ANP 120 - Module 13 - CH 12: A global species

Migration to the Americas occurred sometime around 15,000 yBP. The Paleoindians are the group of people associated with the earliest archaeological sites found there. Identify some of the behaviors of the Paleoindians.

-hunted megafauna -associated with spear point stone tool traditions

List the Upper Paleolithic Culture of Europe

1) Aurignacian 2) Gravettian 3) Solutrean 4) Magdalenian

The three stone tool technology of the Middle Paleolithic

1) Mousterian Tradition 2) Levallois technique 3) Some Upper Paleolithic

What are the two main hypotheses for spread of Modern Homo sapiens.

1) Out of Africa - Modern Homo sapiens evolved in Africa, and then spread to Asia and Europe, where modern humans replaced the populations there. 2) Multi-regional Continuity - The shift to modern humans took place regionally and did not involve replacement.

Fully modern humans migrated to Australia by __1__ and to North America and South America by __2__.

1. 42,000 yBP - Sea levels were at an extreme low at this time, enabling modern humans to cross over to Australia. However, they still had to cross around 70 km (43.5 mi) of open sea. 2. 15,000 yBP - Migrations to the Americas likely took place over the Bering land bridge that connected modern-day Siberia and Alaska when sea levels were low.

Cold temperatures during the late Pleistocene led to lower sea levels as a result of glaciers trapping significant amounts of water. This decrease in sea levels allowed modern humans to migrate to previously uninhabited continents. Click or tap the continents to which early modern humans were able to migrate due to low sea levels.

1. North and South America - Modern humans crossed over the Bering land bridge from Siberia to Alaska somewhere around 15,000 yBP. 2. Australia - Modern humans migrated to Australia via Southeast Asia, crossing around 70 kilometers of open sea to get there. The earliest evidence of their presence dates to 50,000-40,000 yBP.

How and where did modern humans emerge?

1. Out-of-Africa -Emerged only in Africa -Spread out and replaced archaics -No gene flow 2. Multiregional Continuity -Arose throughout Old World -Continuous gene flow 3. Assimilation -Arose in Africa -Spread out throughout Old World -Gene flow with archaics

Neandertal fossils from the site of __1__ in Iraq show evidence of __2__ as well as altruistic behavior.

1. Shanidar - The Shanidar finds show important evidence for Neandertal behavior. 2. intentional burial - The Shanidar skeletons were found in pits, a clear example of purposeful burial.

The tool depicted is from the________ period and indicates that humans_________ their diet compared to previous periods.

1. Upper Paleolithic 2. expanded

Drag the events to the box in order to indicate when they happened historically.

1. emergence of archaic Homo sapiens - Homo sapiens' evolution begins with the emergence of archaic forms, some 350,000-500,000 yBP. These early Homo sapiens provide the context for modern Homo sapiens' evolutionary development, which took place at different times in different places. 2. first appearance of modern Homo sapiens in Africa - The first modern H. sapiens appeared earliest in Africa, by 160,000 yBP, and latest in Europe. 3. transition to fully modern Homo sapiens completed globally - The transition to fully modern H. sapiens was completed globally by about 25,000 yBP.

The fossil record for archaic Homo_______ shows that they evolved from Homo_______ ancestor around 350,000 yBP.

1. sapiens 2. erectus

The fossil record for early archaic Homo __1__ shows that they evolved from a __2__ ancestor.

1. sapiens - Early archaic Homo sapiens have a mix of features, some similar to modern humans, and some similar to their Homo erectus ancestors. 2. Homo erectus - Homo erectus very likely gave rise to Homo sapiens.

The remains of hominins from the Middle to Late Pleistocene in ___1___ include Homo floresiensis and Homo ___1___. The variation of features reflects evolutionary changes that characterize small, isolated populations.

1. southeast Asia - Remains of hominins from Flores Island and the island of Luzon, Philippines, provide evidence of variation and unique regional adaptations. 2. luzonensis - Along with Homo floresiensis (100,000-50,000 yBP), Homo luzonensis (67,000-50,000 yBP) exhibits unexpected anatomical features that suggest a remarkable range of variation among hominins during the Middle and Late Pleistocene in this region.

Label the images below with the correct explanations for the characteristics shown.

1. tooth wear indicating the use of teeth as tools - This is an image showing Neandertal tooth wear, with the incisors worn down where they were used as tools. Some modern humans today still demonstrate this practice. 2. shovel-shaped incisors, a genetic trait - The shoveled appearance of the back, or lingual side, of the incisors is a dental characteristic often found in East Asians. That this trait has also been found in Native Americans likely reflects their descent from East Asians.

Modern Homo sapiens of Upper Pleistocene (later ice age)

Before the modern climate of today, the "Early Moderns" are found in fossil record: Africa, Europe, Asia. Eventually spreading into other areas including arctic tundra of Siberia in northern Asia. Population growth.

Match the hominin group to the description of their morphology at ~40,000 to 25,000 yBP.

Denisovans: unknown skeletal morphology and bodily proportions - Denisovans were only recently discovered and there is very little fossil material to support claims about their climate adaptations. Modern Homo sapiens: heat-adapted body morphology - Modern humans evolved in tropical or subtropical Africa. Neandertals: archaic features and a cold-adapted body morphology - Neandertals evolved in a relatively cool climate in Europe and western Asia.

Neanderthal symbolic behavior

Evidence is mounting for Neanderthals ability to speak. Kebera Cava (Israel) Hyoid bone Other evidence such as reconstruction of vocal tract, wear patterns on teeth. Neanderthals used symbols, ornamentation is symbolic, painted shells dating to 50,000 yBP in Spain

Early Modern Homo sapiens in Eastern Europe (35,000 - 15,000 yBP)

(some Neanderthal features persist in facial features) Pestera cu Oase (Romania) - Earliest modern Homo sapiens found in Europe Other sites in Czech Republic Mladec Predmostí Dolni Vestonice

Cold temperatures during the Late Pleistocene led to lower sea levels as a result of glaciers trapping significant amounts of water. This decrease in sea levels exposed landshelves and allowed modern humans to migrate to previously uninhabited continents. Identify the continents to which early modern humans were able to migrate due to low sea levels.

-North America/ South America -Malasia/ Indonesia

Identify the correct statements about Ngandong fossil site

-Only braincases were found here, with all the faces missing. -Multiple skulls with brain sizes between Homo erectus and Homo sapiens were found at this site.

Some paleoanthropologists claim that Neandertals were inefficient hunters. Identify the evidence that refutes this hypothesis

-Stable isotope analysis indicates that Neandertals consumed meat at about the same level as contemporary carnivores. -Both Neandertals and modern Homo sapiens exhibit the same frequency of food stress, as indicated by tooth growth patterns.

Krapina, Croatia, is an unusual Neandertal site with some interesting characteristics. Identify the correct statements about Krapina.

-The Krapina Neandertals have relatively large incisors and relatively small cheek teeth. -Even though the site was excavated more than a century ago, it was excavated very carefully. -Quite a few of the highly fragmented bones from Krapina have clear cutmarks, indicating butchery.

Identify the correct statements about the Out-of-Africa, Multiregional Continuity, and Assimilation models of modern human evolution.

-The Multiregional Continuity model emphasizes the importance of gene flow across population boundaries and upholds that separate species of modern humans never arose. -The Out-of-Africa model explains the single species of living humans by emphasizing a single recent origin of modern people and the replacement of archaic H. sapiens throughout Africa, Asia, and Europe. -The Assimilation model argues that modern humans first evolved in Africa then spread to Europe and Asia, where they underwent gene flow with some archaic species.

Some scientists suggest that the Neandertals and modern humans interbred during the few thousand years that they overlapped in Europe and western Asia. Identify the evidence that supports this theory.

-anatomical characteristics -Neandertal and human nuclear DNA sequences

Modern H. sapiens most likely evolved a.. from archaic H. sapiens already living in Africa, Asia, and Europe. b. in Africa and replaced archaic H. sapiens in Asia and Europe. c. in Asia and Europe and replaced archaic H. sapiens in Africa. d. in Africa and assimilated archaic H. sapiens in Asia and Europe.

d. in Africa and assimilated archaic H. sapiens in Asia and Europe.

Watch the research video "Cave Grandma" and answer the question that follows.What does the "grandmother hypothesis" suggest occurred 30,000 years ago among hominins?

Grandmothers caring for their grandchildren boosted population size.

Early Modern Homo sapiens sites in Africa (200,000 - 6,000 yBP)

Herto (east Africa)- Early modern in well-dated clear geological context Omo (east Africa)- Possibly (uncertain) the earliest evidence of anatomically modern humans at 195,000 yBP Klasies River Mouth Cave - Southern Africa, chin is distinctively modern.

Neanderthal tools in Europe

Middle Paleolithic Mousterian Culture Levallois -Distinctive technique for producing stone tool Preparing core first to produce flake tools, flake tools more common with Mousterian (in contrast to core tools such as Homo erectus Acheulian hand ax)

You are excavating a Neandertal cave with five levels (5 = oldest; 1 = youngest). Levels 2 through 4 all have Mousterian artifacts, but level 1 has Upper Paleolithic artifacts. There is no evidence of modern Homo sapiens at this site. What is the most likely explanation for the presence of Upper Paleolithic artifacts?

