Anatomy Skeletal 2.0
symphysis
slightly moveable cartilage between pubic tubercles
Fontanelles
soft spots in the brain
ampiarthroses
slightly moveable
canaliculi
"blue cheese"
Alkaline phosphatase theory of calcification
* theory that ALKP triggers bone formation* calcium and phosphorous ions reach saturation limits calcium phosphate precipitates and calcification takes place
Subperiosteal ossification
1. Cells in inner layer are stimulated by blood supply and turned into osteoblasts 2. Osteoblasts form a collar over the shaft of the bone 3. Layers of spongey bone thicken the collar 4. Osteoblasts form as blood vessels and migrate to the top and bottom of the bone and being secondary formation 5. Reconstruction converts peripheral bone to compact
6 steps of fracture repair
1. blood vessels at fracture are broken 2. clotting takes place 6-8 hours after 3. osteocytes and periosteal cells die at fracture site due to clotting and loss of blood 4. new bone growth is formed at the fracture by the release of ALKP 5. external bone is formed by cells and internal bone 6.cells become mitotic to make more new cells
5 steps of bone growth in length
1. cartilage cells are produced by mitiosis on the EP plate 2. Cells die as they are pushed toward the diaphysis by the new produced cells 3. dying cells convert to bone
4 steps of bone growth in width
1. osteoclasts destroy bone tissue 2. marrow cavity increases in size 3. osteoblasts deep in perichondrium form a matrix 4. osteoblasts become osteocytes as new bone is formed side by side
What side does bone always grow on?
Diaphyseal side
Long Bones
Femur
Homeostasis of bone
Parathyroid gland -> produces hormone -> osteoclast activity increase -> Calcium rises in Thyroid Gland -> produces thyroid hormone -> decreases para hormone -> osteoclast activity decreases -> Calcium drops in blood level
Sesamoid
Patella
abduction
away from midline
Epiphyseal Plate
allows for bone growth in length
Red Marrow
axial skeleton; responsible for blood cell production
osteocyte
bone cells; maintains
Distal
bottom of bone
elevation
calf raises
Short Bones
carpals, tarsals
osteoblasts
cells that form new bone
circumduction
circle
lamellae
concentric rings
Axial
cranium, vertebral column (80 Bones)
depression
down
eversion
feet when in a split
syndesmosis
fibrous joints that move slightly
flexion
flexing
bursar
fluid filled sacs/cushion pads for synovial joints
ossification
formation of the bone
greenstick fracture
fracture and bend
diarthrotic
freely moveable
synovial joints
have a cavity
rotation
head left to right
Yellow Marrow
holds medullary cavity and adipose tissue
inversion
leaning on ankles
Appendicular
limbs (126 Bones)
marrow cavity
located in the middle of the bone
Periosteum and what kind of tissue?
membrane covering the bone, fibrous tissue
cartilaginous joints
no cavity
fibrous joints
no cavity
synarthroses
no movement
simple fracture
no skin puncture
synchondrosis
non- moveable joint
Partial fracture
not all the way
Intramembranous Ossification
occurs in fibrous connective tissue 1. osteoblasts cluster at the center 2. osteoblasts secrete collagen 3. Cancellous bone is formed in the fiber 4. osteoblasts become osteocytes when they get cut off by the calcified matrix 5. converted to compact bone 6. red marrow fills in spaces remaining
pronation
palm down
supination
palm up
retraction
pulling your jaw in
protraction
pushing out your jaw
Irregular Bones
scapula, vertebrae
Diaphysis
shaft of the bone
open/ compound fracture
skin is punctured
Wormian Bones
sometimes present between cranial sutures
comminuted fracture
splints
Flat Bones
spongy layer sandwiched between layers of compact bone, ex: ribs, parietal, occipital, sternum
extension
straightening
compact bone
surrounding cancellous bone
cancellous bone
surrounding marrow cavity; NO Haversian systems
plantar flexion
toes pointed down
dorsi flexion
toes pointed up
Proximal Epiphyses
top of the bone
adduction
towards midline
spiral fracture
twisted fracture
Haversian Systems
volkmans canal; turns supplies into canaliculi by diffusion