anatomy skeletal review
How are the metatarsal bones numbered?
I- V
How are the pelvic limb phalanges and digits numbered?
II- V
Which metatarsal bones are present in dogs and cats?
II- V
What is a foramen?
a hole in a bone; may contain blood vessels and nerves
What does yellow bone marrow consist of primarily?
adipose connective tissue
How do bones grow in diameter?
appositional growth; growth via adding to free surface of bone
What is the costochondral junction?
area where costal cartilage meats bony rib
Where are osteoclasts found?
areas of - active bone growth - repair or remodeling - removal of calluses formed during fracture healing
What is the acetabulum?
articular socket where head of femur sits forming hip joint
What type of cartilage covers the epiphysis of long bones?
articular/ hyaline cartilage
What is another name for C1?
atlas
Where is cancellous bone typically found?
axial skeleton; tiny spicules of bone that appear randomly arranged
What is another name for C2?
axis
identify the type of synovial joint and list an example: capable of flexion , extension, adduction, abduction, rotation, and circumduction
ball and socket joint - hip and shoulder
What is the os penis and which animals have it?
bone in penis of dogs, cats, ferrets, beavers, raccoons, and walruses
What is the os cordis and which animals have it?
bone in the heart of cattle and sheep
What is the os rostri and which animals have it?
bone in the nose of swine
What is the splanchnic (visceral) skeleton?
bone that develops in soft tissue and is unattached to the rest of the skeleton
What is another name for the sternum?
breastbone
What is the primary component of the inorganic portion of the bone matrix?
calcium hydroxyapatite
What is another name for metacarpal III in horses?
cannon bone
Which tarsal bones are present in horses?
cannon bone (III) & splint bone( II & IV)
How are cartilaginous joints united?
cartilage
What is a floating rib?
cartilage does not jointo anything
What are intervertebral disks?
cartilage separating bodies of adjacent vertebrae
What is the pubic/pelvic symphysis?
cartilaginous joint between the halves of the pelvis
What is the Haversian canal?
central canal
Which type of bones develop through intramembranous bone formation?
certain flat bones of skull and some irregular bones
What is the nutrient foramen?
channels in many large bones that contain large blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves
What is the Volkmann canal?
channels through bone matrix that contain blood vessels
What is another name for the distal phalanx of the horse?
coffin bone
Which type of bone is composed of Haversian systems?
compact
What are the 2 types of bone?
compact and cancellous
What is a Haversian system?
concentric layers of ossified bone matrix arranged around a central canal
identify the type of synovial joint and list an example: consists of convex surface that sits in corresponding concave surface
condylar joint - temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
Define: Condyle; Head; & Facet:
condyle: large, round articular surface head: spherical, articular surface on proximal end of long bone facet: flat, articular surface
what type of tissue is bone?
connective
What is another name for compact bone?
cortical bone
List an example of an intracapsular ligament.
cruciate ligaments within stifle joint
What is the endosteum?
delicate membrane that lines the hollow interior surface of bones
What are the features of compact bone?
dense and heavy
How are fibrous joints united?
dense fibrous connective tissue
What is a fossa?
depressed area on the surface of bone
What is another name for digit I in the dog and cat?
dewclaw
What is another name for metacarpal I in the dog and cat?
dewclaw
Where is the primary growth center in long bones that develop during endochondral bone formation?
diaphysis
What are the 2 main parts of the medullary cavity?
endosteum and periosteum
What separates the diaphysis from the epiphysis?
epiphyseal line/ plate in the metaphysis
How do bones elongate?
epiphyseal plate
Where is the secondary growth center in long bones that develop during endochondral bone formation?
epiphysis
Which long bone forms the thigh?
femur
Which bones form the hip joint?
femur and tibia
Which bones makeup the stifle joint?
femur and tibia
What are the three classifications of joints?
fibrous joints cartilaginous joints synovial joints
identify the type of synovial joint and list an example: allows movement on one plane; extends/ flexes
hinge/ginglymus joint - elbow, knee, and atlantooccipital joint
What is the long bone of the brachium?
humerus
What bones form the elbow joint?
humerus, ulna, and radius
What type of cartilage is found in intervertebral disks?
hyaline
What type of cartilage is found on the articular surface of synovial joints?