Neandertals were capable of making and using Upper Paleolithic tools, but this technology was not introduced into the region you are working in until Level 1 times. - Both modern Homo sapiens and Neandertals used Mousterian technology for a long time. However, they both also used Upper Paleolithic technology.

Homo floresiensis

Nicknamed "Hobbit" for its diminutive size, a possible new species of Homo found in Liang Bua Cave, on the Indonesian island of Flores.

Click on the continents where early archaic Homo sapiens remains have not been found

North America South America Australia Antarctica

The Levallois technique (illustrated below) is the technique Neandertals used to remove flakes from flint cores in the construction of Mousterian tools. True False

True - To produce Mousterian tools, Neandertals used the Levallois technique to remove flakes from flint cores. This technique required Neandertals to visualize the shape and size of a tool from a stone core, which indicates that they had advanced cognitive abilities.

The site of Atapuerca in northern Spain is one of the most important fossil hominin sites in Europe. Identify what the following pieces of fossil material from Atapuerca revealed about the hominins living in Europe at this time.

1. possible cannibalism - Cutmarks on various hominin bones found at Atapuerca mirror cutmarks made on animal bones. These marks indicate defleshing of the body. Breakage and fracturing of bones indicates marrow extraction. Although the cause of the flesh removal is unknown, these observations demonstrate the earliest-known evidence of cannibalism. 2. relatively healthy population - Studying the dentition of the Atapuerca hominins gave anthropologists insight into their diet and overall health. Some of the hominins displayed hypoplasias on their teeth, which are lines that result from periods of sickness or starvation. However, the fact that only a third of the population exhibited these characteristics shows that overall, these hominins were relatively healthy. The wear patterns on the teeth of Atapuerca 5 also show that these hominins used their teeth as tools. 3. interbreeding with Neandertals - Nuclear DNA extracted from bones and teeth of bones found at Sima de los Huesos show that Middle Pleistocene early archaic Homo sapiens are related to the Late Pleistocene Neandertals.

This graph shows genetic diversity within several major geographic groups, expressed as the average amount of genetic sequence divergence in percent. What does this graph tell us about the evolution of modern humans?

-Because the most variation is found in modern African populations and less is found in regions far from Africa, the Out-of-Africa model is more likely to be correct than the Multiregional Continuity model. -Because Africa had a significantly larger breeding population size than other continents did, Africa now has greater genetic diversity. -Because the most variation is found in modern African populations and less is found in non-African regions, modern human populations most likely existed in Africa for longer than in other regions.

Early Modern Homo sapiens in Western Europe

(none as early as Eastern Europe) Lagar Velho site (Portugal) -Skeleton of five-year old child, some neanderthal-like features Cro-Magnon site (France) - best known site western European of early modern people, half-dozen individuals (First European Upper Paleolithic site with anatomically modern human fossils) Grimaldi Caves (Italy) - Early modern examples

Which fossil find is represented in this graphic? - Krapina Neandertal - Dolní Věstonice - Xiahe hominin

- Xiahe hominin - The Xiahe hominin was recovered from Baishiya Karst Cave near Xiahe, China. Analysis of this partial mandible provides evidence of hominin adaptation to high altitudes dating as far back as 160,000 yBP.

Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902)

- a leading authority at time on evolutionary theory, archaeology, and cultural anthropology - started the discipline of cell pathology - dismissed any notion that the Feldhofer Cave skeleton remains belonged to an ancestor of living humans. - argued their characteristics - a long, low skull and bowed, thick limb bones - were those of some modern human afflicted with rickets and arthritis. - Hypothesis eventually rejected when additional remains showing the same morphology as the Feldhofer Cave skeleton dating to the same period of the Late Pleistocene were found.

How would you know a H. sapiens if you found one?

- high, round cranium -large brain size (over 1400 cc) - no large protuberances of the head - small vertical face - small teeth - the presence of a chin - orthognathic, flat face - skull widest near the top - presence of K9 fossa (depression right about the K9) - NOT sharing some of the dental features with Neandertals

The specimens from Omo Kibish, Ethiopia shows that - humans had gracile (not robust) postcrania - modern humans had relatively short legs and wide hips - some moderns humans has Australopithecus like stature - Homo erectus and modern humans overlapped in Africa

- humans had gracile (not robust) postcrania

*Prof lecture notes start here* Jebel Irhoud, Morocco - 300 KYA

- oldest modern human fossil site - African origin of our species homo sapiens, 300,000 ya

This image shows a skeleton from La-Chapelle-aux-Saints in France. Identify the characteristics of the find that led anthropologists to the conclusion that this individual was buried purposefully

-The skeleton shows a fetal-oriented posture. -The skeleton was found in a pit.

Identify the correct statements about the remarkable hominin find at Flores, Indonesia.

-This hominin is known as Homo floresiensis. -This hominin is referred to colloquially as the "hobbit" because of its small size. -Finds from the site of Mate Menge suggest that the ancestors of Homo florensiensis may have been on the island as early as 700,000 yBP.

Archaic Homo sapiens

-Throughout Africa, Asia, Europe -Beginning 350,000 yBP -In Africa, they evolved into modern Homo sapiens -By 160,000 yBP -In Europe & Asia, there are early and late archaic groups -Divided about 130,000 yBP • Large face w/ browridge • Large, heavily worn front teeth • Near modern brain size

How are the Early Archaic, Late Archaic, and Early Modern related?

1) Early Archaic Homo sapiens evolved from Homo erectus 2)Early Modern Homo sapiens evolved from these archaic forms of Homo sapiens 3) Late Archaic Homo sapiens (Neanderthals) maintained archaic features for a longer period (esp in Europe) 4)Anatomically Modern Homo sapiens of today probably evolved form Early Archaic population (probably in Africa) 5)There are disputes about the origins and spread of these Anatomically Modern Homo sapiens

What are the basic cultural traits of Neanderthals?

1) Hunting 2) Burials 3) Language 4) Symbolic Art

Early archaic Homo sapiens have been found on all continents except __1__ and both of __2__.

1. Australia - Modern Homo sapiens migrated to Australia around 50,000 to 40,000 yBP, after the disappearance of early archaic forms. 2. the Americas - Modern Homo sapiens crossed over the Bering land bridge into North America around 15,000 yBP, well after the disappearance of early archaic forms.

Modern humans have a number of anatomical characteristics that distinguish them from archaic humans. Drag only the correct modern human characteristics to the modern human skull. You will not use all the labels.

1. projecting chin - Also called a "mental eminence," the projecting chin is a distinctly modern characteristic. 2. high, vertical forehead - The skull shape changes to higher and more rounded with the evolution of modern humans. Explanation: These are only some of the characteristics that distinguish us, modern humans, from archaic forms, such as Neandertals.

Neandertal fossils from the site of________ in Iraq show evidence of________ as well as altruistic behavior.

1. shanidar 2. intentional burial

Upper Paleolithic in Europe associated w/ 4 new tool types

Aurignacian, Gravettian, Solutrean, Magdelenian

The Australian and Pacific Migrations

Australian migration required boats. Lake Mungo site Australia, Skeletan remains date to 40,000 yBP Oldest in Australia. Kow Swamp, Australia

Sima de los Huesos site (500,000-130,000 yBP)

Before Neanderthal (a late archaic) Located in Western Europe Atapuerca, Spain. A well-preserved skeleton with a large brain and pronounced facial projection.

Some call archaic humans late H. erectus, others call them _______________

H. heidelbergensis

Identify the Neandertal traits that evolved to help adapt to life in relatively cold climates.

-a large nasal aperture -a relatively stocky build -increased supply of blood to facial tissues

First anatomically modern H. sapien occurs later in _____ than Africa

Asia

Clovis

Earliest Native American ("Paleoindian") culture of North America; technology known for large, fluted, bifacial stone projectile points used as spear points for big-game hunting.

Gravettian

Earliest art - carved figurines

What do Homo sapiens fossils tell us about Modern Human Origins?

Early Archaic Homo sapiens evolved out of earlier Homo erectus populations, reduced skeletal robusticity, smaller tooth size, expansion in brain size, increasing cultural complexity.

Southeast Asia

Homo floresiensis Indonesia Island of Flores Liang Bua Cave Possible new species of Homo. Hominids evolving in isolation on Pacific island Flores remains date at 18,000 yBP Tiny brain and only 3.5 feet tall nicknamed "hobbit" Some claim this is a genetic or developmental abnormality and not a new species.

Early Modern Homo sapiens sites in Asia (90,000 - 18,000 yBP)

(Earliest in Asia are from Western Asia) Skhul, Israel (western Asia) - Modern Fossils before Neanderthals in region. Tianyuan Cave (East Asia, China) - Earliest of moderns in China. Upper Cave Zhoukoudian - Facial flatness like native eastern Asians.

