Anatomy Test 4 Chapter 22
As carbon dioxide enters systemic blood, it causes more oxygen to dissociate from hemoglobin (the Haldane effect), which in turn allows more CO2 to combine with hemoglobin and more bicarbonate ion to be generated (the Bohr effect). True False
false
The loudness of a person's voice depends on the ________. length of the vocal folds strength of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles thickness of vestibular folds force with which air rushes across the vocal folds
force with which air rushes across the vocal folds
Complete the following statement using the choices below. Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is greater than the intra-alveolar pressure. equal to the pressure in the atmosphere. greater than the pressure in the atmosphere. less than the pressure in the atmosphere.
greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.
The symptoms of hyperventilation may be averted by breathing into a paper bag because it ________. helps retain carbon dioxide in the blood lowers blood pH levels reduces brain perfusion by constricting cerebral blood vessels helps retain oxygen in the blood
helps retain carbon dioxide in the blood
Hypocapnia causes ______. the level of bicarbonate ions in the blood to rise hypoxia an increase in VRG activity hyperventilation
hypoxia
Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________. warming the air before it enters interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid protecting the surface of alveoli from dehydration and other environmental variations humidifying the air before it enters
interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid
Which respiratory-associated muscles would contract if you were to blow up a balloon? external intercostals would contract and diaphragm would relax internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract diaphragm contracts, internal intercostals would relax diaphragm would contract, external intercostals would relax
internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract
Which pressure is the result of the natural tendency of the lungs to decrease their size (because of elasticity) and the opposing tendency of the thoracic wall to pull outward and enlarge the lungs? View Available Hint(s) intrapleural pressure atmospheric pressure intrapulmonary pressure
intrapleural pressure
In pneumothorax, the lung collapses because ______. intrapleural pressure is lower than transpulmonary pressure intrapleural pressure is higher than intrapulmonary pressure intrapulmonary pressure is lower than transpulmonary pressure intrapulmonary pressure is higher than atmospheric pressure
intrapleural pressure is higher than intrapulmonary pressure
Hemoglobin View Available Hint(s) is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen. has five subunits. is found in blood plasma. is the site of cellular respiration. uses ATP to move oxygen from blood to body cells.
is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen.
After blood becomes oxygenated, View Available Hint(s) it does not return to the heart, but goes directly to the lungs. it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells. it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to the lungs. it does not return to the heart, but goes directly to capillaries that supply the body's cells with oxygen. it does not return to the heart, but goes to the nose and mouth.
it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells.
Which of the following is the leading cause of cancer death for both men and women in North America? colorectal skin esophageal lung
lung
If the transpulmonary pressure equals zero, what will happen to the lung? View Available Hint(s) lungs will inflate lungs will collapse lung volume will stay the same
lungs will collapse
What is ventilation-perfusion coupling? matching the amount of blood flow through the body to the amount of oxygen in the air sacs matching the amount of oxygen exchanged for carbon dioxide in the alveoli to the exchange at the tissue level matching the amount of gas reaching the alveoli to pO2 and pCO2 values in the blood matching the amount of gas reaching the alveoli to the blood flow in pulmonary capillaries
matching the amount of gas reaching the alveoli to the blood flow in pulmonary capillaries
Respiratory control centers are located in the ________. upper spinal cord and medulla midbrain and medulla pons and midbrain medulla and pons
medulla and pons
What determines the respiratory rhythm in the body? medullary respiratory centers pontine respiratory centers oxygen levels in the blood Hering-Breuer stretch reflexes
medullary respiratory centers
Which of the choices below is not a factor that promotes oxygen binding to and dissociation from hemoglobin? temperature number of red blood cells partial pressure of carbon dioxide partial pressure of oxygen
number of red blood cells
Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement? the temperature molecular weight and size of the gas molecule solubility in water partial pressure gradient
partial pressure gradient
Which of the following is the primary factor in oxygen attachment to, or release from, hemoglobin? temperature partial pressure of oxygen blood pH partial pressure of carbon dioxide
partial pressure of oxygen
Which of the following is NOT a physical factor that influences pulmonary ventilation? lung compliance alveolar surface tension airway resistance partial pressure of oxygen in the air
partial pressure of oxygen in the air
Which of the following respiratory structures is more commonly known as the "throat"? trachea pharynx esophagus larynx
pharynx
Which center is located in the pons? inspiratory center pontine respirator group (PRG) pacemaker neuron center expiratory center
pontine respirator group (PRG)
Intrapulmonary pressure is the ________. pressure within the pleural cavity difference between atmospheric pressure and respiratory pressure pressure within the alveoli of the lungs negative pressure in the intrapleural space
pressure within the alveoli of the lungs
Which of the following processes are unique to the respiratory system? pulmonary ventilation and external respiration pulmonary ventilation and transport of respiratory gases pulmonary ventilation and internal respiration external and internal respiration
pulmonary ventilation and external respiration
Which of the following processes are unique to the respiratory system? pulmonary ventilation and internal respiration pulmonary ventilation and transport of respiratory gases pulmonary ventilation and external respiration external and internal respiration
pulmonary ventilation and external respiration
Which of the following represents all of the processes involved in respiration in the correct order? pulmonary ventilation; external respiration; transport of respiratory gases; internal respiration; pulmonary ventilation; external ventilation; internal ventilation; transport of respiratory gases external respiration; internal respiration; transport of respiratory gases pulmonary respiration; external ventilation; transport of respiratory gases; internal ventilation;
pulmonary ventilation; external respiration; transport of respiratory gases; internal respiration;
The normal CFTR protein is a membrane channel protein that controls chloride ion flow into and out of cells. The sweat of cystic fibrosis patients has an abnormally high concentration of salt (NaCl) because the presence of faulty CFTR proteins directly causes ______. hypersecretion of sodium ions by sweat-producing cells reduced absorption of certain anions from sweat into the sweat duct cells increased pumping of ions by the sodium-potassium pump into secreted sweat reduced pumping of chloride ions into sweat
reduced absorption of certain anions from sweat into the sweat duct cells
Which of the following arterial blood levels is the most powerful respiratory stimulant? rising CO2 levels low oxygen level low CO2 level arterial pH
rising CO2 levels
Which of the following is not a stimulus for breathing? rising blood pressure acidosis resulting from CO2 retention rising carbon dioxide levels arterial Po2 below 60 mm Hg
rising blood pressure
Which of the following is NOT a function of the nasal conchae? routing air and food into proper channels reclaiming heat and moisture from expired air increasing the mucosal surface area exposed to air filtering, heating, and moistening incoming air during inhalation
routing air and food into proper channels
The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II. The function of type II is to ________. secrete surfactant trap dust and other debris replace mucus in the alveoli protect the lungs from bacterial invasion
secrete surfactant
Which of the following is NOT a function of the larynx? serving as part of the respiratory zone providing a patent airway voice production routing air and food into the proper channels
serving as part of the respiratory zone
What type of epithelial tissue forms the walls of the alveoli? pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium simple squamous epithelium stratified squamous epithelium simple cuboidal epithelium
simple squamous epithelium
The factors responsible for holding the lungs to the thorax wall are ________. the smooth muscles of the lung the visceral pleurae and the changing volume of the lungs surface tension from pleural fluid and negative pressure in the pleural cavity the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles alone
surface tension from pleural fluid and negative pressure in the pleural cavity
During inhalation, View Available Hint(s) air moves up the trachea. the diaphragm relaxes. oxygen molecules move into the lungs, and carbon dioxide molecules move out of the lungs. the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases. the diaphragm and rib muscles contract.
the diaphragm and rib muscles contract.
