Animal Physiology Exam 1
________ are functional units of the kidney. a. Lumens b. Renal medulla c. Nephrons d. Glomerulus e. Distal Convoluted Tubules
c. Nephrons
What structure allows the DCT (Distal Convoluted Tubule) to become permeable to water? a. Aquaporin b. Collecting Duct c. Bowman's Capsule d. Proximal Convoluted Tubule e. Intermediate Segment
a. Aquaporin
What do amphibians have in their urinary bladder that mammals do not? a. Aquaporins b. Nephrons c. Solutes d. Na+ e. Cl−
a. Aquaporins
How do elasmobranchs stay hyperosmotic to seawater? a. By maintaining high concentrations of urea and regular levels of other ions b. Eating organisms that have high salt content c. Drinking seawater d. Through their mitochondria-rich cells in their gills
a. By maintaining high concentrations of urea and regular levels of other ions
The gills in fish consists principally of two types of cells, mitochondria-rich cells (MRCs) and pavement cells. What is true about MRCs? a. Considered to be the principal site of active ion transport in the gills. b. Occupy 90% of the gill epithelium and are thinner than pavement cells. c. Increase in MRCs is caused by a low concentration of Cl⁻. d. Freshwater and saltwater fish have the same type of MRCs. e. None of the above.
a. Considered to be the principal site of active ion transport in the gills.
What has allowed birds to develop mammalian type nephrons? a. Convergent Evolution b. Divergent Evolution c. Vestigial Structures d. Recent Common Ancestry
a. Convergent Evolution
The specialized strategy of osmoregulation utilized by sharks a. Elasmobranch Strategy b. Elasticbronchia Strategy c. Euryhaline Strategy d. Anhydrobiotic Strategy e. None of the above Strategy
a. Elasmobranch Strategy
The basic principle of the nephron and equation describing it is.... a. Excretion= filtration - reabsorption + secretion b. Filtration= excretion- reabsorption + secretion c. Secretion= filtration - reabsorption + excretion d. Reabsorption= excretion-filtration + secretion e. None of the above.
a. Excretion= filtration - reabsorption + secretion
Elasmobranchs due to high [urea], gain water from environment. Gain salts from environment. Produce ________ urine and dump ions via extrarenal excretion (in rectal glands). a. Hyposmotic b. Hyperosmic c. Hypertonic d. Isosmotic e. None of the above
a. Hyposmotic
Which solutes can easily pass through filtered blood plasma into the lumen of a Bowman's capsule? I. Polar and Nonpolar Amino Acids II. Glucose III. Ammonia IV. Glomerular Proteins V. Ions a. I, II, III, V b. I, III, IV, V c. II, III, IV d. II, III, V e. I, IV
a. I, II, III, V
What are the three groups of animals that can produce urine hyperosmotic to their blood plasma? a. Insects, birds, mammals b. Insects, amphibians, mammals c. Birds, mammals, amphibians d. Fish, reptiles, amphibians e. Insects, amphibians, birds
a. Insects, birds, mammals
You are tasked with finding the rate of diffusion of carbon dioxide across a eukaryotic cell membrane. The concentration outside the cell is 500mOsm and the concentration inside of the cell is 300mOsm. The cell membrane is 10nm. The diffusion coefficient of carbon dioxide is 0.0016 mm2/s. How would you set these up in order to find your answer? a. J=0.0016 ((500-300)/10) b. J=(0.0016(500-300))/10 c. J=0.0016(10/(500-300)) d. J=10((500-300)/0.0016) e. J=500(300/(10x0.0016))
a. J=0.0016 ((500-300)/10)
What is the concentration gradient of urine along the Henle loop and into the CD during antidiresis? a. Low, high, low, high b. Low. Low, high, high c. High, low, high, low d. high, low, low, high e. Low, high, high, low
a. Low, high, low, high
Mammals and birds share a kidney and with it the loop of henle, what do terrestrial insects use in place of the kidneys for filtration and reabsorption? a. Malpighian tubule b. Quadrate zygapophyses c. Hamular gestation d. Paired helical tubricles
a. Malpighian tubule
In insects, such as an ant, excretion is performed by a. Malpighian tubules b. Nephridia c. Excretophores d. Nephrons
a. Malpighian tubules
Why can mammals generate hyperosmotic urine, but marine teleosts are unable to? a. Mammals have Loops of Henle, marine teleosts do not. b. The marine teleost environment doesn't necessitate hyperosmotic urine. c. Mammals don't have a PCT that absorbs ions. d. Marine teleosts don't have collecting ducts. e. Mammals are more evolved than marine teleosts.
a. Mammals have Loops of Henle, marine teleosts do not.
Krogh's principle states: a. Model organisms are most conveniently studied b. When an organism is studied the least frequent phenotypes are chosen c. The occurrence of a toad going into torpor during harsh environmental conditions.
a. Model organisms are most conveniently studied
______ are the functional units of the kidney. a. Nephrons b. Loop of Henle c. Bowman's Capsule d. Glomerulus
a. Nephrons
In hyposmotic urine, there are effects on the composition of blood plasma where: a. Plasma becomes less dilute but more concentrated with an increase in osmolarity. b. Plasma becomes less dilute but more concentrated with a decrease in osmolarity. c. Plasma becomes more dilute but less concentrated with an increase in osmolarity. d. Plasma becomes more dilute but less concentrated with a decrease in osmolarity. e. None of the above, hyposmotic urine does not have an effect in the composition of blood plasma.
a. Plasma becomes less dilute but more concentrated with an increase in osmolarity.