Based on high-resolution analyses of the complete genomes of thousands of people from all over the world, we have been able to estimate the places and times where early human populations split, isolated reproductively, and developed identifiable genetic differences. According to these high-resolution analyses, where does the data suggest that the oldest human population splits occurred? a. in Africa and Europe b. in the Middle East and Eurasia c. in Africa and Eurasia d. all in Africa

d. all in Africa

Modern humans are associated with what kind of stone tools? a. oldowan b. achulean c. lomekwian d. blades

d. blades

What are the trends from earlier to later early modern H. sapiens in Europe?

gracilization. Face, jaws, teeth smaller Nutrition and resource wise, global increase in range of foods eaten, hunting and collecting of smaller foods (not as protein rich)

Rudolf Virchow (German anthropologist) who discovered ________ studied the remains & deduced they were pathological

leukemia

Upper Paleolithic modern Homo sapiens fossils are __________ than their predecessors

stockier

Fully modern humans dispersed to Australia by ______yBP and to North America and South America by________yBP

1. 40000 2. 15000

Homo Sapiens arose from these three forms.

1. Early Archaic 2. Late Archaic 3. Early Modern

Some evidence suggests art may have started in Africa up to ______________ years ago

100,000

Modern Homo sapiens (oldest) Omo and Herto, Ethiopia

150,000-200,000 years Omo (200,000 yBP) highly fragmentary Herto (160,000 yBP) large robust skull, w/ browridge Round, w/ high forehead, small face

Svante Pääbo

A breakthrough study led by Swedish geneticist Svante Pääbo used high-throughput DNA sequencing—a technology through which all of the genome can be sequenced from fossil bones—to answer this question. (Prior to the development of high-throughput sequencing, only segments of DNA were accessed.) The results using the new technology are breathtaking: Eurasians and Neandertals share between 1% and 4% of their nDNA, an indication of small but significant admixture. In reconstructing the Denisovan genome, Svante Pääbo and team expected to find a genome that was either Neandertal or modern human. However, their analysis revealed a genome that shows some differences from Neandertals and modern humans. The only similarity they could find between the Denisovans and living people is from populations in Melanesia (New Guinea and Bougainville Island) and China

Microcephaly

A condition in which the cranium is abnormally small and the brain is underdeveloped.

Occipital Bun

A cranial feature of Neandertals in which the occipital bone projects substantially from the skull's posterior.

Shovel-shaped Incisors

A dental trait, commonly found among Native Americans and Asians, in which the incisors' posterior aspect has varying degrees of concavity.

Home luzonensis

A diminutive, Late Pleistocene hominin from Luzon, Philippines, showing a mixture of primitive hand and foot phalanges and modern dentition.

Neanderthal Hunting Mousterian tools

A.K.A. Middle Paleolithic tools Levallois (special flaking) Last Neanderthals used Upper Paleolithic tools (once thought to be made by modern H. sapeins)

Which of the following statements is true about Pleistocene megafauna (large mammals)?

They went extinct around the time that modern humans arrived in the New World and Australia.

Which of the following statements are true about Pleistocene megafauna (large mammals)?

They went extinct around the time that modern humans arrived in the New World and Australia. - Many scientists blame human hunting for this.

Late Archaic Homo Sapiens in Europe:Neanderthals

This area was a glacial desert Biological & cultural adaptations (clothing & fire) They buried their dead (preserving remains)

Among modern humans, genetic variation decreases with increasing distance from Africa True False

True

Some hominin skeletons dating to the Upper Pleistocene have a mixture of archaic and modern features True False

True

Some of the earliest Homo sapiens fossils are from Morocco True False

True

The large brain case and the small face result in a more flexed (acute) basicranium True False

True

How do living people's genetic record help explain the origins of modern Homo sapiens?

Africa - Genetic diversity in Africa suggest modern people have existed longer there than in Asia or Europe. Assessment of mutation rates came up with 200,000 yBP for first modern Homo sapiens. Coincides with fossil of modern sapiens in Africa.

What do homo sapiens fossils tell us about modern human origins?

All these archaic Homo sapiens are from 250,000 to 500,000 yBP Although geographically disparate, they are all similar -Modern brain size - Long, low braincase -Large browridges

Western Asia Neanderthal burial sites

Amud Tabun Shanidar

Modern Human Cultural Developments: Tools

Upper Paleolithic Tools -Prepared core method -Blade technology -Tools for aquatic resources -Engraving tools -Atlatl

Modern Human Cultural Developments: Religion

Venus figurines

Fossils are a mixture between H. erectus & modern H. sapeins

Brain continues to grow, back teeth are small, front teeth are large & show wear Distinct mtDNA, but nDNA overlaps with that found in modern humans indicating they are the same species

Modern Human Cultural Developments: Burial and Hunting

Burial with elaborate grave goods Less hunting, more fishing, etc. First clothing: ~20,000 yBP -Awls, needles -Clothing residue

Neanderthal Intelligence

Buried dead - Deliberately positioned - La Chapelle, Amud, & Shanidar Spoken language -Kebara hyoid Brain laterality (R & L) -Teeth scratches parallel & downward facing Australopithecine hyoid shaped like chimpanzees Symbols -Necklaces -Body pigments

Describe Neanderthal hunting

Butchered animal bones found, Animals processed for food, Chemical evidence indicates importance of meat in diet.

In order to reconstruct the diet of Neandertals, scientists have analyzed the stable isotopes of nitrogen and carbon in Neandertals' bones. Identify the group of animals with which Neandertals share the closest levels, indicating that they had a similar diet.

Carnivores: (the cat picture) Stable isotope levels in Neandertal bones are similar to those of known carnivores, indicating that Neandertals ate a lot of meat. This indicates that Neandertals were successful hunters, although meat was not their only food source. Analysis of plant residue of Neandertal tooth calculus shows that they ate a diversity of plants, some of which were cooked and some of which were possibly used for medicinal purposes. Explanation: For the hunt, Neandertals used tools from the Mousterian culture. However, the amount of injuries found on nearly all Neandertal bones indicates that hunting was not without serious repercussions for many individuals.

A modern skull, Cro-Magnon man, from _______ (30,000 yBP)

France

Solutrean

France and Spain, very fine stone points

Megafauna

General term for the large game animals hunted by pre-Holocene and early Holocene humans.

Early Archaic Homo sapiens in Europe

Western Europe: Atapuerca Mountains (Spain) - Sima de los Huesos Other Europe: Arago Petralona Steinheim Swanscombe

Why are humans less genetically variable than other organisms despite the fact that we range all over the world? a. The human species has undergone a rapid population expansion from a small population that had low levels of genetic diversity b. Humans are just more alike than other animals c. Natural selection affects other species, but not humans d. humans are better adapted to the tropics, so genetic variation is not needed

a. The human species has undergone a rapid population expansion from a small population that had low levels of genetic diversity

Marcellin Boule was a paleoanthropologist in the early 1900s whose conclusions led to the prevailing view of the time that Neandertals were evolutionary dead ends. Shown here are two contrasting depictions of Neandertals. If Professor Boule were asked to pick which one most accurately represents Neandertals, which one would he choose? Select the appropriate image.

ape-like image

When did the first Homo sapiens arrive in the Americas?

around 15,000 yBP

Homosapiens started making ___

art

Anatomical evidence for modern humans outside of Africa generally does not appear earlier than (i.e., older than) __________. a. 10 kya b. 60 kya c. 30 kya d. 20 kya

b. 60 kya

On what continent did your species (Homo sapiens) evolve? a. Asia b. Africa c. North America d. Europe

b. Africa

In order to learn about past hominin behavior, scientists use comparative studies with living peoples. Identify the modern human behavior or behaviors that anthropologists have identified as most closely aligning with patterns on Neandertal skeletons

bull rider

How did modern H. sapiens reach North and South America? a. They crossed the Pacific Ocean from Australia. b. They migrated from Southeast Asia via the Pacific islands. c. They migrated from Northeast Asia along the Bering Land Bridge. d. They traveled from southern Africa through Antarctica.

c. They migrated from Northeast Asia along the Bering Land Bridge.

Modern humans are identified based on anatomical characteristics

High forehead & round skull Small face, teeth, browridges Projecting chin Skeletons are gracile

Modern Homo sapiens (oldest) Omo and Herto, Ethiopia anatomies

High forehead and round skull with reduced face and teeth Chin Gracile postcranial skeleton

Neanderthals & modern Europeans share certain features not found in other populations

High nasal angle, & anatomy at the base of the nose laterally positioned cheekbones & shape of cheekbone suture

There are several key features that distinguish the skulls of Homo erectus from archaic Homo sapiens, and some features that both species display. Drag each anatomical feature to the correct area of the Venn diagram below. Homo Erectus Both archaic Homo Sapiens - larger and rounder brain case - long, low skull - large browridges - small muscle attachment areas for neck muscles - thick cranial bones

Homo .Erectus - long, low skull - A long, low skull is characteristic of H. erectus populations. Both - thick cranial bones - Thicker cranial bones are characteristic of Homo erectus and archaic Homo sapiens populations due to the evolution of archaic Homo sapiens from earlier Homo erectus. - large browridges - Although large browridges - are characteristic of H. erectus populations, the earliest forms of H. sapiens also exhibited massive browridges. archaic Homo Sapiens - larger and rounder brain case - Archaic Homo sapiens displayed larger and rounder brain cases compared with earlier populations of H. erectus. - small muscle attachment areas for neck muscles - Archaic Homo sapiens from Zambia had smaller facial bones and muscle attachment areas compared with earlier H. erectus populations.