Patients with rhinitis often have "watery eyes" because ______. the infection has stimulated increased lacrimal fluid secretion by the lacrimal glands the infection has caused inflammation of the nasolacrimal ducts the paranasal sinuses are blocked with excess mucus All of the listed responses are correct.
the infection has caused inflammation of the nasolacrimal ducts
Although lung cancer is difficult to cure, it is highly preventable. True False
true
Dalton's law of partial pressures states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture. True False
true
Labored breathing is termed dyspnea. True False
true
Strong emotions and pain, acting through the limbic system and hypothalamus, send signals to the respiratory centers that modulate respiratory rate and depth. True False
true
The alveolar ventilation rate is the best index of effective ventilation. True False
true
The lungs are perfused by two circulations: the pulmonary and the bronchial. The pulmonary circulation is for oxygenation of blood. The bronchial circulation supplies blood to the lung structures (tissue). True False
true
The local matching of blood flow with ventilation is ________. ventilation-perfusion coupling the Bohr effect the Haldane effect chloride shifting
ventilation-perfusion coupling
Which of the following initiate(s) inspiration? Neural relationships between CNS respiratory centers and muscles of breathing. pontine respiratory centers midbrain ventral respiratory group (VRG) dorsal respiratory group (DRG)
ventral respiratory group (VRG)
What is the amount of air that can be exhaled with the greatest possible exhalation after the deepest inhalation called? vital capacity inspiratory reserve volume expiratory reserve volume tidal volume
vital capacity
For gas exchange to be efficient, the respiratory membrane must be ________. at least 3 micrometers thick 0.5 to 1 micrometer thick between 5 and 6 micrometers thick The thickness of the respiratory membrane is not important in the efficiency of gas exchange.
0.5 to 1 micrometer thick
A premature baby usually has difficulty breathing. However, the respiratory system is developed enough for survival by ________. 36 weeks 24 weeks 17 weeks 28 weeks
28 weeks
According to the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve, PO2 in the lungs of 100 mm Hg results in Hb being 98% saturated. At high altitude, there is less O2. At a PO2 in the lungs of 80 mm Hg, Hb would be ________ saturated. 98% 95% 100% less than 50%
95%
terminates in alveoli.
Alveolar duct
From which structures do oxygen molecules move from the lungs to the blood? View Available Hint(s) Nose Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli
Alveoli
Select the correct statement about the physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation. A decrease in compliance causes an increase in ventilation. Surfactant helps increase alveolar surface tension. A lung that is less elastic will require less muscle action to perform adequate ventilation. As alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action will be required
As alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action will be required
The relationship between gas pressure and gas volume is described by ________. Charles' law Dalton's law Boyle's law Henry's law
Boyle's law
Which of the following maintains the patency (openness) of the trachea? pseudostratified ciliated epithelium C-shaped cartilage rings surface tension of water surfactant production
C-shaped cartilage rings
The statement, "in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the mixture" paraphrases ________. Dalton's law Henry's law Charles' law Boyle's law
Dalton's Law
Why is a patient with tuberculosis often noncompliant with treatment? Due to the time length of treatment, the patient may stop taking the medication when they start to feel better. TB infection causes damage to the nervous system, resulting in changes in personality and judgment. Due to the physiological side effects of the antibiotic used, the patient may stop taking the medication when they start to feel better. Due to the psychological side effects of the antibiotic used, the patient may stop taking the medication when they start to feel better.
Due to the time length of treatment, the patient may stop taking the medication when they start to feel better.
Increased temperature results in decreased O2 unloading from hemoglobin. True False
False
ERV + RV
Functional residual capacity
The law that applies to the amount of CO2 you could dissolve in a soda is called ________ law. Henry's Dalton's Boyle's Murphy's
Henry's
Part complete Which statement is correct? View Available Hint(s) Oxygen diffuses from large blood vessels into the body's cells. As oxygen diffuses from the lungs into capillaries, blood becomes deoxygenated. In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells. Oxygen is released from the mitochondria as a product of cellular respiration. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the alveoli into surrounding capillaries.
