Animal Tissue

Connective Tissue

The animal tissue that chiefly originates from the embryonic mesoderm, and characterized by the abundance of extracellular components (such as fibers and intercellular substances). It connects, supports, or surrounds other tissues and organs.

Haversian Systems

The basic unit of structure of compact bone, comprising a haversian canal and its concentrically arranged lamellae, of which there may be 4 to 20, each 3 to 7 microns thick, in a single haversian system.

Abdominal Cavity

The body cavity of the human body (and other animal bodies) located below the thoracic cavity and above the pelvic cavity.

Thoraic Cavity

The body cavity of the human body (and other animal bodies) protected by the thoracic walls, and located below the diaphragm and above the neck.

Basal Metabolic Rate

the amount of energy required to sustain only vital organs when one is at rest (Science: biochemistry, biology) The metabolic Rate as measured under basal conditions: 12 hours after eating, after a restful sleep, no exercise or activity preceding test, elimination of emotional excitement and occurring in a comfortable temperature.

Ligaments

A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. A sheet or band of tough fibrous tissue connecting bones or cartilages or supporting muscles or organs.Any connection or unifying bond.A type of connective tissue interconnecting bones and helping to make the overall structure of the skeleton.

Nervous Tissue

A type of animal tissue comprised principally of nerve cells and neuroglia cells

Muscle Tissue

Animal tissue consisting predominantly of contractile cells.muscular tissue A tissue characterised by the ability to contract upon stimulation; its three varieties are skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.

Fibrous Connective Tissue

Any tissue comprised of a network of closely woven small fibres adhering together as bundles in animals and plants

Positive Feedback

(1) A feedback in which the system responds to the perturbation in the same direction as the perturbation. (2) A feedback mechanism resulting in the amplification or growth of the output signal. In this system, the original perturbation signal is amplified, and the output can grow exponentially or even hyperbolically. A positive feedback is a closed system as it occurs in a feedback loop. It means the response of the system relies on the feedback signal to function. One example of biological positive feedback is at the onset of contractions in childbirth. When contraction occurs, oxytocin is released into the body stimulating more contractions. Thus, the result is an increased amplitude and frequency of contractions.

Blood

(1) The circulating fluid (plasma) and suspended formed elements, such as red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets in the vascular system of humans and other vertebrates. (2) A functionally similar fluid flowing in the bodies of many animals (e.g. hemolymph in insects).

Standard Metabolic Rate

(1) The rate of metabolism, i.e. the amount of energy used in a certain period. (2) closely approximated* by the rate of ATP production; ATP production measured by cellular respiration (O2 consumption) or alcoholic fermentation (CO2 production).

Homeostasis

(1) The tendency of an organism or a cell to regulate its internal conditions, usually by a system of feedback controls, so as to stabilize health and functioning, regardless of the outside changing conditions (2) The ability of the body or a cell to seek and maintain a condition of equilibrium or stability within its internal environment when dealing with external changes (3) homeostasis is the maintanance of the constant internal environment which include the function of kidney,liver,skin... Supplement In humans, homeostasis happens when the body regulates body temperature in an effort to maintain an internal temperature around 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit. For example, we sweat to cool off during the hot summer days, and we shiver to produce heat during the cold winter season.

Chondrocyte

A cell occupying a lacuna in the extracellular matrix of the cartilage. The cartilage is an animal connective tissue. It is less rigid than bones and less flexible than muscle tissues. It helps in holding bones together and can be found in joints, nose, bronchial tubes, intervertebral discs, and ear. It also helps in bone growth, especially in a growing young animal. It is made up of extracellular matrix that is formed by specialized cells, such as the chondroblasts. These cells produce and release (by exocytosis) various components of the extracellular matrix, such as proteoglycans, heparin sulphate, chondroitin sulphate, keratan sulphate, hyaluronic acid, collagen fibers, elastin, fibronectin, and laminin. However, the chondroblasts eventually become trapped in a space called lacuna in the extracellular matrix that they form. When they are lodged in the lacuna they become less active in forming the matrix and become more involved in facilitating the movement of nutrients and waste materials across the tissues. By then, they are called chondrocytes. Chondrocytes may still secrete (and degrade) components of the matrix, particularly to repair injuries of the cartilage. Since the chondrocytes are restricted in lacunae they cannot migrate to damaged tissues and therefore, compared to other tissue injuries, cartilage tissue repair may be rather slow or difficult.

Fibroblasts

A cell that contributes to the formation of connective tissue fibers.

Adipose Tissue

A connective tissue that contains adipocytes (fat cells). The tissue stores energy in the form of fat within the adipocytes. The tissue is also used for cushioning, thermal insulation of vital organs, lubrication (chiefly in the pericardium), and producing hormones (such as leptin).

Negative Feedback

A feedback in which the system responds in an opposite direction to the perturbation. the diminution or counteraction of an effect by its own influence on the process giving rise to it, as when a high level of a particular hormone in the blood may inhibit further secretion of that hormone, or where the result of a certain action may inhibit further performance of that action.