hyaline
What is the cranialmost and largest pelvic bone?
ilium
Where are osteocytes found?
inside mature bones
List an example of a cartilaginous joint that is an amphiarthrosis.
intervertebral disks
What are menisci and what is their function?
intraarticular fibrocartilaginous discs that help increase range movement of joint and act as "shock absorbers"
What are the two types of bone formation?
intramembranous and endochondral
What is the caudalmost pelvic bone?
ischium
Which bone forms the caudal portion of the pelvic floor?
ischium
What is a diarthrosis?
joint capsule: surrounds and protects the joint
What are amphiarthroses?
joints that allow some degree of movement between the bones
What are synathroses?
joints that permit little to no movement
What is another name for the carpus in hoofed animals?
knee
What is the obturator foramen?
large hole on either side of pubic symphysis
What is the patella, and where is it found?
larger sesamoid bone formed in tendon of insertion of quadricep's femoris muscle
Is the fibula the medial or lateral lower hindlimb bone?
lateral
What are the features of cancellous bone?
light and spongy
What is another name for the proximal phalanx of the horse?
long pastern bone
List two examples of cartilaginous joints that are synarthroses.
mandibular symphysis and pubic symphysis
Is the tibia the medial or lateral lower hindlimb bone?
medial
How are the carpal and metacarpal bones numbered?
medial to lateral
What is the periosteum?
membrane that covers the outer surface of bone
Which metacarpal bones are present in horses?
metacarpals II, III, and IV
Which part of the bone contains the epiphyseal plate?
metaphysis
What is the xiphoid process?
most caudal sternebrae
What is the manubrium?
most cranial sternebrae
Is periosteum found on articular surfaces?
no
Which bone cell type produces bone?
osteoblast
What cell type is found in the inner layer of the periosteum?
osteoblasts
Which cell type produces and secretes the organic portion of the bone matrix?
osteoblasts
Which large, multinucleated bone cell type is primarily responsible for remodeling/removing bone?
osteoclast
Which bone cell type maintains bone matrix?
osteocyte
What is another name for a Haversian system?
osteons
Where is compact bone typically found?
outside layer of all bones
What is the antebrachium?
part of forelimb between brachium and carpus
identify the type of synovial joint and list an example: only movement is rotation
pivot joint -atlantoaxial joint (no- joint)
identify the type of synovial joint and list an example: allows movement on 2 planes (mainly flexion and extension)
plane/ gliding joint -tarsus and carpus
What is the main function of bone matrix?
provide mechanical support for bones
What is the main function of the periosteum?
provide nutrition for compact bone
Which bone forms cranial portion of the pelvic floor?
pubis
What is the main weight-bearing bone of the antebrachium?
radius
What bones form the carpal joint?
radius and ulna
Which bones make up the antebrachium?
radius and ulna
What is the most common type of bone marrow in young animals?
red
What are the two types of bone marrow?
red and yellow
How does bone develop during intramembranous bone formation?
replacement of sheet-like connective tissue membranes with bony tissue
How does bone develop during endochondral bone formation?
replacing hyaline cartilage
What flat bones form the lateral walls of the thorax?
ribs
What is the epiphysis?
round end of long bone
What bones form the shoulder joint?
scapula and humerus
What is the metaphysis?
separates epiphysis from diaphysis
What is the diaphysis?
shaft of long bone
What is another name for the middle phalanx of the horse?
short pastern bone
What is another name for the scapulohumeral joint?
shoulder
What do the vertebral arches line up to form?
spinal canal
What are intracapsular ligaments?
stabilizing ligaments, attached to the articulating bones within the joint
Which bone forms the floor of the thorax?
sternum
What is another name for the hip joint?
stifle
Where are osteoblasts found?
surface of new bones
What is the ungual process?
surrounds the claw on distal phalanx
What are most of the skull bone joints called?
sutures
Give an example of a fibrous joint.
sutures of skull
What type of joint connects the mandible to the rest of the skull?
synovial
What is the diaphysis composed of?
thick layer of compact bone
What are collateral ligaments?
thickened ligaments in fibers of joint capsule
Which vertebrae do the dorsal heads of the ribs articulate with?
thoracic
What bones form the appendicular skeleton?