Which of the following is a controller of aldosterone secretion? a. Renin b. Oxytocin c. Cortisol d. Vasopressin e. Urea
a. Renin
Which is a correct function of the proximal convoluted tubule found in amphibian nephrons? a. Returns water and other solutes back to the body fluids b. Returns water and other solutes back to the glomerulus. c. Returns water and other solutes back to the body fluids by increasing the volume of urine. d. Returns water and other solutes back to the body fluids by isosmotic reduction of urine volume. e. None of the above are correct functions.
a. Returns water and other solutes back to the body fluids
The kidney of different organisms is capable of filtering plasma and producing urine in different environmental concentrations. If a freshwater fish is hyperosmotic to its environment, what is the effect on water excretion? a. The blood plasma has a higher water concentration than the environment; water is preferentially excreted through urine b. The blood plasma has a higher water concentration than the environment; water is preferentially retained c. The blood plasma contains the same concentration of water as the environment; water is excreted in the same relation to solutes as environment d. The blood plasma has a lower water concentration than the environment; water is preferentially excreted through urine e. None of the above
a. The blood plasma has a higher water concentration than the environment; water is preferentially excreted through urine
Which of the following statements is an example of an alternative hypothesis: a. The golden retriever and the Labrador retriever will have the same acceleration speed b. Fish A and fish B don't eat the same prey for food c. There is no similarity between elephant trunk length and the length of their tails. d. The bird song in the blue bird vs the stellar jay have no similarity in length.
a. The golden retriever and the Labrador retriever will have the same acceleration speed
Which of the following is not true of freshwater animals in relation to water regulation? a. They have relatively permeable integuments. b. Produces copious amounts of dilute urine. c. Surfaces that exchange O2 with the environment tend to be most permeable to water. d. They actively harvest ions from the water using active transporters. e. Regulation is energetically expensive.
a. They have relatively permeable integuments.
Urine that is hyposmotic to blood plasma has a U/P ratio of...? a. U/P < 1 b. U/P > 1 c. U/P = 1 d. None of the above
a. U/P < 1
When producing hyposmotic urine all of the following are true, except: a. Water is retained b. Solutes are retained c. High osmolarity d. Urine is less concentrated than blood plasma e. Water is excreted
a. Water is retained
Which of the following statements is true about an animal producing hyposmotic urine (U/P<1)? a. Water loss causes the animal's blood plasma to become more concentrated, raising osmolarity of its blood b. The animal's urine has higher levels of solutes than does its blood plasma c. There is no change in the composition and osmolarity of blood plasma in the animal d. The animal's blood plasma becomes less concentrated, lowering osmolarity of the blood e. The animal's urine contains less water than its plasma does
a. Water loss causes the animal's blood plasma to become more concentrated, raising osmolarity of its blood
In marine fishes, what structure plays a key role in maintaining an osmotic balance? a. kidney b. cloaca c. gills d. medulla
a. kidney c. gills
An animal can control its excretion of water independently of its secretion of solutes by varying the ___________ of its urine. a. osmotic pressure b. volume c. pH d. temperature e. Concentration
a. osmotic pressure
Water loss in mammals urine can be reduced by... a. producing concentrated urine that reduces the amount of water needed to get rid of wastes. b. producing dilute urine that helps void soluble wastes. c. producing hyposmotic urine that contains more water than plasma. d. producing isosmotic urine that contains less water than plasma. e. None of the above: water loss in urine cannot be avoided.
a. producing concentrated urine that reduces the amount of water needed to get rid of wastes.
When your U/P ratio is greater than one ... a. water is held back from excretion, solutes are preferentially excreted, osmotic pressure of the plasma is lowered. b. water is excreted in the same relation to solutes, solutes are excreted in the same relation to water, does not alter osmotic pressure c. water is preferentially excreted, solutes are preferentially held back from excretion, osmotic pressure of the plasma is raised d. water is held back from excretion, solutes are excreted in the same relation to water, osmotic pressure of the plasma is raised e. none of the above
a. water is held back from excretion, solutes are preferentially excreted, osmotic pressure of the plasma is lowered.
When a mammal is dehydrated vasopressin increases causing which of the following events to occur? a. Vasopressin causes the collecting duct to b. An increase in the permeability of the collecting duct leads to an increase in urine concentration c. The collecting duct's permeability is unchanged, the vasopressin has no effect d. The collecting duct decreases in permeability because vasopressin causes an increase in aquaporins e. None of the above
b. An increase in the permeability of the collecting duct leads to an increase in urine concentration
Which hormone is responsible for inhibiting the reabsorption of salt? a. Vasopressin b. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) c. Aldosterone d. Anti-diuretic hormone e. Arginine vasopressin (AVP)
b. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Freshwater fish have mitochondria -rich " _______ cells" that actively harvest sodium and chloride ions and pump out hydrogen and bicarbonate. a. Potassium b. Chloride c. Sodium d. Carbon e. Hydrogen
b. Chloride
Water moves via osmosis from a ____________ solution to a _____________solution. a. More concentrated, dilute b. Dilute, more concentrated c. Isosmotic , hyposomotic d. Permeable, less permeable e. None of the above.
b. Dilute, more concentrated
What is the downside to being an osmoregulator? a. Confined to one habitat b. Energy expensive c. Internal consistency d. There is no downside
b. Energy expensive
Even though sharks are hyposmotic to their surroundings they must still deal with NaCl levels by: a. Excreting copious concentrated urine by use of the kidneys. b. Excreting NACl rich solutions by use of the rectal gland. c. Active rejection of NaCl by use of the gills d. Active uptake of NaCl by use of the gills. e. Actively fixating excess NaCl to urea.
b. Excreting NACl rich solutions by use of the rectal gland.