Magdalenian (17,000 - 12,000 yBP)

Hunting reindeer and horses, spectacular cave art paintings and carvings, especially in caves in France and Spain

Match the site with the date or date range that it was first occupied.

Liang Bua Cave, Flores, Indonesia : 100,000-60,000 yBP - This site is important for the unique hominin that is found there, Homo floresiensis, also known colloquially as the "hobbit." At the time that this hominin lived, early modern humans had already spread throughout most of the world. Lake Mungo : 42,000 yBP - This is a very early but fully modern human site in Australia. It yielded the oldest skeleton found on the continent. earliest settlement in Easter Island : AD 600 - The Pacific Islands were among the last places to be colonized by humans.

Neanderthal Primitive features

Long, low skulls Browridges

Archaic human charecteristics

Long, low skulls, football shaped, producing occipital bun Large browridges & faces Front teeth tend to be large Usually no chin Postcranial bones tend to be robust

This graphic shows three dramatically different concepts that attempt to explain the evolution of modern Homo sapiens. Click or tap the model that suggests modern human evolution happened regionally, stressing the importance of gene flow between groups.

Middle - Milford Wolpoff proposed the Multiregional Continuity model, which suggests that modern humans evolved separately from archaic forms living in Asia, Africa, and Europe. Interbreeding between populations occurred, which caused significant gene flow and diversity. Explanation: Recent genetic work suggests that the assimilation model is the most likely explanation for the rise of modern humans.

What tool are associated with Neanderthals?

Middle paleolithic, Mousterian tool tradition

Late Archaic Homo Sapiens in Asia

Shanidar (Cave in Iraq) Neandertal was discovered in the 1950s 45,000 years old Old male (40s or 50s) Projecting face with heavy wear on teeth, large nasal aperture Very large brain Eye injury; arm amputation; foot with arthritis Indicates Neanderthals took care of one another

What makes Modern Humans modern?

Skeletal traits such as, a round tall skull with vertical forehead, small brow ridges and small face and teeth. A more gracile postcranial skeleton characteristic of modern humans.

Which hominid skeletons have a mixture of archaic and modern traits?

Skhul 5 and Herto hominids

Modern Homo Sapiens in Africa

Skulls in many parts of world remained robust until the advent of agriculture Skull robusticity is diet dependent

Characteristics of the Early Modern Homo sapiens

The Upper Paleolithic saw appearance of modern anatomical characteristics such as a reduced face, small teeth, vertical forehead, rounded skull, gracile postcranial bones. Modern human evolution started much earlier in Africa than in Europe and Asia

Describe the Early Modern Homo sapiens

The first moderns, come after Archaic Homo sapiens in Africa. Some overlap in time with the Late Archaic Neanderthals in Europe. More modern, approaching the looks of contemporary populations.

Assimilation model for human variation

The fossil record and genetic record are not adequately explained by the Out-of-Africa or Multi-regional continuity models. Elements of both models explain emergence and evolution and of fully modern people worldwide. Neanderthals contribute to modern gene pool in Europe and Asia.

Middle Paleolithic

The middle part of the Old Stone Age, associated with Mousterian tools, which Neandertals produced using the Levallois technique.

Evidence of population growth & continued reliance on ________ to survive difficult environments

culture

What distinguishes early archaic Homo sapiens from Homo erectus? a. Presence in Asia and Europe b. Loss of large browridges c. Development of a projecting chin d. Reduction in skeletal robusticity

d. Reduction in skeletal robusticity

What aspect of Neandertal culture supports their intelligence? a. Their simpler Mousterian stone tools b. Inefficient hunting techniques c. No communicating by speech d. Symbolic burial rituals

d. Symbolic burial rituals

Homo floresiensis has not been proposed to be a. a modern human with a developmental abnormality. b. within the range of variation of local human populations. c. an isolated descendant of an earlier hominin species. d. a descendant of modern humans.

d. a descendant of modern humans.

Watch the research video "Did Climate Change Threaten Neanderthals?" and answer the question that follows.What major climate event nearly wiped out Neandertals?

There were substantially colder temperatures.

This is a modern human mandible from Klasies River Mouth Cave in South Africa. The picture includes an important feature that can be used to identify it as a modern human. Which feature is this?

protruding chin - Neandertals and other archaic humans do not have a protruding chin.

Match the hominin group to the description of their morphology.

short stature and small brain -Homo florensiensis unknown skeletal morphology and bodily proportions -Denisovans heat-adapted body morphology modern Homo sapiens cold-adapted body morphology Neandertals

Modern H. sapien fossils appear in areas previously _________, like Siberia & N. Asia

uninhabited

Kabwe (Zambia)

• Discovered in 1920s by limestone workers • Believed to be a diseased modern person • ~250,000 years old • 1,300 cc • Front teeth worn down (used as 3rd hand)

What is so modern about modern humans?

• Distinguishing characteristics of modern humans include small faces, jaws, and teeth; a vertical and high forehead; narrow nasal apertures and body trunks; and long legs.

Archaic Homo Sapiens in Asia

• Large, long, low braincases, close to or within modern human range • Massive browridges • Similarities with African specimens implies gene flow -Ngandong, Indonesia -Narmada, India -Dali, China

What is the main difference between the Out-of-Africa hypothesis and the Multiregional Continuity hypothesis? a. Multiregional Continuity suggests a high level of gene flow, while Out-of-Africa argues for no gene flow. b. Out-of-Africa argues for interbreeding between archaic and modern humans, which Multiregional Continuity denies. c. Out-of-Africa suggests a much earlier date for the origin of modern humans than Multiregional Continuity. d. Africa is identified as a place of origin only in the Out-of-Africa hypothesis.

a. Multiregional Continuity suggests a high level of gene flow, while Out-of-Africa argues for no gene flow.

The likely time period that modern humans could cross the Bering "Land Bridge" was - 24-13 KYA - 128-70 KYA - since 1 MYA - Less than 5 KYA

- 24-13 KYA

Paleoindians

- Paleoindian period in the Americas, cultural stage of earliest inhabitants. Well-known stone artifact traditions: Clovis and Folsom, Fluted projectile points. - Paleoindians hunted megafauna. Large Pleistocene now extinct game (mammoth, others) Kennewick Paleoindian Fossil Some skull differences between Paleoindians and modern Native Americans. Likely reflect changes over 10,000 years. Kennewick skull was controversial example. - The earliest hominin inhabitants of the Americas; they likely migrated from Asia and are associated with the Clovis and Folsom stone tool cultures in North America and comparable tools in South America.

Archaic Homo Sapiens in Europe

200,000 - 500,000 years old Low, long braincases that are close to or w/in the lower end of the modern human range Large browridges & skeletons are robust Some have projecting faces & wide noses These features are similar to Neanderthals Suggests that European populations are becoming genetically isolated

Lagar Velho child fossil

24,000 years old Combination of human features & Neanderthal robusticity in limbs & some cranial bones

Zhoukoudian (bottom skull - anterior & lateral view)

30,000 years old Browridges large, but small, flat faces just like many Asian populations today

When did Archaic form evolution begin?

350,000 yBP

Early Archaic Homo Sapiens

350,000 yBP Evolved from earlier Homo erectus Continued morphological changes: -Reduced robusticity -Decreased tooth size -Increased brain size -More cultural complexity

Archaic H. sapiens appear _______ yBP in Africa, Europe & Asia

500,000 Those in Europe begin to look more like Neanderthals as time goes by Those in Africa begin to look like us Fossils in Africa from 200,000 to 160,000 are anatomically modern Later anatomically modern humans appear in Asia & Europe

Archaic Homo sapiens in Africa

Archaic Homo sapiens have large faces with brow ridges, large heavily worn teeth, and near modern brain size. Bodo (Ethiopia) 600,000 years old 1,250 cc Kabwe (Zambia) ~250,000 years old 1,300 cc

Native Americans share the most haplogroups with people from which region? Click or tap the correct answer.

Asia - The ancestors of Native Americans entered the New World from northeast Asia and rapidly spread throughout the continent. People in both these regions also share the trait of shovel-shaped incisors.

Modern Human Cultural Developments: Art

Cave art -Increased symbolic expression -Other artistic works

Marcellin Boule was a paleoanthropologist in the early 1900s whose conclusions led to the prevailing view of the time that Neandertals were evolutionary dead ends. Shown here are two contrasting depictions of Neandertals. If Professor Boule were asked to pick which one most accurately represents Neandertals, which one would he choose? Click or tap the appropriate image.

Caveman - Boule argued that the Neandertals were too primitive and too different from modern people to have been human ancestors. He concluded that Neandertals walked with a bent-kneed gait and could not have been able to speak.

Dali, an Archaic Homo sapien from _________ 200,000 yBP

China

Neandertals

Cold adapted Large nasal openings Projecting face Occipital bun Long, low skull Wide, stocky body Short limbs

Body Size & Shape Variation in Modern Humans

Cold adapted Inuit - Wide torso Heat adapted Nilotic -Narrow torso Heat adapted Pygmy - Narrow torso Surface area-to-volume ratio of humans is independent of height

Bergmann's Rule

Cold-adapted animals are large Reduced surface area relative to body size (reduce heat loss)

Allen's Rule

Cold-adapted animals have short limbs. Reduce surface area through which heat escapes

Some paleoanthropologists claim that Neandertals were inefficient hunters. What evidence does NOT support this hypothesis? Indicate your answer by dragging the statements to the appropriate box.