In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells.
TV + IRV
Inspiratory capacity
A patient was admitted to the hospital with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. His PO2 was 55 and PCO2 was 65. A new resident orders 54% oxygen via the venturi mask. One hour later, after the oxygen was placed, the nurse finds the patient with no respiration or pulse. She calls for a Code Blue and begins cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Why did the patient stop breathing? His arterial PCO2 chemoreceptors had become unresponsive. Declining PO2 levels now act as the stimulus. Increased PO2 levels will prevent this stimulus, and breathing will cease. The high level of oxygen in his body caused hypocapnia, which resulted in an unbalancing of his body's pH, causing his muscular and nervous systems to fail. The sudden increase in oxygen in his body caused oxygen toxicity, generating huge amounts of free radicals, resulting in profound CNS disturbances, coma, and death. Oxygen dilates pulmonary arterioles, increasing perfusion and worsening an already poor ventilation-perfusion mismatch. In addition, oxygen drives more CO2 off of hemoglobin, dumping it into alveoli from which it cannot be removed. The increase in oxygen in his body caused hypoventilation to the extent that breathing was no longer visible to the nurse.
Oxygen dilates pulmonary arterioles, increasing perfusion and worsening an already poor ventilation-perfusion mismatch. In addition, oxygen drives more CO2 off of hemoglobin, dumping it into alveoli from which it cannot be removed.
Which of the following is not possible? The amount of gas flowing in and out of the alveoli is directly proportional to the difference in pressure or pressure gradient between the external atmosphere and the alveoli. Resistance equals pressure gradient over gas flow. Gas flow equals pressure gradient over resistance. Pressure gradient equals gas flow over resistance.
Pressure gradient equals gas flow over resistance.
Where the respiratory zone of the lungs begins.
Respiratory bronchioles
Part complete How will the lungs compensate for an acute rise in the partial pressure of CO2 in arterial blood? Respiratory depth and respiratory rate will decrease. Respiratory rate will increase. Respiratory rate will decrease. Respiratory depth will decrease. Respiratory depth will decrease and respiratory rate will increase.
Respiratory rate will increase.
No exchange of gases occurs here.
Segmental bronchi
Which of the following descriptions accurately describes Boyle's law? View Available Hint(s) The partial pressure of a gas in the air you breathe in is equal to the total atmospheric pressure times the fractional concentration of the gas. The pressure of gas in your lungs is inversely proportional to the volume in your lungs. How well a gas dissolves in a liquid such as blood depends on both its partial pressure and its solubility.
The pressure of gas in your lungs is inversely proportional to the volume in your lungs.
TV + IRV + ERV + RV
Total lung capacity
__________, the difference between the intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures, prevents the lungs from collapsing. Transthoracic pressure Intraalveolar pressure Transpulmonary pressure Atmospheric pressure
Transpulmonary pressure
Intrapleural pressure is normally about 4 mm Hg less than the pressure in the alveoli. True False
True
Smoking diminishes ciliary action and eventually destroys the cilia. True False
True
Composed of simple squamous epithelium.
Type I cells
The respiratory membrane is composed of fused basement membrane of the capillary walls and _______
Type I cells
Composed of cuboidal cells.
Type II cells
Secrete a fluid containing surfactant.
