Animal Physiology-Exam 1

Essential Lipids

Omega 3s & 6s.

Anti-diuretic Hormone (ADH)

Type: Peptide Hormone Production Site: Hypothalamus Activation Site: Kidney Effect: Increases water absorption in collecting ducts of the kidney to dilute pee

Oxytocin

Type: Peptide Hormone Production Site: Hypothalamus Activation Site: Uterus, brain, breast tissue Effect: + feedback cycles: uterine contractions, milk let down during lactation, love connections during nipple stimulation and orgasms

Insulin

Type: Peptide Hormone Production Site: beta-cells in Pancreas Activation Site: Cells throughout the body Effect: Promotes uptake of glucose into cells. Autoimmune destruction of beta cells

Estrogen

Type: Steroid Hormone Production Site: Ovaries & Fat Activation Site: Female Repro. System, breasts Effect: Secondary sex developments, thickens vaginal wall, promotes maturation of sperm

Enzyme-Linked Membrane Receptors

Used by growth hormone. Changes in gene activities so hormones activates quickly.

Osmosis

Water movement across its concentration gradient; pressure created=osmotic pressure

Basal Metabolic Rate

standardized measurement of metabolic rate in homeotherms between fasting and resting faze

Homeostasis

the property of a system in which variables are regulated so that internal conditions remain stable and relatively constant

Facilitated Diffusion

transport proteins used to move things across membrane

Minerals

Inorganic metals. 20+ needed for the body. -Iron, Calcium, Zinc

Acclimitization

a chronic response that animals make to a natural change in their environment. Ie. hibernation in bears, growth and shedding of undercoat in mammals with the change of seasons

Positive Feedback

a stimulus in the body that the body promotes for its betterment. Does NOT ACHIEVE HOMEOSTASIS Ex. Uterine contractions get stronger and stronger to give birth. OR Nerve Velocity when axons allow signals to leave the nerve and travel faster by skipping through segments.

Negative Feedback

a stimulus that the body opposes and then works to negate it in order to ACHIEVE HOMEOSTASIS. Ex. Blood Sugar Regulation: When body takes in sugar, insulin is released into the blood stream to trigger cells uptake of glucose and convert excess to glycogen for storage.

Regulation

animal maintains internal constancy in the face of external variability Ex. When salmon cross from salt to fresh water, they regulate salt and water concentrations in urine and body through osmosis.

Phenotypic Plasticity

being able to better achieve changes due to adaptations in DNA. Ie. Plants being able to be exposed to both air and water: spindly roots underwater for water nutrient uptake and leafy structures above for photosynthetic processes. Or people having better tanning abilities than others because of genetic background and heritage

Hormones

chemical substance that exerts regional influence via the blood

Target cells

expressed receptor molecules that specifically bind the hormone

Conformation

internal and external conditions are permitted to be equal Ex. When salmon cross between waters, body temperature conforms to that of the water surrounding it.

Standard Metabolic Rate

measurement of metabolic rate in poikilotherms

Hydrostatic pressure

movement of water into 1 chamber due to osmotic pressure

Hydrolytic Enzymes

-"Tears Water Apart" -Breaks larger molecules into smaller parts

Arthropod Digestion

-Absorption in the midgut (large intestine) -Extracellular digestion -Hepatopancreas for extra digestion where food an enter. -Crop and gizzard for breakdown and food storage

Biosynthesis

-Insufficient building of things with energy gained. Some energy kept as potential energy Ie. Blood/Hair/Nails/Mucus

Human Digestion

-Midgut absorption -Extracellular digestion -Movement by peristalsis & segmentation -Accessory Organs: gallbladder (breaks down lipids) & pancreas (breaks down carbs)

Mollusk Digestion

-Movement by ciliary action -Intracellular digestion -Pathway: Esophagus -> stomach -> rectum