Which animal below would have a high K value in the "rate of evaporation" equation: a. Elephant b. Frog c. Human d. Sparrow
b. Frog
Given what you know about urinary production by the kidney what happens to your urine when you eat a large portion of Chinese food with coffee (i.e. salty food + a diuretic)? a. Decreased volume and increased osmolarity b. Increased volume and increased osmolarity c. No change to volume and decreased osmolarity d. Decreased volume and no change to osmolarity e. Decreased volume and decreased osmolarity
b. Increased volume and increased osmolarity
The Loop of Henle is an extension of which part of a nephron? a. Proximal convoluted tubule b. Intermediate segment c. Distal convoluted tubule d. Collecting duct e. None of the above
b. Intermediate segment
___________ is the homeostatic mechanism which serves to mitigate/diminish the original stimulus. a. The Effector b. Negative Feedback c. The Sensor d. Positive Feedback
b. Negative Feedback
When is urine said to be in the external environment? a. Once it enters the kidneys b. Once it enters the lumen of the nephron c. Once it enters the bladder d. Once it enters the collecting duct e. Once it exits the body
b. Once it enters the lumen of the nephron
________ serves to amplify the original stimulus. a. Negative feedback b. Positive feedback c. Mechanism d. Ultimate causation
b. Positive feedback
Krogh's Principle states: a. All species of organisms arise and develop through natural selection b. Specialized adaptations of animals to environmental challenges provide insight to the function of that specialized structure c. Organisms exhibit individual variation in appearance and behavior d. Traits are passed on from parent to offspring e. All of the above
b. Specialized adaptations of animals to environmental challenges provide insight to the function of that specialized structure
What one is not part of the unifying functions of the kidneys (vertebrae)? a. Regulating composition and volume of aqueous solutions derived from plasma (urine). b. Store and production of bile c. Regulates composition and volume of blood plasma (or other body fluids) d. Consist of functional units that filter, modify, and excrete solution.
b. Store and production of bile
What happens to a cell that is transferred to a more dilute solution? a. Water will be taken out of the cell and dissolved contents would be taken in to return to original size. b. The cell will take in water to swell and reduce content of dissolved entities to return to normal. c. The cell membrane will impede any changes from occurring inside of the cell because it wants to maintain constant equilibrium. d. The cells form becomes Flaccid. e. The cell will take in both water and dissolved contents.
b. The cell will take in water to swell and reduce content of dissolved entities to return to normal.
The nephron of a freshwater fish will differ from that of a amphibian, non-avian reptile avian nephron in that the freshwater fish will be lacking this component: a. The proximal convoluted tube. b. The distal convoluted tube. c. The intermediate segment. d. The collecting tubule. e. Bowman's capsule.
b. The distal convoluted tube.
The elasmobranch fish are hyperosmotic to seawater because... a. Their body fluids contain low concentrations of urea and uric acid. b. Their body fluids contain high concentrations of urea and trimethylamine oxide (TMAO). c. Their body fluids lack urea and trimethylamine oxide (TMAO). d. Their body fluids contain high concentrations of Na+/K+-ATPase. e. None of the above because elasmobranch fish are hyposmotic to seawater.
b. Their body fluids contain high concentrations of urea and trimethylamine oxide (TMAO).
This type of epithelial cell is specialized for ion transport and found in gill tissue of many fishes. a. flame cell b. chloride cell c. rectal salt glands d. mucous cell e. None of the above
b. chloride cell
Which one of these would occur if a freshwater fish takes on a quantity of water from its dilute environment? a. Increase the osmotic pressure of blood plasma b. dilute ions in the blood plasma c. concentrate ions in the blood plasma d. decrease the volume of the water in the blood plasma e. decrease the osmotic pressure of the blood plasma
b. dilute ions in the blood plasma
Respiratory water loss is a form of (blank) water loss a. Fecal b. evaporative c. urinary d. Is it's own category of water loss
b. evaporative
Elasmobranchs deal with the desiccating effects of seawater by regulating their blood plasma to be ________ compared to the outside environment. a. hypoosmotic but hypoionic b. hyperosmotic but hypoionic c. hypoosmotic but hyperionic d. hyperosmotic but hyperionic e. none of the above
b. hyperosmotic but hypoionic
Marine Teleost fish are categorized as which type of osmotic regulator in seawater: a. isosmotic regulators b. hyposmotic regulators c. "elasmobranch-technique" regulators d. hyperosmotic regulators e. none of the above
b. hyposmotic regulators
Which of the following is NOT a route for water loss in terrestrial animals? a. fecal water b. metabolic water c. evaporative water d. urinary water e. none of the above
b. metabolic water
In an organism such an an Elasmobranch, their U/P ratio is... a. >1 b. <10 c. =1 d. =3
c. =1
In vertebrates, ______________ regulates the amount of pure, osmotically free water that is excreted by the kidneys. a. Aldosterone b. Natriuretic hormones c. Antidiuretic hormones d. Diuretic hormones e. None of the above
c. Antidiuretic hormones
Evaporative water loss is relatively higher in animals that a. Are larger, since they have more integumentary surface area exposed to the air. b. Are larger, since they must respire more to supply their larger bodies. c. Are smaller, since they have more surface area per unit of weight. d. Are smaller, since their low masses will be easily warmed by their surroundings. e. Are smaller, since they have less surface area per unit of weight.
c. Are smaller, since they have more surface area per unit of weight.
