Animal Physiology - Exam 2

Assume that the standard allometric equation (MR=aBM^b) applies to a given species. Calculate mass-specific metabolic rate when MR= metabolic rate in J/h, BM= body mass (35 g), a= 4.5, and b= 0.68.

1.44 J/g*h

Suppose that you compare the amount of food needed by four groups of lizards, each of which has an MP that is expected for its body size. There are 10 lizards weighing 10 g each, 5 lizards weighing 20 g each, 2 lizards weighing 50 g each, and a single 100-g lizard. Assuming equal digestibility, similar food, and so on, the ___ lizards need the most food.

100-g

Suppose an animal is oxidizing food according to the following reaction: C16H32O2 + 23O2 -> 6H2O + 10042kJ/mol. What is the respiratory quotient?

16/23

If a cell loses its mitochondria, the net number of ATP molecules that can be produced from one glucose molecule is

2

If an animal spends 6 hours a day chasing prey (50kJ/hr) and 18 hours a day resting (10kJ/hr), its average hourly cost of behavior is ___ kJ/hr.

20

Of the following values, an exercise requiring ___ of VO2-max is the most strenous

75%

Nutritionally, the consumption of feces (coprophagy) makes more sense for hindgut fermenters than foregut fermenters. Why?

B vitamins produced by microbes in the hindgut are not taken up; therefore, coprophagy enables hindgut fermenters to obtain more B vitamins, Microbial symbionts are mostly excreted; therefore, coprophagy enables hind gut fermenters to obtain more energy by digesting and absorbing the microbes, AND Adsorption occurs upstream of the hindgut; therefore, coprophagy enables hindgut fermenters to obtain the products of hindgut fermentation

Which of the following is NOT true about hibernators?

Bears allow the body temperature to drop about 25 C during torpor

If a 3800-kg elephant and a 20-g mouse both have body temperatures of 37°C, which statement would be true?

Both animals have the same temperature but contain different amounts of heat

Which of the following forms of energy is totipotent for animals?

Chemical Energy

Sprinting is an activity that relies heavily on anaerobic metabolism over short periods of time. From a conceptual perspective, which of the following could be used to measure metabolic rate during sprinting?

Direct calorimetry

Internal heat w/ no thermoregulation

Endotherm

Which of the following is a factor that exerts a particularly large effcets on metabolic rates?

Environmental temperature

Which of the following is NOT a reason adult reindeer have low energy costs in the frigid air of winter?

Heteroviscous adaptation

Internal heat w/ thermoregulation

Homeotherm

Why do animals need to eat?

Individual molecules need to be replaced, chemical-bond energy used in metabolism cannot be reused, animals are physiologically dynamic systems, not static objects, and cells become damaged and need to be replaced

Which of the following is NOT a strategy used by hibernators to save energy over winter?

Interbout arousals

Which of the following are associated with extracellular digestion?

Intraluminal enzymes and membrane-associated enzymes

Which of the following animals would display a U-shaped curve of oxygen consumption per unit of time relative to speed?

Magpie

The ___ of vertebrates is the principal site of digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids.

Midgut

You discover a fossil of an organism that came from a deep marine environment. The fossil has no mouth or gastrointestinal tract, and your colleague thinks that it cannot be that of an animal. Is your colleague correct?

No, because some animals lack both mouths and gastrointestinal tracts

Suppose that an animal is sweating profusely. The dripping of sweat off the animal's surface affects its rate of evaporative cooling by ___ the animal due to latent heat of ___

None of the above; water that does not evaporate from the animal's surfaces will not contribute to cooling the animal

Which of the following illustrates the correct order of fuel utilization during muscle activity?

Phosphagens; muscle glucose; muscle glycogen; glucose brought in by the circulation

Which property of aerobic activity determines the peak rate at which an animal can synthesize ATP by aerobic catabolism?

VO2max

___ are organic compounds that animals must obtain in small quantities from food or other outside resources.

Vitamins

The specific role of oxygen in the cell is to

act as a final electron acceptor

When the body temperature of ghost crabs is raised from 15 C to 24 C, resting metabolic rate and VO2max both increase, but the increase in VO2max is much greater than the increase in resting metabolic rate. Given this information, what would be the likely result if ghost crabs in nature experienced conditions that raised their typical body temperature from 15 C to 24 C?

aerobic scope and capacity for aerobic exercise would increase

What is the relationship between cost of transport and body mass?

allometric

Feeding modes that are widespread in the animal kingdom include

attack of individual prey items, suspension feeding, and association with symbiotic microbes

In homeotherms the resting metabolic rate of a fasting animal is the ___ and in poikilotherms the equivalent term is the ___

basal metabolic rate; standard metabolic rate

External heat w/ thermoregulation

behavioral thermoregulating poikilotherm

The common currency of life is/are

energy

The metabolic by-product excreted by goldfish across the gills during anaerobic glycolysis is

ethanol

To escape from an ambushing predator (that will not continue to chase), a fish most likely uses ___ muscles.

fast glycolytic

Which of the following would you expect to see in the muscles of a sprinter?

lactate dehydrogenase

Many "megachiropteran" bats feed on fruit, and many "microchiropteran" bats feed on insects. Compared to "megachiropteran" bats, "microchiropteran" bats probably secrete __ amylase and __ pancreatic peptidase. They also probably have a __ density of sugar transporters and a __ density of amino acid transporters.

less; more; lower; higher

Compared to small mammals, large mammals tend to

lose heat less rapidly per unit of body weight

Comparing animals that share a single primary mode of locomotion, large bodied species will cover distances at a ___ mass-specific cost than small bodied species.

lower

Many bats and rodents feed on insects, but humans and rabbits generally do not. These dietary habits suggest that

many bats and rodents produce chitins enzymes but humans and rabbits do not

A regulated reduction in ATP needs of an animal, to levels below normal rest but that don't immediately threaten life, is ___.

metabolic depression

The speed that ___ the cost of transport is the speed that ___ the distance that can be traveled with a given amount of energy

minimizes; maximizes

External heat w/ no thermoregulation

nonthermoreg Poikilotherms/Ectotherms

An ectotherm is also called a(n) ___.

poikilotherm

In terms of essential nutritional requirements for particular molecules, the most exacting requirements are for __ and the least exacting are for ___

proteins; carbohydrates

Which of the following is the most energetically expensive way to cover distance?

running

Larger mammals need more oxygen than smaller mammals, but they need less oxygen per gram. Smaller mammals supply more oxygen per gram with a ___ mass-specific heart size and a ___ heart rate.

similar; faster

According to Haldane (1926), "You can drop a mouse down a thousand-yard mine shaft; and, on arriving at the bottom, it gets a slight shock and walks away, provided that the ground is fairly soft. A rat is killed, a man is broken, a horse ___." This illustrates the concept of ___.

splashes; scaling

Symbiosis with photosynthetic autotrophs requires access to ___.

sunlight

With respect to the energy yield from the combustion of a carbohydrate in a bomb calorimeter and the oxidation of the same quantity of carbohydrate in an animal,

the amount of energy measured would be equal in both cases

Suppose that large nonavian dinosaurs still roamed the earth. If the lowest level of the food chains started with the same amount of energy, dinosaurs at the top of the food chain would receive the most amount of energy from a ___ food chain.

three-level (lowest amount of levels)

On an overcast night, as compared to a night with a clear sky, the thermal environment experienced by a desert rodent will be _______, because _______.

warmer; there is less radiant heat lost to an overcast sky