Symbiosis

-Photosynthetic Autotrophs: consumes algae for essential food (corals & jellyfish) -Chemosynthetic Autotrophs: Chemoautotrophic Sulfur-Oxidizing Bacteria in hydrothermal vent communities -Heterotrophic Microbes: Fermentors in ruminent animals in the foregut. (enzymes that catalyze rxns w/o oxygen)

Disaccharides

-Sucrose=Glucose + Fructose -Lactose=Glucose + Galactose

Modes of Feeding

-Target Eating: See & Eat (hunting; whales & people ) -Suspension Feeding: Filter feeders (whales) -Symbiosis: Photosynthetic Autotrophs, Chemosynthetic Autotrophs, Heterotrophic Microbes

High Grade & Low Grade Efficiency

-Totipotency-does all the work. high-grade -Inefficiency-always a loss of energy as heat. low-grade

Components of the Phospholipid Bilayer

2 layers of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, peripheral proteins, integral proteins, and stiff cholesterol stands in between

Carbohydrates

3 Types: Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides No essential Carbs.

Essential Amino Acids

9 Essential Amino Acids that we cannot make ourselves: -Tryptophan -Methionine -Leucine -Isoleucine -Lysine -Histidine -Phenylaline -Valine -Threonine

Simple Diffusion

Absorbed across simple epithelium. Down the concentration gradient

Maintenance

All processes that maintain and regulate the inside of the body. All energy lost as heat.

Endotherms

Animals that warm their tissues by means of own metabolic rate. 2 Types: Homeotherms & Heterotherms

External Physiological Clock

Bears know to eat to fatten up for hibernation due to weather changes before winter

Internal Physiological Clock

Biological rhythms; menstrual cycles, puberty.

Endothermy

Body temperature regulated by metabolic rate

Ruminents

Can digest cellulose because they have special digestive enzymes Multiple foreguts.

Eurythermal

Can survive over a wide range of temperatures (Ex. Cats, dogs, tigers)

Lipid-Soluble Vitamins

Carbon Based (organic) ADEK. Possible to OD on.

Water-Soluble Vitamins

Carbon Based (organic) C & Bs. Dissolved in water. Don't boil vegetables!

Nutrition Label Calculations

Carbs-4 Calories Proteins-4 Calories Lipids-9 Calories Alcohols- 7 Calories

Evaporation

Change of liquid water to gas to cool down. (Ex. sweat)

Chronic Changes

Changes not immediately reversible, but eventually will reverse. Ie. tanning, dogs shedding,

Evolutionary Changes

Changes that happen over generations for 1000s of years. Ie. fish getting legs to become people

Heterotherms

Difference in thermoregulation in time or region in one animal 2 Types: Temporal (bears during hibernation) & Regional (bumblebees regulation of entire body except the thorax)

Active Diffusion

Diffusion requires ATP and transport proteins

Conduction

Direct transfer of heat from one surface to another (Ex. Hand touching a desk. Egg on a pan)

Generation of External Work

Doing work. Conversion of potential energy to mechanical energy

Intracellular Receptor

For lipid-soluble hormones. Found in the cytoplasm or nucleus Affects the transcription & translation of proteins

Membrane/G-Protein Receptors

For water-soluble & catecholamine hormones. Mediates hormones by altering membrane permeability.

Membrane-Associated Enzymes

Found in the APICAL side of epithelial cells on the membrane. Extracellular Digestion

Intraluminal Enzymes

Found in the lumen of guts. Extracellular Digestion

Types of Energy (4)

High-Grade -Chemical-food -Electrical-membranes -Mechanical-organized motion Low-Grade -Molecular Kinetic-heat (movement of molecules)

How does osmosis affect animal freezing?

If intracellular fluid freezes, the animal dies. If extracellular fluid, the animal could survive. Extracellular fluid pulls water from the intracellular fluid, giving it a higher [solute] so it won't freeze. Instead the extracellular fluid freezes because it is diluted, thus raising the freezing point temperature.

Acute Changes

Immediate responses with no long term effects. Ie. putting on a sweater, standing in the shade, cuttlefish/chameleons changing color.