What is the chemical formula for the biological process that creates metabolic water a. E = mc^2 b. H2O + energy → C6H12O2 + ADP c. C6H12O6 + O2 —> H2O +CO2 +Energy d. ATP + H2O → Heat +H2O + 2CO e. None of the above
c. C6H12O6 + O2 —> H2O +CO2 +Energy
What best describes the process of reabsorption in the kidneys? a. Process by which ions, fluid, small molecules, etc. leave the blood (plasma) and after the nephron. b. Process that selectively pumps ions, fluid, and small molecules back into the nephron for excretion. c. Process by which fluid, ions, and small molecules, etc. are removed from the nephron and returned to the blood. d. Total amount of fluid, ions, etc. leave the nephron, bladder and/or body. e. None of the above
c. Process by which fluid, ions, and small molecules, etc. are removed from the nephron and returned to the blood.
Imagine consuming a large meal. That meal is then digested and absorbed. The reaction to which it undergoes is an aerobic catabolism (the breakdown of a macromolecule to which metabolic water is produced). Assuming you had eaten spaghetti, vegan or not, what macromolecules are NOT expected to be obligated in urinary water loss? a. Carbohydrates and Water, because carbohydrates and water can be stored. Water containing electrolytes are diffused and regulated in cells, while carbohydrates are stored for later use in obtaining energy. b. Starch and Glycogen, because starch and glycogen cannot be stored. Starch and glycogen are well easily digested. Thus, are converted in nitrogenous waste (Urea). c. Carbohydrates and Lipids, because carbohydrates and lipids can be stored. And proteins are converted into urine. (See page 711) d. Sugar and Spice, because sugar and spice can be stored. While other molecules can be excreted as urine. e. Trick question, none of these are the actual answer!
c. Carbohydrates and Lipids, because carbohydrates and lipids can be stored. And proteins are converted into urine.
From where do fish secrete their salts? a. Urine b. Feces c. Chloride Cells d. Sweat
c. Chloride Cells
A process resulting from osmosis in which Red Blood Cells, in a hypertonic solution, undergo shrinkage and acquire a notched or scalloped surface is which of the following? a. Conformer b. Regulator c. Crenation d. Equilibrium e. Ion Concentration
c. Crenation
Which of these are not a method of bodily loss a. Evaporative water loss b. Fecal water loss c. Diffusion water loss d. Urinary water loss e. Respiratory water loss
c. Diffusion water loss
Freshwater fish... a. Gain water from environment, gain salts. Produce dilute urine and harvest, at metabolic expense, ions from the water. b. Lose water from environment, gain salts. Produce dilute urine and harvest, at metabolic expense, ions from the water c. Gain water from environment, lose salts. Produce dilute urine and harvest, at metabolic expense, ions from the water. d. Lose water from environment, lose salts. Produce dilute urine and harvest, at metabolic expense, ions from the water e. None of the above
c. Gain water from environment, lose salts. Produce dilute urine and harvest, at metabolic expense, ions from the water.
In a freshwater teleost, what osmoregulatory function are Chloride cells responsible for? a. Secreting ADH (Anti Diuresis Hormone) b. Secretings Salts c. Harvesting Salts d. Creating Aquaporins e. All of the Above
c. Harvesting Salts
___________ describes "the coordinated physiological processes which maintain most of the constant states of an organism" a. Proximate causation b. Ultimate causation c. Homeostasis d. The U/P ratio e. Molality
c. Homeostasis
What two questions does the study of animal physiology seek to understand? a. Who and why? b. Where and how? c. How and why? d. Why and where?
c. How and why?
Elasmobranchs are _____ to seawater because they maintain high concentrations of urea, while maintaining _____ levels of ions. a. Hyposmotic, low b. Isosmotic, high c. Hyperosmotic,regular d. Hypoionic, low
c. Hyperosmotic, regular
Elasmobranchs are known to be ________ while remaining _________ to ambient water? a. Isosmotic; Hyperionic b. Hyposmotic; Isoioinic c. Hyperosmotic; Hypoionic d. Hyperosmotic; Isoionic e. Isosmotic; Hypoionic
c. Hyperosmotic; Hypoionic
Organisms whose blood osmotic pressure is lower than the osmotic pressure of their external environments are a. Isosmotic regulators b. Hyperosmotic regulators c. Hyposmotic regulators d. All freshwater animals e. All teleosts
c. Hyposmotic regulators
Marine teleost fish lose water by osmosis and urine production. They replace the water by drinking seawater. What statement is true? a. Marine teleosts do not drink water because it is hyperosmotic to the fish's blood plasma and water is obtained only through food. b. H₂O is actively transported out of the gut contents into the blood. c. H₂O travels by osmosis out of the blood plasma into the ingested seawater in the gut. d. H₂O travels by osmosis into the blood plasma from ingested seawater. e. By the time seawater is consumed, 10% of H₂O in seawater is absorbed into the blood.
c. H₂O travels by osmosis out of the blood plasma into the ingested seawater in the gut.