Correct Answer(s): table isotope analysis indicates that Neandertals consumed meat at about the same level as contemporary carnivores. - Measures of stable isotopes of both carbon and nitrogen can be used to determine the relative amounts of different kinds of foods consumed. This graph shows the isotope values for a variety of herbivores and carnivores. Herbivores generally have lower isotope values than carnivores. Neandertals' isotope levels are close to those of known carnivores, indicating that Neandertals ate plenty of meat. Both Neandertals and modern Homo sapiens exhibit the same frequency of food stress, as indicated by bone growth. - A study by Debbie Guatelli-Steinberg and her associates found that hypoplasias, the stress markers in teeth that reflect growth disruption due to poor diets or poor health, are present in Neandertals but at a frequency no different from that of modern humans. Incorrect Answer(s): Neandertal body shape was adapted to efficient hunting. - The difference between the body shape of Neandertals and that of most modern humans is accounted for by adaptation to cold environments. Cut marks on Neandertal bones show that they hunted down and killed members of their own species to eat. - Although cut marks have been found on Neandertal bones that suggest cannibalism, this is not direct evidence for hunting. These Neandertals could have died of other causes and their flesh then eaten for survival.

Skhul V. Israel (top skull), 90,000 years old

Dated same time or older than Neanderthal caves of Amud, Kebara, & Tabun Cohabitation of modern H. sapiens & Neanderthals

Early Modern Homo sapiens in Afica

East: Omo Herto South: Klasies River Mouth CAve Central: Katanda

Modern Homo sapiens (oldest) Omo and Herto, Ethiopia lived

Klasies River Mouth Cave, South Africa 90,000 years old Chin is modern

European Neanderthal Burial sites

La Chapelle-aux-Saintes

Cold adaptations of Neanderthals

Large nasal aperture (warms and moistens cold dry air) Large infraoribtal foramina (greater blood flow to face to help prevent freezing) Stocky build, short limbs (promotes heat retention) Body proportions consistent with Bergman's rule and Allen's rule

Neanderthals

La Chapelle-aux-Saints skull discovered in early 1900s 60,000 years old Studied by Marcellin Boule Misinterpreted anatomies as being very primitive, and legs as belonging to a stooped over animal walking with a chimpanzee-like, bent-knee gait Decided Neanderthals couldn't talk Older male with Arthritic legs & feet Cold adapted body Krapina Rock Shelter, Croatia - 130,000 years old - Dragutin Gorjanovic-Kramberger - Hundreds of Neandertal fragments - Evidence for cannibahlism - Hominid fragments have cut marks on them, precisely where muscle attaches to bone

Neanderthal skeleton studied first by Boule

La Chapelle-aux-Saints, France Influenced thinking about the Neanderthals, thought they had bent-kneed gait, primitive and stupid

Neanderthal Cold adaptations

Large nasal aperture (heat the air) Large infraorbital foramina (blood flow to face)

Archaic Homo Sapiens in West Asia

In the Middle East & Europe the late archaic H. sapiens are often called Neanderthals Reduced tooth size, & reduced skeletal robusticity But they evolved regional adaptations to the cold, especially in Europe Neanderthals retained the low, long skull, but brains are larger Large projecting faces large nasal apertures Strong occipital buns Heavily worn large front teeth

Cultures of the Later Pleistocene (ice age)

Increased cultural means, adapting to landscapes, developing new technologies and subsistence strategies.

Modern Humans' other migrations

Initial spread of population out of Africa, into Asia and Europe. Spread to other parts of the world in last 50,000 years - first Australia and then to the Americas.

Early Archaic Homo sapiens in Asia

Java - Ngandong India - Narmanda China - Dali

Kabwe site (350,000-200,000 yBP)

Kabwe site (Broken Hill) in Zambia Some Homo erectus-like characteristics and more modern features. Enormous brow ridges (like erectus), gracile facial bones, large brain 1,300 cc (modern size).

Late Archaic Homo sapiens in Europe (130,000 - 30,000 yBP)

Kaprina site (East Europe) Croatia Earliest Neanderthals (Late Archaic H. sapiens) in Europe Distinctive cut marks on bones suggest possible cannibalism

Neandertal Cultural developments: Tools

Mousterian stone tools -Prepared core technique -Complex tools -Required much hand-eye coordination

Migration to New World

NE Asia to North America: -Multiple migrations During glacial periods: -Lower ocean levels -Exposed land By land and by boat because: -Population increase -Disappearance of food resources -Climate deterioration

Neandertals and Homo sapiens both used tools of varying materials and complexity. Place the tool or technique in the correct area for who used it.

Neandertals: Mousterian tools - Neandertals are most commonly associated with the Mousterian tool complex. Both: use of teeth as tools - The use of the teeth as tools is an unusual feature confined to Neandertals, one group of living modern humans, and a few modern humans in North Africa. Upper Paleolithic tools - Neandertals are now thought to have fully participated in the Upper Paleolithic. Modern Humans: a Folsom point - This tool and others like it are used in cultural dating to indicate the presence of some of the earliest humans to inhabit the New World. Explanation: Tools are made from many materials (including teeth!) and tell us a great deal about ancient adaptations. The evolution of hominin technology is just as important as the evolution of hominin bodies.

Late Archaic Homo Sapiens - Europe & Western Asia

Neandertals: Western Asia: 60,000-40,000 yBP Europe:130,000-30,000 yBP

Late Archaic Homo sapiens in Asia (60,000 - 40,000 yBP)

Neanderthals in Southwest Asia Amud (Israel) Neanderthal skeleton, largest brain size ever found (1,740 cc) Kebara (Israel) Tabun (Israel) Shanidar site (Iraq) - several individuals with interesting life histories seen in their skeletons

Ngandong site (350,000 - 130,000 yBP)

Ngandong site Islands of Java (Indonesia) Brow ridge massive like homo erectus, skull higher, larger brain

In order to learn about past hominin behavior, scientists use comparative studies with living peoples. Identify the modern human behavior or behaviors that anthropologists have identified as most closely aligning with patterns on Neandertal skeletons.

Pic 1: Bull rider: Nearly every complete Neandertal skeleton demonstrates traumatic injury of some kind, mostly on the head and upper body. These injury patterns most closely match those of rodeo riders, who frequently fall from the bulls that they are riding and land on their heads or upper bodies. This data demonstrates that Neandertals likely hunted in close range to large animals and were often injured doing so. Some of the injuries, such as that of Shanidar 1, were severe enough to possibly cause blindness.

Though some anthropologists today still refute the idea, most evidence points to the fact that Neandertals had the ability to speak. Click or tap the images below that show direct evidence to support this hypothesis.

Pic 1: Man with throat: The hyoid is the bone that muscles and ligaments from the skull, mandible, tongue, larynx, and pharynx connect to in order to aid speech. Pic 3: Stone with red writing: Microscopic wear patterns on Neandertal incisors show that Neandertals favored one side of their body over the other (right- or left-handed). This indicates clearly defined functions for the two sides of the brain, which is related to the ability to speak.

Calculus

Refers to hardened plaque of teeth; the condition is caused by the minerals from saliva being continuously deposited on tooth surfaces.

Upper Paleolithic

Refers to the most recent part of the Old Stone Age, associated with early modern Homo sapiens and characterized by finely crafted stone and other types of tools with various functions.

Mousterian

The stone tool culture in which Neandertals produced tools using the Levallois technique.

There is no anatomical evidence suggesting modern humans originated in Africa True False

False

There is only one explanation for the patterns of hominin evolution and migration True False

False

When did Modern Homo sapiens evolution begin?

First modern Homo sapiens appeared in Africa 200,000 yBP. (Over 100,000 years after the archaic forms appeared.)

Aurignacian

First moderns in Europe

Neandertal Cultural developments: Language

First to speak: -Hyoid is the same as that of modern humans First to use symbolism: -Burial of the dead -Decorative items First to care for sick and injured

Neandertals exhibit many anatomical adaptations for life in a harsh climate. Below is a typical Neandertal skull with several areas labeled. Drag each function to the correct anatomical characteristic that carries out that purpose. (Not all functions will be used.)

1. warms and moistens cold, dry air (large nasal aperture) - The large surface area of a bigger nose allows the individual to warm air more efficiently. 2. increases blood flow to face ( large infraorbital foraman) - Larger foramina (holes) mean larger blood vessels can pass through them, bringing more blood to warm the face.

Levallois technique

A distinctive method of stone tool production used during the Middle Paleolithic, in which the core was prepared and flakes removed from the surface before the final tool was detached from the core.

Match the site with the date that it was occupied.

AD 600 : Earliest settlement in Easter Island - The Pacific Islands were among the last places to be colonized by humans. 100,000 yBP : Liang Bua Cave, Flores, Indonesia - This site is important for the unique hominin that is found there, Homo floresiensis, also known colloquially as the "hobbit." At the time that this hominin lived, early modern humans had already spread throughout most of the world. 40,000 yBP: Lake Mungo - This is a very early but fully modern human site in Australia. It yielded the oldest skeleton found on the continent.