Complementary Proteins

Incomplete proteins that create complete proteins in order to get essential amino acid intake -Beans & Rice -Lentils & Oats -Peanuts & Bread -Macaroni & Cheese -Nuts & Corn

Intracellular Enzymes

Inside the cells for final breakdown of ATP. Intracellular Digestion

Binding Receptor Types

Intracellular, Membrane/G-Protein, Enzyme-Linked Membrane

Homeotherms

Keeps the entire body at a mostly constant temperature (People)

Unsaturated Fats

Liquid at room temperature (Olive Oil & Corn Oil) Arctic fish, polar bears, have these. At least one double bond btw carbons in the structure (monounsaturated) in cis orientation with multiple double bonds (polyunsaturated)

Peptide/Protein Hormones

Made from AAs in ribosomes by transcription, translation, & post-translation. Stored in vesicles and secrete on demand (Ex. ADH, insulin, growth hormone, gamete shredding hormone, diuretic hormone)

Amine Hormones

Made from modified AAs. (Ex. Melatonin, Catecholamines like adrenaline, Iododibromines)

Polysaccharides

Made of 10+ monosaccharides. Long-term lasting energy =POTATOOOOES (Starch)

Steroid Hormones

Made on-demand from cholesterol. Secrete via diffusion through cell-membrane (Ex. Sex hormones: estrogen, testosterone, progesterone, & ecdysone)

Proteins (4 kinds)

Makes up 1/2 of organic compounds. -Enzyme Proteins: speed up and regulate chemical rxns -Muscle Proteins: Locomotion -Transport Proteins: Moves stuff throughout the body (hemoglobin) -Structural Proteins: Framework for the body (connective tissue)

Enzymes Location Breakdown

Mouth: lipids & carbs Stomach: proteins & lipids Intestines: everything Proteins-> protease Lipids-> lipase Sucrose-> sucrase

Cholesterol

Not a bad thing. But too much can raise blood pressure. Cholesterol makes the phospholipid bilayer stiff and restricts blood vessels causing difficulty for blood to flow, thus raising BP.

Lipids

Principle Compounds of Membranes. Long-term storage energy for animals. Made of Triglycerides: 3 fatty acids & 1 glycerol.

Monosaccharides

Quick bursts of energy because molecules are small and easy for breakdown: Fructose & Glucose

Thermoradiation

Radiating body heat that permits widely spaced objects to exchange heat through air at the speed of light. (Ex. Big desert bunny ears)

Half-Life

Rate at which hormones leave the blood. As fast as hormones enter the blood, they must also leave the blood

Saturated Fats

Solid at room temperature (Butter & Coconut Oil) Fish in the tropics more likely to have these. Molecular structure without double bonds and filled with hydrogen.

Stenothermal

Survives over a narrow range of survivable temps. (Ex. Desert pupfish)

Thyroid Hormones

T3 & T4

Metabolic Rate

The rate at which animals consume energy. Measured by Calorimetry

Ectotherms aka Poikilotherms

Thermoconditions outside the organisms body helps regulate body temp. (Turtles, actual lizards, snakes, aquatic inverts.)

Trans Fats

Trans orientated unsaturated, manufactured fats, super solid at room temperature to prolong shelf life of goods. BAD: Can RAISE levels of LDL (low density lipoproteins) in the blood which is associated with cardiac disease

Convection

Transfer of heat through moving mediums. Faster than conduction (Ex. Tennis ball birds combating convection, moving wind, river)

Melatonin

Type: Amine Hormone Production Site: Peneal Gland Activation Site: Throughout the body Effect: Regulates circadian rhythm, anticipates onset of darkness for sleep; suppresses libido in animals in the winter

Growth Hormone

Type: Peptide Hormone Production Site: Anterior Pituitary Gland Activation Site: Muscles & Bones Effect: Promotes growth in children. Too much=gigantism in children & acromegaly in adults

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

Type: Peptide Hormone Production Site: Anterior Pituitary Gland Activation Site: Thyroid Effect: Supports and maintains thyroid tissues