is raised by sweating C. results from the heat produced when muscles contract D. will increase after blood vessels in the skin contract E. decreases when the rate of chemical reactions increase
C. results from the heat produced when muscles contract
action potential transmission in the PNS is decreased if which cells are damaged? A. ependymal cells B. microglia C. schwann cells D. oligodendrocytes E. astrocytes
C. schwann cells
Hypertrophy of skeletal muscles from weight lifting is caused by an increase in the A. number of nuclei within the muscle fibers B. number of striations C. size of muscle fibers D. number of muscle cells E. number of muscle fibers
C. size of muscle fibers
Gap junctions are characteristic of A. skeletal muscle B. smooth muscle C. skeletal and smooth muscle D. cardiac muscle E. all of the above
C. skeletal and smooth muscle
__________ nerve fibers are those that innervate the skin and skeletal muscles. A. General B. Visceral C. Somatic D. Afferent E. Efferent
C. somatic
A __________ aids the prime mover by stabilizing the nearby joint and modifying the direction of movement A. antagonist B. tertiary mover C. synergist D. fixator E. secondary mover
C. synergist
The adult spinal cord extends inferiorly from the brain through the vertebral canal and ends at the level of the ___________ vertebra. A. S1 B. T8 C. S4 D. L1 E. L6
D. L1
Quadriplegia, or paralysis of all four limbs, results from spinal cord lesions A. From levels C5 to C7 B. From level T8 to T12 C. From levels T1 to T7 D. Above level C5 E. Below level L1
D. above level C5
The epidural space in the spinal column is occupied by A. the dura mater. B. areolar tissue. C. cerebrospinal fluid. D. adipose tissue. E. the spinal cord.
D. adipose tissue
The most common structural type of synapse is the A. axonucleic B. asocomatic C. dendrodenritic D. axodendritic E. acoaconic
D. axodendritic
A waste product of aerobic respiration in muscle cells is A. pyruvic acid B. hydrochloric acid C. uric acid D. carbon dioxide E. oxygen
D. carbon dioxide
The nerves projecting inferiorly from the spinal cord are collectively called the A. Conus medullaris B. Terminus filus C. Terminal finale D. Cauda equina E. Caudal terminale
D. cauda equina
This viral infestation can remain viable with the dorsal root ganglia for many years A. poliomyelitis B. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis C. Ebola D. chickenpox E. Influenza A
D. chickenpox
The effect of increasing the flow of Na+ ions into a neuron at rest (-70 mV initially) would be termed A. hyperpolarization B. active transport C. repolarization D. depolarization E. none of these are correct
D. depolarization
The cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in the A. posterior funiculus B. gray commissure C. anterior horn D. dorsal root ganglion E. anterior funiculus
D. dorsal root ganglion
Slow-twitch muscle fibers A. would be used for activities resulting in (or requiring) anaerobic respiration B. are the predominant type of muscle fibers in the upper limbs C. fatigue more easily that fast-twitch fibers D. have richer blood supply than fast twitch fibers, and contain more myoglobin E. have all these characteristics
D. have richer blood supply than fast twitch fibers, and contain more myoglobin
Several genetic disorders including Tay Sachs disease strip the myelin sheath from nerve cells. The myelin sheath serves to _________ the axon. A. support B. nourish C. enhance D. insulate E. none of the above
D. insulate
Which of the following disease of the central nervous system can be prevented by a vaccine? A. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis B. Multiple sclerosis C. Spina Bifida D. Poliomyelitis E. Lou Gehrig's diseases
D. poliomyelitis
The charge difference across the plasma membrane in relaxed muscles and nerve cells is called the ____________ A. threshold potential B. receptor potential C. action potential D. resting potential E. local potential
D. resting potential
The largest and longest nerve in the body is the ____________ nerve A. femoral B. radial C. obturator D. sciatic E. saphenous
D. sciatic
The afferent division of the nervous system is also known as the division A. cranial B. efferent C. ganglial D. sensory E. motor
D. sensory
Which of the following statements is FALSE A. one function of smooth muscle is to constrict blood vessels B. smooth muscle is not striated C. smooth muscle cells have gap junctions D. Smooth muscle does not have actin and myosin E. smooth muscle can contract either in response to signals from the nervous system or on its own (autorhythmicity)
D. smooth muscle does not have actin and myosin
This is a congenital defect resulting from the failure of one or more vertebrae to form a complete vertebral arch for enclosure of the spinal cord. A. Lordosis B. Scoliosis C. Alzheimer's D. Spina bifida E. multiple sclerosis
D. spina bifida
The biceps brachii is connected to the scapula by collagenous fibers of the epimyssium called a ______________ A. fleshy attachment B. aponeurosis C. ligament D. tendon E. dermal attachment
D. tendon
Which are the resevoirs that store the calcium required for muscle contraction? A. peroxisomes B. synaptic vesicles C. mitochondria D. terminal cisternae E. synaptic clefts
D. terminal cisternae
The burning sensation that you feel in your muscles when you are lifting weights is presumably caused by A. the breakdown of acetylcholine B. the destruction of myokinase C. the build-up of creatine kinase D. the build-up of lactic acid E. the degredation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum
D. the build-up of lactic acid
Nerve fibers that stimulate the skeletal muscles of your foot have their somas in A. the posterior column of the spinal cord. B. the lateral column of the spinal cord. C. the dorsal root ganglion. D. the ventral horn of the spinal cord. E. the dorsal horn of the spinal cord
D. the ventral horn of the spinal cord
A neurotransmitter that was inhibitory would produce an ___________ that would __________ a neuron A. IPSP; depolarize B. IPSP; not affect C. EPSP, hyperpolarize D. EPSP; depolarize E. IPSP; hyperpolarize
E. IPSP; hyperpolarize
The spinal cord ends as about which vertebra? A. T11 B. L5 C. S5 D. T16 E. L1
E. L1
_________ neurons are specialized to detect stimuli, whereas ________ neurons send signals to the effectors of the nervous system. A. efferent, association B. efferent; afferent C. afferent, association D. motor; sensory E. afferent; efferent
E. afferent; efferent
Which ions are important for establishing the resting potential in neurons? A. Na+ B. H+ C. K+ D. intracellular anions (e.g., proteins) E. all of the above choices other than H+ are correct
E. all of the above choices other than H+ are correct
The loss of muscle mass from disuse is called A. tetanus B. myopathy C. treppe D. dystrophy E. atrophy
E. atrophy
Which nerve supplies muscles of the rotator cuff? A. femoral B. popliteal C. ulnar D. optic E. axillary
E. axillary
Which type of muscle tissue possesses striations? A. skeletal muscle B. smooth muscle C. cardiac muscle D. both cardiac and smooth muscle E. both skeletal and cardiac muscle
E. both skeletal and cardiac muscle
The epineurium - A. Surrounds individual axons and their Schwann cells. B. Bundles axons into fascicles. C. Bundles of fascicles into axons. D. Surrounds nerve cell bodies. E. Bundles fascicles into nerves
E. bundles fascicles into nerves
The sarcoplasmic reticulum stores ________ ions and forms dilated sacs alongside transverse (T) tubules called the _________. A. sodium; terminal cisternae B. potassium; terminal cisternae C. potassium; triad D. calcium; triad E. calcium; terminal cisternae
E. calcium; terminal cisternae
The plexuses that lie on either side of the neck are the ________ plexuses. A. Radial B. Mandibular C. Branchial D. Lumbar E. Cervical
E. cervical
Spinal cord injuries commonly result from fractures of vertebrae C5 to C6, but never from fractures of L4 to S1. This is because vertebrae C5 to C6 A. Are protected by ribs, which vertebrae L4 to S1 are unprotected B. Have transverse foramina, while L4 to S1 do not C. Contain partial segments of the spinal cord, which ends at vertebra L4 D. Are smaller and more fragile than vertebrae L4 to S1 E. Contain segments of the spinal cord while vertebrae L4 to S1 do not
E. contain segments of the spinal cord while vertebrae L4 to S1 do not
In comparison to skeletal muscle, smooth muscle - A. contracts more rapidly but relaxes more slowly B. consumes more ATP to maintain a given level of muscle tension C. depends on a nerve fiber to supply the calcium needed for contraction D. contracts more slowly but relaxes more rapidly E. contracts and relaxes more slowly
E. contracts and relaxes more slowly
If the origin of a motor signal is the left side of the brain, but the destination of that signal is the right hand, we say that the spinal tract relaying the information is A. fasiculateral B. ipsilateral C. purpolateral D. epilateral E. contraleteral
E. contralateral
___________ carry motor commands from the brain along the spinal cord. A. Both anterior and posterior roots B. Cranial nerves C. Ascending tracts D. Spinal nerves E. Descending tracts
E. descending tracts
Damage to the phrenic nerve would result in A. the loss of motor activity in the arms. B. a decreased heart rate. C. an inability to swallow. D. an increased heart rate. E. difficulty breathing
E. difficulty breathing
Which is a connective tissue sheath that surrounds an entire muscle? A. perimysium B. fascia C. endomysium D. tendon E. epimysium
E. epimysium
In contrast to red muscle fibers, white fibers A. have more capillaries B. contract more slowly C. contain more myoglobin D. contain more mitochondria E. fatigue more quickly
E. fatigue more quickly
Identify the statement concerning skeletal muscle that is true A. it is a kind of connective tissue B. it propels urine through the urinary tract C. its function is largely under involuntary control D. it comprises about 8% of the body's weight E. it is responsible for locomotion
E. it is responsible for locomotion
The tapered, conical inferior end of the spinal cord is called the conus A. Finalis B. Equinus C. Caudalis D. Denticulus E. Medullaris
E. medullaris
Which of the following is NOT primarily associated with skeletal muscle? A. breathing B. maintenance of posture C. nonverbal facial expression D. throwing a baseball E. moving contents through the digestive tract
E. moving contents through the digestive tract
From largest to smallest, which of the following is the correct order? A, myofibril, myofilament, myofiber B. myofilament, myofibril, myofiber C. myofibril, myofiber, myofilament D. myofiber, myofilament, myofibril E. myofiber, myofibril, myofilament
E. myofiber, myofibril, myofilament
The glial cell that helps to form the myelin sheath in the CNS is the A. microglial cell B. satellite cell C. neurolemmocyte D. astrocyte E. ogliodendrocyte
E. ogliodendrocyte
The spinal cord is divided into all of the following regions except A. thoracic. B. sacral. C. lumbar. D. cervical. E. pelvic.