Neanderthal Hunting Hunting Success

Abundant bones of butchered animals at Neanderthal sites Isotopic analyses of bones & tooth chemistry showed high levels of 15N & 13C (similar to carnivores) Meat eating important

archaic Homo Sapiens general concept check

Archaic H. sapiens are the first of our species, beginning some 350,000 yBP globally and evolving locally from earlier H. erectus populations. After 150,000 yBP, regional patterns of diversity emerge, followed by simultaneous occupation of Europe by late archaic H. sapiens (Neandertals) and early modern H. sapiens by 40,000 yBP. LOCATIONS (SITES)* Africa (Kabwe) Asia (Ngandong, Dali, Narmada, Amud, Kebara,† Tabun, Shanidar, Teshik Tash) Europe (Sima de los Huesos, Swanscombe, Steinheim, Petralona, Arago, Feldhofer Cave, Atapuerca, Spy, Krapina, Vindija, Moula-Guercy, La Chapelle-aux-Saints, Scladina Cave, Marillac, Les Rochers-de-Villeneuve, Engis, El Sidrón, Monte Lessini) CHRONOLOGY 350,000-44,000 yBP BIOLOGY Mixture of H. erectus and H. sapiens characteristics 1,200 cc cranial capacity early 1,500 cc cranial capacity late Both skulls and skeletons more robust than those of modern humans Reduced tooth size, but most of reduction in premolars and molars (front teeth increase in size) Appearance of Neandertal morphology after 130,000 yBP in Middle East and Europe (long, low skull; wide, large nose; large front teeth with common heavy wear; forward-projecting face; no chin; wide body trunk; short limbs) Distinctive mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) structure Distinctive nuclear DNA (nDNA) structure but sharing with living humans' CULTURE AND BEHAVIOR Some evidence of housing structures Large-game hunting Fishing and use of aquatic resources after 100,000 yBP More advanced form of Acheulean early Mousterian late (Europe) Increased use of various raw materials besides stone after 100,000 yBP Skilled tool production Burial of deceased after 100,000 yBP Symbolic behavior, including cave art Social care of sick and injured Speech likely

Which model of modern human evolution is depicted here? (horizontal:1 branch top 3 bottom)

Assimilation model

This map shows the location of two important sites in South Africa. What is important about them?

Both sites contain fossils that resemble modern humans. - Klasies River Mouth (KRM) includes one of the earliest modern humans, dating to at least 90,000 yBP. KRM also contains extensive evidence of the use of resources from the sea, including shellfish. A nearly complete skull was found at Hofmeyr, dating to 36,000 yBP, with a striking resemblance to Pleistocene modern Europeans.

Folsom

Early Native American (immediately following Clovis) culture of North America; technology known for large, fluted, bifacial projectile points used as spear points for big-game hunting.

DNA analysis of early Modern people and Neanderthals.

Eurasians and Neanderthals share between 1-4% of nuclear DNA. small but significant admixture. Africans share no nuclear DNA with Neanderthals. People living outside of Africa have DNA that likely originated from Neanderthals.

What are some Modern behavioral and cultural transitions?

Modern behavior begins in Africa Kantanda Site in Congo, catfish remains found from as early as 75,000 yBP. Fishing is one of the behaviors of modern humans. More modern behaviors include specialized hunting, more raw materials such as bone for tools, advanced blade technology, trade.

Which fossil find is represented in this graphic?

Neandertal from Feldhofer Cave - This is one of the first Neandertals ever found, and certainly the first to gain considerable attention. Note the large browridges, a classic Neandertal characteristic.

You are excavating a cave with five strata (5 = oldest; 1 = youngest). Levels 2 through 4 all have Mousterian artifacts, but Level 1 has Upper Paleolithic artifacts. What is the most likely explanation for the presence of Upper Paleolithic artifacts?

Neandertals were capable of making and using Upper Paleolithic tools, but this technology was not introduced into the region you are working in until Level 1 times.

Arrival in the western hemisphere

Origin of native North American peoples, Northeast Asia, Late Pleistocene. Dental and genetic and other evidence indicates Asian origin. Beringia or Bering land bridge between Siberia and Alaska when sea levels lower, possible coastal route along Pacific coastline

Select the region within Asia where several late archaic Homo sapiens have been found.

Saudi Arabia

Point out the nasal aperture by clicking or tapping the appropriate part of this image.

The nose: The nasal aperture warms and moistens air. The large nasal aperture seen in this skull shows the adaptation of Neandertals to their cold, harsh climate.

What do the sites from which these human remains come have in common?

They all show evidence of defleshing by other hominins.

Early Modern Homo sapiens

Throughout Africa, Asia, Europe Beginning about 160,000 yBP May be closer to 200,000 yBP Earliest in Africa (160,000 yBP) Last in Europe (35,000 yBP) - Cro-Magnon

Additional cranial features characteristic of modern humans include (select all that apply) - rounded high neurocranium - The widest part of the brain case is high - canine fossa - angular neurocranium

WRONG - The widest part of the brain case is high - canine fossa

Based on evidence, in their global dispersal, where in the world did modern humans arrive last ? Asia Pacific islands North America Australia

WRONG -North America so it's probably Australia then

Within Asia, where have late archaic Homo sapiens mostly been found?

Western Asia - The major range of this hominin group is comprised of western Asia, combined with Europe and parts of Africa. Several finds are concentrated near the western Mediterranean.

When did the first Homo sapiens who lived in the New World (the Americas) arrive?

around 15,000 yBP - This date predates most known sites, but it is confirmed by DNA evidence.

Identify the important reasons for why early modern people dispersed into new areas.

increased competition over food resources local population increase war and violence from rival populations

What do Homo sapiens fossils reveal about modern humans' origins?

• Early archaic H. sapiens evolved from Homo erectus. • In Africa, nearly modern people evolved 200,000-150,000 yBP. After 130,000 yBP, an archaic form of H. sapiens called Neandertals occupied western Asia and then Europe. • From about 40,000 to 30,000 yBP, multiple hominin groups occupied Europe: Neandertals, modern H. sapiens, and Denisovans.

Bodo (Ethiopia)

• Some classify as H. erectus • 600,000 years old • 1,250 cc

This graph shows the average genetic divergence in several living human populations. The vertical axis indicates how much variation there is within the sampled group. What does this graph tell us about the evolution of modern humans? - Europeans have the least amount of genetic diversity, which is why the Out-of-Africa model is incorrect. - Larger geographical regions are more likely to have more genetic diversity. - Because most variation is found in Africa and less is found in regions very far from Africa, the Multiregional Continuity model is more likely to be correct than the Out-of-Africa model. - Because most variation is found in Africa and less is found in regions very far from Africa, the Out-of-Africa model is more likely to be correct than the Multiregional Continuity model.

- Because most variation is found in Africa and less is found in regions very far from Africa, the Out-of-Africa model is more likely to be correct than the Multiregional Continuity model. - The vast majority of variation in humans is found in Africa. Other regions are smaller samples of this great diversity. This indicates that modern humans mainly came from Africa.

Select all of the traits below that characterize modern humans - flat small cheekbones - projecting face - small cheek teeth - small gracile browridges

- flat small cheekbones - small cheek teeth - small gracile browridges

The Pleistocene Overkill hypothesis seeks to explain - the mass bone assemblages in East Africa associated with the first tools - the appearance of more than 10 archaic Homo species in less than 300 KYA - the decreased modern human population after encountering megafauna in the Americas following the arrival of modern humans - the disappearance of megafauna in the Americas following the arrival of modern humans

- the disappearance of megafauna in the Americas following the arrival of modern humans

Feldhofer Cave, Germany, 1856

- the first fossil hominin to receive serious attention from scientists. - found by workers in a cave - signaled a change for anthropology - located in Neander Valley (Neander Tal), near Düsseldorf, Germany - characteristics of remains consisted of a long, low skull and bowed, thick limb bones - studied by Hermann Schaaffhausen at the University of Bonn, reported his findings to German Natural History Society and published in German Scientific Journal. - He described the skull as having archaic features, different from modern humans. - extinct Pleistocene animal skeletal remains found with the human fossil indicate that this human likely lived at same time as these extinct animals.

The ability to build and use watercraft probably evolved very late in Homo sapiens evolutionary history, and was certainly not part of an early archaic Homo sapiens toolkit. Identify the possible explanations for the presence of archaic Homo sapiens sites on Southeast Asian islands such as Java

-Climate change reduced the sea level, allowing archaic Homo sapiens to migrate to these islands via land. -Just as New World primates may have crossed from Africa to South America via ocean currents on natural rafts of vegetation, this migration may have been accidental.

Modern humans

-Distinct anatomical traits of modern humans -Different from those of archaic humans

What makes modern humans modern?

