Animal Safety

Agriculture injury study of 5045 injury events found:

20.1% animal related Higher risk <20 years old (58%)

Possible origination of BSE?

Feeding cattle meat-and-bone meal that contained BSE-infected products from a spontaneously case of BSE scrapie-infected sheep products United Kingdom - contaminated feed

Zoonotic Diseases Of Farm Animals

Foot-and-Mouth Disease Mad Cow Disease / BSE Salmonella Brucellosis Tuberculosis Campylobacterosis E coli Leptospirosis Rabies West Nile Virus Ringworm Parasites Etc

Hot Shot

Can be helpful if used properly Minimal usage only Last resort Calm cattle work best

BSE Regulations

1997 Ruminant to ruminant feeding 2004/2008 Specified Risk Materials Cattle older than 30 months Skull, brain, trigeminal ganglia, eyes, spinal cord, distal ileum, dorsal root ganglia All cattle Tonsils, distal ileum of the small intestine

What are the highly infectious 7 serotypes of FMD?

Aerosols, farming equipment, vehicles, clothing, feed, domestic & wild predators First shown to be viral in 1987 by Friedrich Loeffler Occurs throughout much of the world WWI WWII

Health and safety in agriculture study:

Agriculture has the highest rate of fatal injuries of all industries 9.9 fatal injuries / 100,000 injuries Injuries caused by animals 11 x greater than other industries

Cattle handling

An understanding of cattle behavior is critical to proper and successful handling. Misunderstandings of cattle behavior lead to: Stressed animals Stressed people Injured people Injured animals Lost animals Lost production time

transmission of brucellosis

Animals Occurs naturally by ingestion of contaminated materials Ingestion of aborted fetuses and fluid from the uterus that contain high concentrations of Brucella organisms Humans Called undulant fever Historically infected slaughterhouse employees Raw milk Not using gloves or sleeves when pulling calf or manipulating retained placenta

What are the endemic areas in 1996 of FMD?

Asia, Africa, parts of South America 2007 - Chile - Disease-free No outbreaks since 2001 - Uruguay and Argentina Disease-free for years - North America & Australia New Zealand never has had a case Most of the European Union is disease-free & stopped using FMD vaccination

Things to consider in cattle handling:

Average size Speed Strength Escape behavior Fight or flight Know fight or flight distance

BSE

BSE epizootic in the United Kingdom peaked in January 1993 at almost 1,000 new cases per week Over the next 17 years, the annual numbers of BSE cases has dropped sharply 14,562 in 1995 1,443 in 2000 225 in 2005 11 in 2010

Cattle Behavior

Behavior differences: Breed Dairy Beef Sex Female Bull Age Newborn Weanling Yearling Aged

Cattle-Behavior

Bulls most dangerous Dairy bulls-considered most dangerous domestic species by some Jersey Holstein Powerful Unpredictable Mean spirited Aggressive Behavior Pawing ground with forefeet Head down Snorting Hand raised bulls Aggression Play

Cattle handling in working them

Cattle should move into a corral or pen. Cattle are then funneled into a chute Narrows it down to alleyway Should only be wide enough for one animal Length of alley is important Working chute Head catch

Zoonotic Disease Prevention

Common Sense" Keep facilities clean Good sanitation of farm Good Personal sanitation Handling animals Handling waste Wash hands thoroughly Rubber gloves Do not be "tough"

Nose rings

Commonly used in bulls Good restraint Respect?

Symptoms of rabies in farm animals

Early Depression Lethargy Anorexia Isolation Behavior changes Late Inability to swallow Excessive salivation Straining to urinate or defecate Aggression Paralysis

Cattle-Behavior

Fight or flight Distance varies Dairy vs. beef Montana vs. Tennessee "Normal" surroundings Charges Crashes into fence Maternal aggression Calm cow changes when calf is present Intermale aggression Common in bulls Problems with mixing bulls

First probable infections of BSE in cows occurred when?

First probable infections of BSE in cows occurred during the 1970's 2 cases of BSE identified in 1986

Cattle Handling ways to approach

Flight zone used for benefit Be calm with slow movements Quiet Shoulder area Approach behind shoulder, they move forward Lateral distance Approach in front of shoulder, they move backward

Tail restraint - "tailing"

Good restraint for short procedures Castration Grasp tail 1/3 of way from tailhead Push straight up and forward Keep tail on midline

Ways to handle cattle

Handling Restraint Medication Delivery

Herd tendencies of cattle

Herd oriented - gregarious Bunch together Difficult to isolate one animal Work in groups Commonly driven into pens, alleyways, chutes Avoid placement of strange things at entrance of corral-people, dogs, trucks

Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)

Hoof & Mouth Disease An infectious and sometimes fatal viral disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals including domestic and wild bovids Virus causes a high fever for 2-3 days, followed by blisters inside the mouth and on the feet that may rupture and cause lameness

Summary of Rabies

Incidence low in farm animals Risk due to wild animal reservoir Awareness Caution Avoid putting hands in mouth Infection 100 % fatal

Halter

Keep cow's head at arm's length Stand to the side if haltering in head catch Cow throw's head Significant strength to head Significant injury

Cattle-Aggression

Other causes Sickness Key Point-Sick animals can be more aggressive! Ketosis Anaplasmosis Mineral abnormalities Inability to escape

Props used in handling

Prods Canes Wiffle Paddles Whips

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)

Progressive neurological disorder in cattle Results from infection by an unusual transmissible agent Called a prion Modified form of a normal protein Normal protein prion changes into a pathogenic (harmful) form that then damages the central nervous system

Vaccination of Brucellosis

RB 51 Live culture vaccine Only licensed, accredited veterinarians can vaccinate Accidental injection of vaccine can cause human brucellosis Severe orchitis in males

Rabies

Risk with farm animals Farm animals most frequently infected by bite wounds from wild animals such as skunks, coyotes, foxes and exposure to bats Incubation time is highly variable from 3 weeks to 3 months Typically Exposure is not known in farm animals

BSE and vCJD

Strong epidemiological and laboratory evidence linking a causal relationship between variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD; human prion disease) and BSE 1996 - United Kingdom Initial BSE exposer 1984-1986 Consistent with known incubation periods for the human forms of prion disease

Nose tongs

Used to stabilize head Use caution, apply at arm's length or from side

Zoonotic risk with farm animals of rabies

Vague signs and lack of consideration put veterinarians, handlers, managers etc. at risk Virus is shed in high numbers in saliva Excessive salivation Difficulty swallowing Examination of mouth

FMD

Virus - picornavirus Prototypic member of the genus Aphthovirus Vaccination effectiveness is limited Genetically highly variable Cattle, water buffalo, sheep, goats, pigs, antelope, deer, bison Hedgehogs, elephants, llamas, alpacas Humans are very rarely infected Stomach acid Last case in 1966 in UK

Senses

Vision Wide field of vision common in prey animals Detect predators from various angles Use field of vision to properly handle cattle Smell Bulls often paw and blow at new smells-Why? Hearing Sensitive

Brucellosis

Zoonotic Reportable disease Diseases of public health importance Commonly called "Bang's" Can cause abortion in cattle, sheep, and goats Causes what is called fistulous withers in horses

Safety Statistics in year 2000

animal or animal drawn vehicle; 97 deaths, 13,765,300 injuries bitten or struck by animals: 91 deaths, 14,824,169 injuries