thoracic and pelvic limb
List the joints of the thoracic and pelvic limbs
thoracic: scapulohumeral joint, elbow joint, and carpal joint pelvic: coxofemoral joint, stifle joint, and tarsal joint
What is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower hindlimb?
tibia
What is the point of the elbow?
ulna
Which bone contains the olecranon process?
ulna
What is the brachium?
upper arm
Where is costal cartilage found?
ventral ends of ribs
What is the epiphyseal line?
when osseous tissue replaces cartilage as growth phase is completed epiphyseal plate becomes epypheseal line
What is the most common type of bone marrow in adults?
yellow
What are the main functions of endosteum? (3)
- bone growth -bone repair - bone remodeling
Which type of bones develop through endochondral bone formation?
- bones at the base of the skull - long bones
List examples of short bones.
- carpal bones -tarsal bones
List examples of long bones
- humerus - radius - tibia - femur
List the carpal bones.(3)
- intermedial carpal bone - ulnar carpal bone - accessory carpal bone
What is the purpose of synovial fluid?
- lubricates the joint - provides nutrition for hyaline articular cartilage
What are the functions of osteocytes?(5)
- molecular synthesis - modification - distant signal transmission - major regulator of bone mass - endocrine regulator in phosphate metabolism
List examples of sesamoid bones
- navicular bone of horses - patella - fabellae
Where is red bone marrow found in young animals and in adults?
- ribs - sternum - vertebrae - ends of long bones
List examples of flat bones
- skulls - ribs - scapula
List the vertebral regions.(3)
- spinous - transverse - articular
Where are menisci found?
- stifle joint -temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
What are the functions of bone? (5)
- support movement - protection - mineral homeostasis - triglyceride storage - blood cell production
Which bones form the tarsal joint?
- talus - calcaneuos - central tarsal bone - 4th tarsal bone - 1st -3rd tarsal bones
What are the components of the organic portion of the bone matrix?
- type 1 collagen fibers -proteoglycans - glycoproteins
List examples of irregular bones
- vertebrae - pelvis
List the bones of the axial skeleton
-skull - hyoid bone - spinal column - ribs -sternum
list the tarsal bones in dogs and cats
-talus - calcaneous -central tarsal bone - 1st-4th tarsal bones
How many digits does each leg in a horse have?
1
Which metacarpal bones are present in cows?
2 fused metacarpal bones ; III and IV
What are the fabellae?
2 small sesamoid bones behind stifle in gastrocnemius muscle tendons of dogs and cats
What are the splint bones in the horse?
2 smaller vestigial metacarpal bones; metacarpals II and IV
How many phalanges are in the digit of the horse?
3
75. List the vertebral formula for each of the following species .a. Dog C___T___L___S___Cd___ b. Cat C___T___L___S___Cd___ c. Horse C___T___L___S___Cd___ d. Cow C___T___L___S___Cd___ e. Pig C___T___L___S___Cd___ f. Goat C___T___L___S___Cd__ _g. Sheep C___T___L___S___Cd__ _h. Llama/Alpaca C___T___L___S___Cd___
A- 7, 13, 7, 3, 20-23 B- 7, 13, 7, 3, 5-23 C- 7, 18, 6, 5, 15-20 D- 7, 13, 6, 5, 18-20 E- 7, 14-15, 6-7, 4, 20-23 F- 7, 13, 6 -7, 5, 16-18 G- 7, 13, 13, 4, 16-18 H- 7, 12, 12, 5, 16-20
Which bones contain the following structures? a. Greater tubercle b. Greater trochanter c. Dens (odontoid process) d. Trochlear groove e. Lateral malleolus f. Medial malleolus g. Olecranon h. Anconeal process
A- humerus B- femur C- c2/ axis D- femur E-fibula F- tibia G- humerus H- ulna
Define the synovial joint movements. a. Flexion: b. Extension: c. Adduction: d. Abduction: e. Rotation: f. Circumduction:
A. decrease angle between bones B. increase angle between bones C. move extremity toward medial plane D. move extremity away from medial plane E. circular movement of a part on its own axis F. movement of an extremity, so the distal end moves in a circle
What is the function of red bone marrow?
form blood cells
What is another name for the epiphyseal plate?
growth plate
What is the epiphyseal plate?
growth plate; layer of hyaline in growing bone