Tendons

A fibrous, strong, connective tissue that connects muscle to bone. The laceration of a tendon can result in the inability to flex or extend at a joint. A cord or band of inelastic tissue connecting a muscle with its bony attachment. A type of connective tissue consisting of collagen fibers that connects muscle fibers to the skeletal structure of an organism. These provide a strong connection between bone and muscle, providing structural stability and assisting movement.

Organ Systems

A group of organs that work together to carry out a particular task.

Organs

A group of tissues that perform a specific function or group of functions.

Mucous Membrane

A lubricating membrane lining all body passages and cavities.

Striated Muscle

A muscle that is made up of long fibers characterized by transverse or oblique striations, or alternating light and dark bands under the microscope.

Basement Membrane

A thin, extracellular membrane underlying epithelial tissue.

Epithelial Tissue

A type of animal tissue made up of densely packed cells that rest on a basement membrane to act as a covering or lining of various bodily surfaces and cavities The epithelial tissue is one of the fundamental types of animal tissues (others include muscle tissue, nervous tissue, and connective tissue. It is primarily involved in protecting the underlying structures, secretion, regulation, and absorption. This tissue may be classified histologically according to the cell shape (i.e. squamous, columnar, and cuboidal) and the number of layers that make it up (i.e. simple, stratified, and pseudostratified).

Osteoblasts

A type of bone cell that arises from fibroblasts, and upon maturity, becomes associated bone production together with the other osteoblasts

Loose Connective Tissue

A type of connective tissue that holds organs and epithelia in place, and has a variety of proteinaceous fibers, including collagen and elastin. It also surrounds the blood vessels and nerves. The cells of this tissue are loosely separated in the rich extracellular matrix.

Reticular Fibers

A type of fiber in connective tissue composed of type III collagen and which forms an intricate interstitial network with other similar fibers to serve as a supporting mesh in soft tissues such as liver and bone marrow.

Elastic Fibers

A type of fiber that is thick and yellowish, and composed primarily of elastin. It is distinguished from other connective tissue fibers for its great elasticity. It can stretch up to one and a half times their length then snap back to its original length when relaxed.

Collagenous Fibers

A type of fiber which is characteristically white and composed of collagen and typically arranged in branching bundles of indefinite length.

Skeletal Muscle

A voluntary, striated (vertebrate) muscle that is associated with the skeleton, and thus move parts of the skeletal system.

Tissues

An aggregate of cells in an organism that have similar structure and function.

Neuron

An excitable cell that has specialized cell parts (such as soma, dendrites and axons), structures (such as synapses), and chemicals (such as neurotransmitters) for conducting nerve impulses

Cartilage

Connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulphate. Cartilage is more flexible and compressible than bone and often serves as an early skeletal framework, becoming mineralised as the animal ages. Cartilage is produced by chondrocytes that come to lie in small lacunae surrounded by the matrix they have secreted.

Simple Epithelium

Epithelial tissue composed of a single layer of cells.

Columnar Epithelium

Epithelial tissue whose cells are of much greater height than width.

Squamous Epithelium

Epithelium composed of flattened platelike cells.

Stratified Epithelium

Epithelium made up of cells arranged in layers.

Cuboidal Epithelium

Epithelium whose cells are of approximately the same height and width, and appear square in transverse section.

Mesentary

In humans and animals: the double layer of membrane on the inner surface of the body wall that serves to hold the stomach, small intestine, spleen, etc in Place.

Macrophages

Relatively long lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues, derived from blood monocyte. Macrophages from different sites have distinctly different properties. Main types are peritoneal and alveolar macrophages, tissue macrophages (histiocytes), kupffer cells of the liver and osteoclasts. In response to foreign materials may become stimulated or activated. Macrophages play an important role in killing of some bacteria, protozoa and tumour cells, release substances that stimulate other cells of the immune system and are involved in antigen presentation. May further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to epithelioid cells or may fuse to form foreign body giant cells or langhans giant cells. A large phagocyte; some are fixed and other circulate in the blood stream.A type of white blood cell deriving from monocytes whose primary jobs are to remove wasteful material in the body and to break down red blood cells which are at the end of their life cycle.

Interstitial Fluid

The fluid found in the intercellular spaces composed of water, amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, coenzymes, hormones, neurotransmitters, salts, and cellular products. It bathes and surrounds the cells of the body, and provides a means of delivering materials to the cells, intercellular communication, and removal of metabolic waste.

Bone

The hard, calcified tissue of the skeleton of vertebrate animals, consisting very largely of calcic carbonate, calcic phosphate, and gelatine; as, blood and bone. Even in the hardest parts of bone there are many minute cavities containing living matter and connected by minute canals, some of which connect with larger canals through which blood vessels ramify.

Cardiac Muscle

The heart muscle of the vertebrates

Kilocalorie

a measure of heat energy that is equal to the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water by one degree Centigrade at one atmospheric pressure.

Calorie

unit of heat energy that is equal to the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Centigrade at 1 atmospheric pressure.