Anatomy Unit 4: Nerves

what do sensory nerve fibers/axons/neurons do?

convey information from the periphery to the center

motor axons from neurons in the brain stem exit the skull via foramina as what?

cranial nerves

nuclei in the brain stem give rise to axons organized as what?

cranial nerves

what type of receptor would sense a full stomach?

interoceptor

which type of receptor would sense a full bladder?

interoceptor

which type of receptor would sense heartburn?

interoceptor

axons of the motor neurons in the spinal cord leave the spinal canal/vertebral canal as spinal nerves via what?

intervertebral foramen

where are the ganglia for spinal nerves located?

intervertebral foramen

where are the ganglia for cranial nerves located?

certain foramina of the skull

if a nerve supplies to the smooth muscle of a blood vessel, it belongs to what NS?

GVE or Autonomic NS

if a nerve supplies to the smooth muscle of a gland, it belongs to what NS?

GVE or Autonomic NS

if a nerve supplies to the smooth muscle of a visceral organ, it belongs to what NS?

GVE or Autonomic NS

if a nerve supplies to the smooth muscle surrounding the heart, it belongs to what NS?

GVE or Autonomic NS

Which NS includes the brain and spinal cord?

CNS

exteroceptors are included in what nervous system pathway?

GSA

proprioceptors are included in what nervous system pathway?

GSA

which division of the somatic nervous system supplies the bones?

GSA

which division of the somatic nervous system supplies the joint capsules?

GSA

which division of the somatic nervous system supplies the skeletal muscles?

GSA

which division of the somatic nervous system supplies the skin?

GSA

signals conveyed by the GSA trigger muscle actions that are mediated by which system?

GSE (motor)

interoceptors are included in what nervous system pathway?

GVA

which nervous system includes interoceptors and associated fibers on the walls of blood vessels, within glands, internal structures of the head, the viscera of the thorax, the abdomen, and pelvis?

GVA

which nervous system pathway supplies glands?

GVA

which nervous system pathway supplies the viscera of the abdomen and pelvis?

GVA

which nervous system pathway supplies the viscera of the thorax?

GVA

which nervous system pathway supplies the walls of blood vessels?

GVA

Which NS has sensory neurons outside the CNS in clusters called "ganglia"?

PNS

How many sets of neurons are involved in sensing a stimulus and triggering a muscle response?

a minimum of 2

What are "ascending fibers"?

afferent to the brain from a segment of the spinal cord or PNS

what is another term for the general visceral efferent nervous system?

autonomic nervous system

motor output (efferent) is from (periphery to center, center to periphery)

center to periphery

where are proprioceptors located?

deep structures of the musculoskeletal system: muscle spindles and joint capsule/ligaments

the sensory ganglia located at the intervertebral foramen are called what?

dorsal root ganglia

what do motor nerve fibers/axons/neurons do?

execute motor function/contraction based on sensory input they receive

what do exteroreceptors sense?

external stimuli such as touch, pinpricks, pinches, temperature, pH, and pain

which type of receptor would sense external pain?

exteroceptor

T/F: afferent and sensory are different

false

T/F: efferent and motor are different

false

T/F: motor and sensory fibers never pass through the same foramina

false

T/F: the general visceral afferent nervous system is also the autonomic nervous system

false

T/F: you can grossly distinguish between afferent and efferent fibers

false

What are "descending fibers"?

from the brain to the spinal cord or PNS based on the impulse flow

sensory neurons located outside the CNS are called what?

ganglia

which nervous system includes all sensory receptors located in the skin (exteroreceptors) and deeper tissues (proprioceptors) and their nerve fibers and the neurons?

general somatic afferent

GSA

general somatic afferent (sensory)

what are the subdivisions of the general somatic nervous system?

general somatic afferent (sensory) general somatic efferent (motor)

GSE

general somatic efferent (motor)

where are GSA neurons clustered?

in glanglia located at the intervertebral foramen

where are the GSE neurons clustered?

in the ventral horn of the spinal cord and brain stem

afferent is sensory (input, output)

input

where does the general somatic afferent nervous system supply?

skin, bones, joints, skeletal muscles

general somatic nervous system

nerve supply to the organs such as integument & musculoskeletal structures

visceral nervous system

nerve supply to the viscera (internal environment of the body)

in the brain stem, ____ are arranged in clusters.

neurons

ganglia contain sensory neurons in which one end of the axons contacts ______ and the other contacts ______.

organs (skin, joint capsule, muscle spindles) other neurons within the spinal cord or brain

efferent is motor (input, output)

output

sensory input (afferent) is from (periphery to center, center to periphery)

periphery to center

which type of sensory receptor would sense the overextension of a joint by the tendons and ligaments?

proprioceptors

dorsal root ganglia

sensory ganglia located at the intervertebral foramen

all spinal nerves, as well as some cranial nerves, are associated with a ______ at the foramen

sensory ganglion

What is the bundle of the sensory axons contained within a ganglion called?

sensory nerve fiber

Where are exteroreceptors usually located?

skin and parts of the oral and nasal cavities

What are special visceral afferent and efferent fibers for?

special sense organs such as the eyes and ears

SVA

special visceral afferent (sensory)

SVE

special visceral efferent (motor)

choroid plexus

specialized structure within the ventricles of the brain that produces CSF

axons of the motor neurons in the spinal cord leave the spinal canal/vertebral canal as what?

spinal nerves

what do interoceptors sense?

stretch and chemicals

general visceral efferent

supplies smooth muscles surrounding the blood vessels, viscera, glands, and heart AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

What are the divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

sympathetic and parasympathetic

What do proprioceptors sense?

tension, pressure, stretch, etc

The afferent nerve fibers of the visceral nervous system follow what course?

the course of the spinal nerves and certain cranial nerves

The general somatic nervous systems is subdivided into GSA and GSE based on what?

the direction of the flow of impulses/action potentials

The afferent (sensory) fibers and their neurons are called what?

the peripheral nervous system (PNS)

motor nerve fibers/axons/neurons execute function/contraction based on what?

the sensory input they recieve

Where are motor neurons in the spinal cord located?

the ventral horn

T/F: afferent and sensory are synonymous

true

T/F: cranial nerves are myelinated and bundled together by connective tissue sheaths

true

T/F: efferent and motor are synonymous

true

T/F: ganglia are located outside the CNS but are close to the brain or spinal cord

true

T/F: normally, both motor and sensory nerve fibers pass through the same foramina and exit the spinal canal/skull (some exceptions for cranial nerves)

true

T/F: nuclei of the CNS are usually motor

true

T/F: the general visceral efferent nervous system is also the autonomic nervous system

true

T/F: the internal environment of the body is regulated by the afferent and efferent fibers of the visceral nervous system

true

T/F: the spinal nerves that supply the limb have somatic efferent and afferent fibers

true

What are the two types of ganglia that contain sensory neurons?

unipolar and bipolar

what are the motor bundles for both cranial and spinal nerves called?

ventral root