In general, marine teleosts produce ______ urine, while freshwater teleosts produce _____ urine. a. Hyposmotic, hyperosmotic b. Hyperosmotic, hyposmotic c. Isosmotic, hyposmotic d. Isosmotic, hyperosmotic, e. Isosmotic, isosmotic
c. Isosmotic, hyposmotic
What would happen to the concentration gradient inside the kidney if the descending portion of the Loop of Henle was impermeable? a. It would increase b. It would decrease c. It would become constant from the Outer to the Inner Medulla d. There would be no change
c. It would become constant from the Outer to the Inner Medulla
In a general comparison to freshwater teleosts, most marine fishes dedicate approximately what portion of energy (E), relative to their resting metabolic rate in osmoregulation? a. Marine fishes use around twice(E ≈200%) as much energy as freshwater teleosts, in osmoregulatory processes. b. Marine fishes use anywhere between half to twice as much (50%≤ E ≤200%) as much energy as freshwater teleosts, in osmoregulatory processes. c. Marine fishes use about the same to over five times (100%≤ E ≤600%) as much energy as freshwater teleosts, in osmoregulatory processes. d. Marine fishes use between twice as much to over ten times (200%≤ E ≤1,000%) as much energy as freshwater teleosts, in osmoregulatory processes. e. Marine fishes use around three and half (E ≈350%) as much energy as freshwater teleosts, in osmoregulatory processes.
c. Marine fishes use about the same to over five times (100%≤ E ≤600%) as much energy as freshwater teleosts, in osmoregulatory processes.
There are two solutions, solution 1 has a greater osmotic pressure than solution 2, thus solution 1 contains ___________ solutes and __________ water than solution 2. a. Less ; More b. Equal concentrations c. More ; Less d. Less ; Less e. None of the above
c. More ; Less
Water moves via osmosis from a ______ dilute solution towards _______ concentrated solution. a. Less; less b. Less; more c. More; more d. More; less e. Both a and d
c. More; more
Which of these defines the process of reabsorption? a. Process by which fluids and ions leave the blood and enter the nephron. b. Process by which fluids and ions leave the nephron, bladder or body. c. Process where fluids and ions are taken from the nephron and returned into the blood plasma. d. Process by which blood leaves the body. e. None of the above.
c. Process where fluids and ions are taken from the nephron and returned into the blood plasma.
Colloid osmotic pressure is the tendency of ________ to draw water back into the capillary. a. Ions b. Lipids c. Proteins d. Carbohydrates e. Blood
c. Proteins
The main function of the kidney is to.... a. Regulate the composition and volume of urine and extracellular fluids by controlled excretion of solutes and water. b. Regulate the composition and volume of extracellular fluids. c. Regulate the composition and volume of blood plasma and extracellular fluids by controlled excretion of solutes and water d. Regulate the concentration of ions in urine by diffusion. e. Regulate hormonal levels on the body
c. Regulate the composition and volume of blood plasma and extracellular fluids by controlled excretion of solutes and water
What would be the effect on urine osmolarity passing through the collection duct if the salt concentration in the interior of the kidney suddenly changed to 0? a. Salt would leave urine b. Water would leave urine c. Salt and water would leave urine d. No change
c. Salt and water would leave urine
Which of the following statements is NOT true about salt glands? a. These glands are located in the head. b. They produce concentration salt solutions, which are discharged into the nasal passages in birds and lizards. c. Secretions contain concentrations of Na+ and Cl- that are equal to seawater. d. Secretions of the salt glands are hyperosmotic to the blood. e. Salt glands will increase in size when a bird experiences an increase in salt ingestion.
c. Secretions contain concentrations of Na+ and Cl- that are equal to seawater. (contain concentrations of ions that exceed seawater).
The Loop of Henle is present in the kidney and is composed of a descending and ascending portion. In the ascending portion of the Loop of Henle, which of the following is pumped into the interstitial space? a. Water b. Potassium c. Sodium chloride d. Glucose
c. Sodium chloride
Define Hormones and state their function in an organism? a. Biochemical constituents of the endocrine system, which provide for the transport of ATPase throughout the body b. The product of metabolism which is utilized in the maintenance of homeostasis. c. Synthesis of chemicals in one location of the body then transported to another part of the body to regulate and aid in homeostasis. d. Molecular structures which play a role in receiving signals from the brain and then translating them into electrical impulses.
c. Synthesis of chemicals in one location of the body then transported to another part of the body to regulate and aid in homeostasis.
Which of the following is not true of water regulation in freshwater animals? a. The surfaces that are most permeable to water are those that are able to exchange oxygen with the environment b. Freshwater animals tend to produce a lot of dilute urine c. The energetic cost of regulation is relatively high (8-17%) d. Freshwater animals use active transporters to intake ions e. Freshwater animals have a U/P ratio less than 1
c. The energetic cost of regulation is relatively high (8-17%)
In the mammalian nephron, water and other solutes pass through a number of different structures. What is the correct order of these structures? a. The collecting duct, proximal convoluted tubule, glomerulus, Loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule. b. The glomerulus, Loop of Henle, proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct. c. The glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, Loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct. d. The proximal convoluted tubule, collecting duct, distal convoluted tubule, glomerulus, Loop of Henle.
c. The glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, Loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct.