E. pelvic
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a muscle cell? A. conductivity B. extensibility C. contractility D. excitability E. plasticity
E. plasticity
A rapid, automatic, involuntary reaction of muscles or glands to a particular stimulus is a(an) A. autonomic reaction. B. receptor stimulation. C. subconscious impulse. D. motor impulse. E. reflex
E. reflex
The adaptive significance of the crossed extensor reflex when a person steps on a tack is to A. reduce the pain sensations. B. increase the rate at which withdrawal of the limb occurs. C. slow the rate of removal of the foot from the tack. D. prevent the person from falling down. E. remove the foot from the tack
E. remove the foot from the tack
Which of the following characteristics would establish conclusively that muscle tissue being examined was skeletal muscle tissue? A. striations present B. under involuntary control C. contracts spontaneously D. intercalated discs present E. several nuclei per cell
E. several nuclei per cell
A neuron can receive thousands of EPSPs from different neurons, and responds by triggering or not triggering an action potential. This addition and response to the net effect of postsynaptic potentials is called A. temporal summation B. neuronal coding C. neural summation D. recruitment E. spatial summation
E. spacial summation
When Barry stepped on a nail, his ___________ initiated the reflex and his ______ instructed him to mutter some choice words. A.effectors, affectors B. brain, spinal cord C. pons, medulla oblongata D. arbor vitae, limbic system E. spinal cord, brain
E. spinal cord; brain
The majority of cerebrospinal fluid in the spinal cord is found in the A. Ventricles B. Central canal C. Subdural space D. Epidural space E. Subarachnoid space
E. subarachnoid space
Otto Loewi performed an experiment in which he electrically stimulated the vagus nerve connected to one frog heart and let the fluid bathing this first heart pass to a second chamber containing a second frog heart not connected to a nerve. What did Loewi observe? A. the first heart showed an increase in beat rate and so did the second heart B. the first heart showed an increase in beat rate, but there was no change in the second heart C. the first heart showed a decrease in beat rate, but there was no change in the second heart D. there was no effect on the beating of either heart E. the first heart showed a decrease in beat rate and so did the second heart
E. the first heart showed a decrease in beat rate and so did the second heart
A neuron fires only when its membrane reaches A. 0 mV B. the resting membrane potential C. its repolarization potential D. the action potential E. the threshold potential
E. the threshold potential
Which of the following is composed of myosin molecules? A. thin myofilaments B. tropomyosin C. sarcolemma D. Z discs E. thick myofilaments
E. thick myofilaments
Which of the following is composed of myosin molecules? A. thin myofilaments B. Z discs C. tropomyosin D. sarcolemma E. thick myofilaments
E. thick myofilaments
The protein that acts as a calcium receptor in skeletal muscle is A. F actin B. tropomyosin C. titin D. dystrophin E. troponin
E. troponin
When calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, they combine with the protein ____________. A. tropomyosin B. keratin C. titin D. myoglobin E. troponin
E. troponin
Which of the following would occur as a result of a single muscle contraction? A. spastic paralysis B. tetanus C. flaccid paralysis D. tone E. twitch
E. twitch
__________ is a neurotransmitter that triggers muscle contraction
acetylcholine
Sarcoplasm is the -
cytoplasm of muscle cells
Muscle fibers are arranged in bundles called -
fascicles
What is an example of an action caused by contraction of skeletal muscle?
moving your feet in walking