-High, vertical forehead -Round, tall skull -Small browridges -Small face -Small teeth -Projecting chin -More gracile, narrower bones

Most evidence points to the fact that Neandertals had the ability to speak. Select the images below that show direct evidence to support this hypothesis

-Hyloid bone -slashed tooth -DNA strand

Place the following important hominin fossils in chronological order, from oldest to most recent

-Krapina Neandertals -skeleton from Lake Mungo, Australia -"Cro-Magnon Man" -Kennewick Man

Neanderthal Cultural developments: Bodies

-Large game hunters -First to bury their dead -Careful positioning of body -Put into prepared pits -Symbolic behavior

Place in chronological order the material cultures of the Upper Paleolithic.

1. Aurignacian - The Aurignacian is associated with the first anatomically modern humans and is known from 45,000-30,000 yBP. Evidence of symbolic behavior from before this time has been found in Europe, demonstrating that Neandertals used symbols. One of the most famous pieces from this time comes from Chauvet Cave in France, where cave paintings including more than 400 images of late Pleistocene animals have been found. 2. Gravettian - The Gravettian culture, which existed from 30,000-20,000 yBP, contains some of the earliest art in the form of carved figurines. During this time period, the Lagar Velho burial in Portugal was found. The skeleton demonstrates a mosaic of Neandertal and modern human characteristics. 3. Solutrean - The Solutrean dates to 21,000-17,000 yBP and is characterized by fine stone points. 4. Magdalenian - The Magdalenian is the most recent Upper Paleolithic culture, dating to 17,000-12,000 yBP. Artistic works from this time include spectacular cave paintings from Europe, especially France and Spain.

In their analysis of the ___1___ genome, Svante Pääbo and colleagues found similarities in the remains recovered from southern Siberia with living people from populations in ___2___ and China.

1. Denisovan - Beginning in 2010, Svante Pääbo and colleagues analyzed mitochondrial and nuclear DNA from the bones and teeth of a hominin recovered from a cave in southern Siberia and dated to 40,000 yBP. 2. Melanesia - Not all early modern H. sapiens interbred with Neandertals exclusively. Data from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA from Denisovans show similarities with some living populations.

The ___1___ were a group of extinct hominins known from only a few bones and teeth found in Siberia. Genetic evidence suggests that they are related to Homo sapiens and ___2___ Denisovans Cro-Magnons Neandertals.

1. Denisovans - The Denisovan fossil evidence dates to around 40,000 yBP. The Denisovans may be just one of various isolated peoples spread across the European continent at this time. 2. Neandertals - Denisovans are likely late archaic Homo sapiens that share a common ancestor with Neandertals. The Denisovan genome suggests that genetic diversity in Pleistocene Europe is more complex than researchers previously believed.

Here are five ways in which Neandertals and modern Homo sapiens are either similar or different. Indicate whether each observation shows a similarity between Neandertals and modern Homo sapiens or a difference between the two by dragging the term to the appropriate part of the graphic.

1. Evidence for handedness shown by the wear patterns on Neandertal incisors: SIMILAR - Neandertals and modern humans both exhibit handedness, which translates to similar patterns of lateralization in the brain. This may also indicate similar mental abilities, including language. 2. Body Shape-realted adaptations to ambient temperature: DIFFERENT - Neandertals and modern humans have different body shapes. Neandertals are adapted to cold conditions, while modern humans arose in a tropical region. 3. Use of various stone tool technologies: SIMILAR - Both Neandertals and modern humans used Mousterian (Middle Paleolithic) tools. Near the end of Neandertal time, both also used Upper Paleolithic tools. 4. Adaptations to cold environments found in skull: DIFFERENT - Neandertals and modern humans have very different skulls; some of these differences, which include a large nose and presence of infraorbital foramina, reflect Neandertals' adaptation to cold. 5. Anatomical details of the hyoid bone: SIMILAR - The hyoid bone is central to the physical mechanism of speech. Since Neandertals and modern humans have similar hyoid bones, we assume they had similar abilities.

Place the following events in the evolution of modern humans in the correct chronological order, starting with the one that happened first.

1. Human populations began showing regional diversity - Regional diversification occurred after 200,000 yBP, where different populations adapted to the environment and climate that they experienced. 2. Early modern people evolved in Africa - Early modern humans evolved around 200,000-150,000 yBP in Africa. 3. Neandertals occupied much of Europe and western Asia - After 130,000 yBP, an archaic form of H. sapiens called Neandertals occupied much of Europe and western Asia. Neandertals lived in Europe at about the same time that modern humans lived in Africa.

The earliest record of classical Neandertals comes from the site of______ and dates to______

1. Krapina 2. 130000

Put the following important hominin fossils in chronological order, from oldest to most recent.

1. Krapina Neandertal cranium - The finds from Krapina, Croatia are the earliest known Neandertals and date to 130,000 yBP. 2. modern human skulls from Lake Mungo, Australia - The skulls are the first evidence of modern human life in Australia and date to 40,000 yBP. 3. early modern Homo sapiens "Cro-Magnon Man" - The fossils from Cro-Magnon, France date to 30,000-25,000 years ago. They are anatomically modern. 4. Kennewick Man - This Paleoindian skull from Kennewick, Washington, in the United States, dates to 8,400 yBP.

The earliest record of Neandertals comes from the site of __1__ and dates to __2__.

1. Krapina, Croatia - The Krapina fossils were found in a rockshelter and show evidence of cannibalism. 2. 130,000 yBP. - Neandertals coexisted with modern Homo sapiens for at least 3,000 years.

Which model of modern human evolution is depicted in this diagram?

Assimilation model - This is a lot like the Out-of-Africa model, but involves considerable inbreeding and gene flow between local archaic populations and newly arriving modern populations in many (but not necessarily all) regions of the world.

This graph shows the average genetic divergence in several living human populations. The horizontal axis indicates how much variation there is within the sampled group. What does this graph tell us about the evolution of modern humans?

Because most variation is found in Africa and less is found in regions very far from Africa, the Out -of-Africa model is more likely to be correct than the Multiregional model. - The vast majority of variation in humans is found in Africa. Other regions are smaller samples of this great diversity. This indicates that modern humans mainly came from Africa.

Migration to the Americas occurred sometime around 15,000 yBP. The Paleoindians are the group of people associated with the earliest archaeological sites found there. Identify the behaviors of the Paleoindians.

Behaviors of Paleoindians: hunted megafauna - Paleoindians hunted a variety of megafauna, such as mammoths, steppe bison, and reindeer/caribou. Due to the widespread extinction of megafauna by the early Holocene, some have suggested that humans hunted these animals into extinction. A more likely explanation is that climate change led to a reduction in their habitat. Such small numbers of humans likely could not have eliminated so many animals in such a short amount of time. created Folsom points - The Paleoindians are associated with pre-Clovis, Clovis, and Folsom cultures. They hunted with a specialized tool called a Folsom point. Creating this spear point would have called for a high level of skill. Not Behaviors of Paleoindians : created first piece of symbolic art - Symbolic art has been found thousands of years before any known inhabitance of the Americas. interbred with Neandertals - Neandertals are not known to be from the Americas.

Identify the Neandertal traits that evolved to deal with life in relatively cold climates.

Cold-Adapted Neandertal Traits: - increased supply of blood to facial tissues - The body heat that we feel on the surface of our skin is caused by the movement of blood. Increased blood supply can prevent exposed facial surfaces from freezing. a large nasal aperture - A large nasal aperture allows for the spacious sinuses to warm air during breathing. It is also possible that an enlarged nasal aperture is simply a function of having a large face. However, all cold-adapted populations of humans seem to have this feature. a relatively stocky build - Such a build increases the volume of the body in relation to surface area and allows an individual to retain heat. This is a pattern seen around the world today, where human populations have different body shapes that emerged as adaptations to local environments, like in the image below. Not Cold-Adapted Neandertal Traits: - short stature - Adaptation to heat or cold is not always related to a person's height—some heat-adapted populations are quite tall, and some are quite short. Much more important is the width of the body trunk (usually measured at the hips), because the ratio of surface area to body mass is maintained regardless of height.

Which of the following are Neandertal traits that evolved to deal with life in relatively cold climates?

Correct Answer(s) increased supply of blood to facial tissues - The body heat that we feel on the surface of our skin is caused by the movement of blood. Increased blood supply can prevent exposed facial surfaces from freezing. a large nasal aperture - A large nasal aperture allows for the spacious sinuses to warm air during breathing. It is also possible that an enlarged nasal aperture is simply a function of having a large face. However, all cold-adapted populations of humans seem to have this feature. a relatively stocky build - Such a build increases the volume of the body in relation to surface area and allows an individual to retain heat. This is a pattern seen around the world today, where human populations have different body shapes that emerged as adaptations to local environments, like in the image below. Incorrect Answer(s): short stature - Adaptation to heat or cold is not always related to a person's height—some heat-adapted populations are quite tall, and some are quite short. Much more important is the width of the body trunk (usually measured at the hips), because the ratio of surface area to body mass is maintained regardless of height.

The ability to build and use watercraft probably evolved very late in Homo sapiens evolutionary history, and was certainly not part of an early archaic Homo sapiens toolkit. What are some possible explanations for the presence of archaic Homo sapiens sites on Southeast Asian islands such as Java?