The formula E = F-R+S can be used to calculate the total amount of fluid, ions, etc that leave the nephron, bladder, and or body. Component F (or Filtration) is defined as: a. The process by which fluids, ions, small molecules etc. are selectively pumped into the nephron for removal b. The process by which fluids, ions, small molecules etc. are removed from the nephron and returned to blood c. The process by which fluids, ions, small molecules etc. initially leave the blood and enter the nephron d. The process by which fluids, ions, small molecules etc. are exchanged between the Loop of Henle and Vasa Recta e. The process by which fluids, ions, small molecules etc. are dumped via chloride cells
c. The process by which fluids, ions, small molecules etc. initially leave the blood and enter the nephron
A mammal found in an arid environment would not apply to which of these statements? a. The Loop of Henle would be longer than a mammal found in a temperate environment would. b. This animal would only be capable of maintaining a small size due to metabolic costs c. This animal would have to drink more often to compensate for the lack of water in this environment. d. This animal would have a more efficient method of obtaining water from its food than a standard mammal would. e. None of the above.
c. This animal would have to drink more often to compensate for the lack of water in this environment.
Elasmobranchs contain high levels of _______ in order to remain hyperosmotic to its surroundings. a. Urine b. Na+ c. Urea d. Cl- e. K+
c. Urea
This system is major for regulating volume and chemicals in the blood, and eliminates wastes. a. Endocrine System b. Nervous System c. Urinary System d. Cardiovascular System e. All of the above
c. Urinary System
What hormone is responsible for regulating the permeability of cells in the kidney a. Adrenaline b. Progesterone c. Vasopressin d. Epinephrine e. Dopamine
c. Vasopressin
An aquatic animal is placed in ambient water with varying osmotic pressures. The organism's blood osmotic pressure equals the osmotic pressure of the ambient water. This organism is said to be... a. an osmotic regulator b. a isosmotic regulator c. an osmotic conformer d. a volume conformer e. Only C & D are correct
c. an osmotic conformer
Marine teleost fish... a. are hyposmotic, and they do not drink water b. are hyperosmotic, lose water by osmosis and gain ions by diffusion c. are hyposmotic, lose water by osmosis and gain ions by diffusion d. are hyperosmotic, and they do drink water e. none of the above
c. are hyposmotic, lose water by osmosis and gain ions by diffusion
Marine teleosts replace water lost to the environment by a. actively transporting water into their cells in the gills b. they do not lose water to the environment c. drinking sea water and actively transporting the NaCl ions out of their gills d. swim upstream to freshwater whenever they're thirsty e. they only drink coffee because they're cool like that
c. drinking sea water and actively transporting the NaCl ions out of their gills
The equation for excretion is described as a. excretion = filtration - reabsorption - secretion b. excretion = reabsorption - secretion + filtration c. excretion = filtration - reabsorption + secretion d. excretion = filtration + reabsorption + secretion e. excretion = secretion - filtration + absorption
c. excretion = filtration - reabsorption + secretion
The function shared by the Malpighian tubules of all insects studied is the formation of the primary urine, however the tubules lack blood vessels, and ________ does not occur. a. secretion b. reabsorption c. filtration d. secondary active transport of ions e. passive, osmotic movement of solutes(amino-acids, sugars, organic wastes and toxins,inorganic ions)
c. filtration
As primary urine leaves the proximal convoluted tubule it is still ______. Choose the best answer. a. hyperosmotic b. hyposmotic c. isosmotic d. urine e. none of the above
c. isosmotic
Which of the following terms describes the functional unit of the kidney? a. podocyte b. Bowman's capsule c. nephron d. loop of Henle e. glomerulus
c. nephron
While some benefits of homeostatic regulation include greater environmental tolerance ranges and the capability to expand an organism's niches, conformers comparatively do not a. undergo through the same environmental extremes as regulators. b. undergo constancy in their environments they inhabit. c. require high energy costs to maintain their internal constancy for proper cell function. d. inhabit the same niches as regulators. e. subject their cells within their body to changes when outside conditions change
c. require high energy costs to maintain their internal constancy for proper cell function.
Which definition of physiology is taken from our assigned text, Animal Physiology, Third Ed. by Hill, Wyse, and Anderson? a. "Physiology is the study of biological function — of how the body works, from molecular mechanisms within cells to the actions of the tissues, organs and systems, and how the organism as a whole accomplishes particular tasks essential for life." b. "Physiology is the dynamic study of life. Physiology describes the 'vital' functions of living organisms and their organs, cells, and molecules." c. "Physiology is the study of the normal functioning of a living organism and its component parts, including all its chemical and physical processes." d. "Animal physiology is the study of animal function — the study of 'how animals work.'" e. "Physiology is about the functions of living organisms - how the eat, breathe and move about, and what they do just to keep alive. To use more technical words, physiology is about food and feeding, digestion, respiration, transport of gases in the blood, circulation and function of the heart, excretion and kidney function, and so on. The dead animal has the structures that carry out these functions; in the living animal the structures work."
d. "Animal physiology is the study of animal function — the study of 'how animals work.'"
Which of the following is true about salmon living in ocean water? a. The molality of sodium Ions is higher in the salmon's plasma than in ocean water. b. Salmon are hypertonic to the ocean environment. c. Salmon living in ocean water produce urine which is hyposmotic to their plasma. d. Salmon are osmoregulators e. Due to diffusion, Salmon experience an efflux of salts into the ocean water.
d. Salmon are osmoregulators
The Loop of Henle... a. ...collecting ducts, and vasa recta form parallels arrays in the medulla in the telecost kidney, giving them the ability to form hyposmostic urine. b. ..concentrates the tubular fluid that passes through the loop. c. ...can vary in length in different species, species with long loops of Henle tend be able to produce less-concentrated urine than those with shorter loops. d. ...is found in the medulla of the mammalian kidney, creating the structural basis for the ability to form urine hyperosmotic to the blood plasma. e. Both A and C
d. ...is found in the medulla of the mammalian kidney, creating the structural basis for the ability to form urine hyperosmotic to the blood plasma.