Type II cells
TV + IRV + ERV
Vital capacity
Which of the choices below is not a role of the pleura? aids in blood flow to and from the heart because the heart sits between the lungs allows the lungs to inflate and deflate without friction helps limit the spread of local infections helps divide the thoracic cavity into three chambers
aids in blood flow to and from the heart because the heart sits between the lungs
The respiratory membrane is a combination of ________. atria and alveolar sacs alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes respiratory bronchioles and alveolar sacs respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts
alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes
Since mucus-producing cells and cilia are sparse in the bronchioles and alveoli, how does the body remove microorganisms that make their way into the respiratory zone? type I alveolar cells produce antimicrobial proteins alveolar macrophages crawl freely along internal alveolar surfaces the pleurae produce pleural fluid type II alveolar cells secrete a substance called surfactant
alveolar macrophages crawl freely along internal alveolar surfaces
Which of the following determines lung compliance? muscles of inspiration airway opening alveolar surface tension flexibility of the thoracic cage
alveolar surface tension
Which parts of the respiratory system function as the main sites of gas exchange? primary bronchi terminal bronchioles alveoli trachea
alveoli
Quiet inspiration is __________, and quiet expiration is __________. a passive process; an active process an active process; also an active process an active process; a passive process a passive process; also a passive process
an active process; a passive process
Which form of hypoxia reflects poor O2 delivery resulting from too few RBCs or from RBCs that contain abnormal or too little hemoglobin? ischemic (stagnant) hypoxia hypoxemic hypoxia anemic hypoxia histotoxic hypoxia
anemic hypoxia
What is the most powerful respiratory stimulant in a healthy person? arterial blood pH arterial blood carbon dioxide level oxygen needs of cells arterial blood oxygen level
arterial blood carbon dioxide level
Which cartilage belonging to the larynx anchors the vocal cords? arytenoid cartilages epiglottis cricoid cartilage thyroid cartilage
arytenoid cartilages
What is the primary form in which carbon dioxide is carried in blood? chemically bound to hemoglobin as carbonic acid in plasma as a bicarbonate ion in plasma dissolved in plasma
as a bicarbonate ion in plasma
How is the bulk of carbon dioxide transported in blood? chemically combined with the heme portion of hemoglobin as bicarbonate ions in plasma after first entering the red blood cells chemically combined with the amino acids of hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin in the red blood cells as carbonic acid in the plasma
as bicarbonate ions in plasma after first entering the red blood cells
The nose serves all the following functions except ________. cleansing the air as a passageway for air movement as the direct initiator of the cough reflex warming and humidifying the air
as the direct initiator of the cough reflex
Which blood vessels supply oxygenated systemic blood to the lung tissue? pulmonary arteries bronchial arteries bronchial veins pulmonary veins
bronchial arteries
Most inspired particles such as dust fail to reach the lungs because of the ________. porous structure of turbinate bones action of the epiglottis ciliated mucous lining in the nose abundant blood supply to nasal mucosa
ciliated mucous lining in the nose
The erythrocyte count increases after a while when an individual goes from a low to a high altitude because the ________. temperature is lower at higher altitudes concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is higher at higher altitudes basal metabolic rate is higher at high altitudes concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes
concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes
With the Bohr effect, more oxygen is released because a(n) ________. decrease in pH (acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond increase in pH (alkalosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond decrease in pH (acidosis) strengthens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond increase in pH (alkalosis) strengthens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond
decrease in pH (acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond
Which muscles, when contracted, would increase the volume of air in the thoracic cavity? View Available Hint(s) diaphragm and external intercostals internal intercostals and external oblique diaphragm and internal intercostals
diaphragm and external intercostals
Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by ________. diffusion osmosis filtration active transport
diffusion
In babies born prematurely, pulmonary surfactant may not be present in adequate amounts ______. in the conducting zone structures of the lungs due to insufficient exocytosis in the type II alveolar cells to permit adequate surface tension in the alveoli because the presence of collapsed alveoli prevents surfactant production
due to insufficient exocytosis in the type II alveolar cells
Which of the disorders below is characterized by destruction of the walls of the alveoli producing abnormally large air spaces that remain filled with air during exhalation? emphysema tuberculosis pneumonia coryza
emphysema
Which of the disorders below is characterized by destruction of the walls of the alveoli producing abnormally large air spaces that remain filled with air during exhalation? pneumonia coryza tuberculosis emphysema
emphysema
During an allergic reaction, which of the following would aid respiration? View Available Hint(s) epinephrine acetylcholine (ACh) histamine an increase in the parasympathetic nervous system
epinephrine