The extracellular fluid (ECF) consists of: a. Blood plasma b. Interstitial fluid c. Intracellular fluid d. A and B e. A and C
d. A and B
Mitochondria-rich cells that line the gills of freshwater fish excrete: a. H+ b. Na+ c. HCO3- d. A and C e. A and B
d. A and C
The loop of Henle a. Allows marine teleosts to produce hyperosmotic urine b. Allows marine teleosts to produce hyposmotic urine c. Allows mammals to produce hyposmotic urine d. Allows mammals to produce hyperosmotic urine e. Allows amphibians to produce hyposmotic urine
d. Allows mammals to produce hyperosmotic urine
What does not stay in blood vessels during filtration in the nephron ? a. Red blood cells b. Large proteins c. White blood cells d. Amino acids e. Platelets
d. Amino acids
What statements are true about the water loss in terrestrial animals? a. Evaporative water loss is not dependent on the permeability of the integument. b. Respiratory water loss is higher in animals with higher metabolic rates. c. Urinary water loss is dependent on the ability of the kidney to concentrate urine & solubility of nitrogenous waste. d. Both b & c. e. Both a & b.
d. Both b & c.
Negative feedback, the system responds to change in the controlled variable by bring the variable back to its set point. Which of the following is NOT an example of negative feedback a. Regulation of body temperature b. Regulation of blood pressure c. Regulation of blood sugar regulation d. Childbirth e. Regulation of oxygen levels in the blood
d. Childbirth
ADH is responsible for the permeability of what portion of the tubular elements in mammals? More than one answer may exist. a. Bladder b. Distal nephron c. Vasa recta d. Collecting Duct e. Glomerulus
d. Collecting Duct
The Loop of Henle is responsible for what osmoregulatory function? a. Absorbing solutes from the environment b. Excreting solutes into the environment c. Diluting filtrates to produce hyposmotic urine d. Concentrating filtrates to produce hyperosmotic urine e. Excreting urine
d. Concentrating filtrates to produce hyperosmotic urine
Which statement is true about the movement of solutes: a. Solutes can move through semipermeable membranes only via active mechanisms, not passive mechanisms. b. Simple diffusion requires energy (often liberated from hydrolysis/use of ATP). c. Facilitated diffusion is an active mechanism of solute movement. d. Facilitated diffusion involves solutes moving down the concentration gradient via membrane-bound transporters. e. Active mechanisms do not require energy to move solutes through a semipermeable membrane.
d. Facilitated diffusion involves solutes moving down the concentration gradient via membrane-bound transporters.
Vasopressin is a hormone that ____. a. Stimulates salt reabsorption b. Decreases water reabsorption c. Inhibits salt reabsorption d. Increases water reabsorption
d. Increases water reabsorption
"For such a large number of problems, there will be an animal of choice, or a few such animals, on which it can be most conveniently studied." This is the definitions of. a. The Scientific Method b. Bohr's Principle c. Heisenberg's Principle d. Krogh's Principle e. Archimedes Principle
d. Krogh's Principle
Considering that birds produce uric acid, rather than urea, why might this be advantageous to these organisms? a. Less frequency of urination b. Very minimal water demands allowing for little to no water reliance c. Saved weight in regards to flight capacity allow the birds to be lighter d. Moderate water demands allow for less reliance on water consumption for excretory purposes e. Semisolid urine always for compactness
d. Moderate water demands allow for less reliance on water consumption for excretory purposes
It's a hot Arcata day and you just barely arrive on time to your final in Founders Hall from the Natural Resources building. You sit back to take your exam and feel a cool dampness when you press your back against the chair. What is this an example of? a. Ultimate causation b. Positive feedback c. Proximal Causation d. Negative Feedback e. Hypoxia
d. Negative Feedback
________ feedback is a counteractive response to a stimulus. ______ feedback amplifies the chain of reactions triggered by the stimulus. Both forms of feedback play an important role in maintaining _______. a. Neutral, Positive, homeostasis. b. Positive, Neutral, osmoregulation. c. Positive, Negative, homeostasis. d. Negative, Positive, homeostasis. e. Positive, Antagonistic, osmoregulation.
d. Negative, Positive, homeostasis.
What is the name of the process by which water moves from a more dilute solution towards a more concentrated solution? a. Simple diffusion b. Facilitated diffusion c. Diffusion d. Osmosis e. Isotonic
d. Osmosis
ADH makes the Distal Convoluted Tubule ___________ to water a. Impermeable b. Semi-permeable c. Selectively permeable d. Permeable
d. Permeable
If the hormone ADH was not produced and the aquaporin channels did not open, what would happen to the urine concentration level as it was leaving the collecting duct? a. The concentration of the urine would be high. b. The ADH hormone does not control the Aquaporin channels. c. The Loop of Henle would increase in size to allow for more water transfer. d. The concentration of the urine would be low. e. There would be no difference of concentration level.
d. The concentration of the urine would be low.
The avian kidney is similar to the mammalian kidney in that a. They both possess multiple types of nephrons for hyperosmotic urine production. b. They both can produce extremely concentrated urine with U/P ratios an upwards of 10. c. They both are the primary means of NaCl secretion in marine species. d. They both utilize long looped nephrons to produce hyperosmotic urine. (loop of henle) e. They both utilize long looped nephrons to produce hyposmotic urine.
d. They both utilize long looped nephrons to produce hyperosmotic urine. (loop of henle)
What makes osmoregulation of elasmobranchs (marine sharks, skates, and rays) differ from other marine organisms? a. There is no difference between how elasmobranchs and other marine organisms osmoregulate; they are both isosmotic b. Unlike most marine organisms, elasmobranchs have both extrarenal salt glands, like those found in the gills of marine teleosts, and rectal glands that are also found in marine birds and mammals c. Unlike most marine organisms, elasmobranchs are hyposmotic to seawater, producing copious amounts of diluted urine which serves to "dump" water and conserve ions d. Unlike most marine organisms, elasmobranchs are hyperosmotic to seawater, maintaining high concentration of urea while maintaining "regular" levels of ions
d. Unlike most marine organisms, elasmobranchs are hyperosmotic to seawater, maintaining high concentration of urea while maintaining "regular" levels of ions
Elasmobranchs utilize what additional method to help control their osmotic concentration? a. Antidiuretic hormones b. Vassopressin c. Constant passive diffusion d. Urea e. None of the above
d. Urea
When does the DCT aid in the absorption of water? a. The DCT does not reabsorb water. b. When ADH is absent. c. When a concentration gradient has been established. d. When ADH is present. e. Before the urine reaches the PCT.
d. When ADH is present.
Each nephron of an amphibian consists of all of the following except a. a Bowman's capsule b. a proximal convoluted tubule c. a intermediate segment d. a nephron segment e. a distal convoluted tubule
d. a nephron segment
Fish gill epithelium cells that are considered to be the principal (although not exclusive) sites of active ion transport in the gills are called: a. pavement cells b. transporter cells c. homeostatic cells d. mitochondria-rich cells e. renal cells
d. mitochondria-rich cells
Which of these statements are true about an organism producing hyperosmotic urine (U/P > 1)? a. Urine contains less water than plasma. b. Solutes are preferentially held back from excretion. c. Water is held back from excretion producing a highly solute concentrated urine. d. Blood plasma osmolarity is increased. e. A and C only.
e. A and C only.
Which organism(s) produces hyperosmotic urine to blood plasma? a. honeybees b. bald eagles c. humpback whales d. Only A & B are correct e. A, B, & C are correct
e. A, B, & C are correct
Fish living in a freshwater environment will __________ a. Be Hyperosmotic to its surroundings b. Have dilute Urine c. Have a challenge to retain salts d. Blood more concentrated than Freshwater e. All of the above
e. All of the above
Passive transport of polar organic solutes across cell membrane occurs typically by the noncovalent and reversible binding of the solutes to solute-specific transporter proteins called facilitated diffusion. Facilitated diffusion has three defining properties: a. It always occur in the direction of electrochemical equilibrium. b. Solutes transported by this mechanism move across membranes much faster than they could if they did not associate with transporter proteins. c. The mechanism requires solutes to bind reversibly with binding sites on the transporter proteins. d. None of the above e. All of the above
e. All of the above
Why study animal physiology? a. Because animals are fascinating and do incredible things across a wide range of environmental and ecological challenges b. Because understanding animal physiology and animal "health" should underlie management decisions c. Because animal models provide interesting and valuable insight into human health and pathology d. Because studying the physiology of extant animals can provide insight into the physiology of extinct animals e. All of the above
e. All of the above
Water loss can occur via respiration through respiratory water loss. In which animal does this occur more frequently? a. Elasmobranchs b. Animals with low metabolic rates c. Marine teleosts d. Freshwater teleosts e. Animals with high metabolic rates
e. Animals with high metabolic rates
Urinary water loss depends on what factor/factors? a. On the ability of kidney to concentrate urine. b. On the ability for kidney to concentrate solubility of Nitrogenous waste. c. Depends on the environment that the organism is living in. d. Depends on metabolic rates and mass specificity of the animal. e. Both A and B.
e. Both A and B.
Which animal(s) CANNOT produce hypertonic urine? a. Mammals b. Fish c. Reptiles d. Birds e. Both B&C
e. Both B&C
During fluid movement in a mammalian kidney, once the fluid passes through the distal convoluted tubule, where does it travel to next? a. Out of the body b. Ureter c. Renal Pelvis d. Proximal Convoluted Tubule e. Collecting Duct
e. Collecting Duct
In a non avian reptilian nephron, what section of the nephron is ADH a signaling molecule? a. Intermediate segment b. Proximal convoluted tubule c. Bowman's capsule d. Collecting duct e. Distal convoluted tubule
e. Distal convoluted tubule
As urine through the ascending loop of Henle which of the following true? a. Impermeable to salts b. Water is reabsorbed into the bloodstream c. Glucose is secreted from the loop of Henle d. Potassium is reabsorbed into the bloodstream e. Impermeable to water
e. Impermeable to water
The malpighian tubule is found in which animal? a. Amphibian b. Elasmobranch c. Fish d. Bird e. Insect
e. Insect
How do elasmobranchs maintain hyperosmolarity to seawater? a. They have nasal salt glands that excrete N. b. Hyperosmotic urine output. c. They have chloride cells on the gills that release Na+ into the environment. d. They produce large amounts of urine. e. They store urea in the body.
e. They store urea in the body.
Which choice(s) below make the following statement true: In amphibians, _______ when ADH levels are high. I The distal tubule epithelium is poorly permeable to water II The volume of tubular fluid is reduced III The distal tubule epithelium is highly permeable to water a. I b. II c. III d. I, II e. I, III f. II, III
f. II, III