Correct Answer(s) : Just as New World Primates may have crossed from Africa to South America via ocean currents on natural rafts of vegetation, though there is no evidence that late Pleistocene humans had the navigational skills or technology to intentionally migrate overseas. - This is possible. Land animals, including many species of mammal, have been known to "raft" from one land mass to the other, presumably as large chunks of land and vegetation are swept into the sea by storms. This is not thought to be common for larger mammals. However, the case of Flores may be an example of this. Climate change allowed them to migrate to these islands. - During the Pleistocene, sea levels rose and fell. As the sea level falls, more of the continental shelf is exposed and many areas of land are connected by land bridges. Incorrect Answer(s): None of these are actually archaic Homo sapiens but a different, island species of human. - Although Homo floresiensis is suggested to be a unique island hominin species, there are many instances where true archaic H. sapiens have been found on remote islands. They evolved independently in those regions. - All the archaic Homo sapiens evolved from preexisting Homo erectus or migrated into the areas where they are found.

Which of the following are correct statements about the remarkable hominin find at Flores, Indonesia?

Correct Answer(s) : This hominin is known as Homo floresiensis. - The name of this species comes from its locality. This hominin is sometimes referred to as the "hobbit" because of its small size. - People who live in the vicinity of this find have a traditional belief that the forest was once inhabited by tiny people. Incorrect Answer(s): This hominin provides evidence to support the hypothesis that premodern Homo sapiens did not have seafaring technology. - Homo floresiensis is found in a region that could only be reached from Asia by boat. Although no direct evidence has been found, it is most likely that early premodern Homo sapiens did have seafaring technology. All anthropologists are certain that this hominin is a form of modern Homo sapiens. - Only some anthropologists believe that Homo floresiensis is a modern human. Another group of anthropologists believe that the remains found on Flores were different enough to warrant belonging to their own unique, dwarfed human species. Explanation: The Flores find is one of the most interesting recent developments in paleoanthropology. The image below compares a modern human skull with that of the Flores hominin. Researchers are searching for more evidence of small hominins in the region.

Many Neandertal sites contain individuals that seem to have been intentionally buried. This image shows an intentional burial from the site La-Chapelle-aux-Saints in France. What characteristics of the find led anthropologists to the conclusion that this individual was buried purposefully?

Correct Answer(s): The skeleton was found in a pit. - Digging a pit shows intent to bury a person in a specific place. Neandertal sites in Belgium, France, Israel, and Iraq, among others, exhibit this practice. The skeleton shows a fetal-oriented posture. - This flexed posture is a very common early human burial practice. The hands and arms were carefully positioned, and the bodies were typically on their sides or backs. Incorrect Answer(s): The rocks around the skeleton are all of one specific type. - Anthropologists have not found any evidence that these rocks contain any particular meaning. The remains are charred. - There is no evidence that this body was burnt. The skeleton itself does not appear to have been altered physically.

The Shanidar 1 Neandertal had an injury that may have caused blindness, arthritic feet, and a missing right forearm. Its anterior teeth were severely worn at a steep angle. Which of the following statements describe this individual's life?

Correct Answer(s) : This individual likely used his teeth to compensate for a missing arm and hand. - Anterior tooth wear is found on many Neandertals, indicating the use of the teeth as a tools. Anterior tooth wear is also found in other groups, including recent Inuit/Eskimo people. However, the wear is more extensive in this individual. Others must have cared for this individual in order for him to survive. - This specimen indicates that altruistic social interaction was present in Neandertals. All of these injuries occurred long before this individual passed away. This individual's injuries represent a common occurrence among Neandertal populations. - The majority of Neandertal skeletons have injuries. The fact that many, such as this individual, show healed injuries may be evidence of altruistic social interaction in Neandertals. Incorrect Answer(s): These injuries caused this individual's death and were likely the result of violence or damage caused by dangerous activities. - This individual is thought to have lived with these injuries for some time before death. Also, this Neandertal was buried, suggesting ceremony or ritual. These injuries occurred postdeath and have no value in interpreting the individual's life history. - Observation of postinjury changes in the bone indicates that injuries healed before the death of the individual.

It is thought that Neandertals were assimilated through interbreeding with early modern Homo sapiens. Which of the following is evidence for this?

Correct Answer(s) : the overlap in DNA between modern humans and Neandertals - This overlap indicates that Neandertals were not simply replaced by modern H. sapiens. It was only discovered after the successful application of modern DNA technology the presence of archaic (Neandertal) and modern anatomical characteristics in some late Pleistocene European skeletons - There are several seemingly archaic features found in modern Homo sapiens in the region where Neandertals were common. Incorrect Answer(s): the practice of intentional burial - This is a cultural practice and does not necessarily indicate that these two groups of early humans interbred. similarity in stone tool technology used by contemporary Neandertals and modern Homo sapiens - Tool technologies were similar in large areas of Africa and Europe despite a great diversity of archaic and modern Homo sapiens living there.

Which of the following are correct statements about the Out-of-Africa and Multiregional Continuity models?

Correct Answer(s), Correctly Describes These Models: The Multiregional Continuity model emphasizes the importance of gene flow across population boundaries and upholds that separate species of humanity never arose. - Multiregional Continuity requires a great deal of regional difference between humans across the world, both in physical appearance and genetics, which is only partly dampened by interbreeding or gene flow. The Out-of-Africa model explains the single species of living humans by emphasizing a single origin of modern people and eventual replacement of archaic H. sapiens throughout Africa, Asia, and Europe. - The Out-of-Africa model was originally proposed to explain the lack of variation in living humans, a feature that the competing Multiregional Continuity model did not explain well. Incorrect Answer(s), Does Not Correctly Describe These Models: The Multiregional Continuity model suggests that modern humans evolved in Africa, migrated to Europe, and then interbred with Neandertals. - This describes the Assimilation model for human migration. The Out-of-Africa model requires that local populations in Europe and Asia interbred and exchanged genes with newly arriving populations from Africa. - The Out-of-Africa model explains the lack of genetic and physical variation in modern humans by asserting that all humans had a single region of ancestry—Africa.

Which of the following is a correct statement about Ngandong, the fossil site in Asia?

Correct Answer(s), Describes Site of Ngandong: Only braincases with the faces missing were found at this site. - The lack of the remaining skull materials hampers our understanding of hominins from this geographic area. Multiple skulls with brain sizes between Homo erectus and Homo sapiens were found at this site. - The brain size of one of the specimens is 1,100 cc, within the range of early archaic humans. However, the brains exhibit some H. erectus traits, like a long, low braincase and massive browridge. Incorrect Answer(s), Does Not Describe Site of Ngandong: It is located in China. - Ngandong is on the island of Java and is one of the most distant localities from Africa where we have fossil evidence of early humans. It is an important Neandertal site. - The Neandertal range does not include this part of Asia.

Some scientists suggest that the Neandertals and modern humans interbred during the few thousand years that they overlapped in Europe and western Asia. Which of the following support this theory?

Correct Answer(s): Neandertal and human nuclear DNA sequences - The results of this investigation showed that Neandertals and Eurasian humans share about 1-4% of their nuclear DNA, suggesting that they interbred. anatomical characteristics - Modern humans share some traits with Neandertals, such as a high nasal angle and lateral location of the cheeks. Incorrect Answer(s): mtDNA in Neandertals and humans - These comparisons show similarity between Neandertal skeletons and dissimilarity between Neandertals and humans, suggesting that there was no gene flow. ability of Neandertals and humans to speak - The ability to speak does not necessarily mean that humans and Neandertals interbred.

Krapina is an unusual Neandertal site with some interesting characteristics. Which of the following statements about Krapina are correct? Alternate wording of same question: Krapina is an unusual Neandertal site with some interesting characteristics. Identify the correct statements about Krapina.

Correct Answer(s): The Krapina Neandertals have relatively large incisors and relatively small cheek teeth. - The Krapina front teeth are some of the largest in human evolution. Quite a few of the highly fragmented bones from Krapina have clear cutmarks, indicating butchery. - The location and pattern of cutmarks on the Krapina Neandertal bones are identical to those on animal bones found at the site. The strategic placement of these cutmarks on both human and animal bones indicates that these people ate animal and human tissue. Possible evidence for cannibalism has also been found at the Moula-Guercy cave in southeastern France and at El Sidrón in northern Spain. Even though the site was excavated more than a century ago, it was excavated very carefully. - Croatian paleontologist Dragutin Gorjanović-Kramberger took careful notes on where the fossils and tools were found, especially when it came to recording the stratigraphic location. Incorrect Answer(s) Most of the Krapina Neandertal remains are whole bones in nearly complete skeletons. - The collection of Krapina Neandertals is highly fragmented.

Which of the following anatomical characteristics of modern humans distinguish them from archaic humans?

Correct Answer(s): a narrow body trunk - A narrow body trunk goes along with overall body shape adaptations to a tropical climate, like in this image. Since modern humans are thought to have originated in Africa, they developed this trait. long legs - Long legs go along with overall body shape adaptations to a tropical climate, as seen in this image. Since modern humans originated in Africa, they would have been adapted for high temperatures. Incorrect Answer(s): large teeth - Modern humans relied less on their teeth and chewing muscles to process food, likely due to tool use. short arms - The change in arm length of modern humans mirrors that of the change in leg length.

Which of the following developments took place during the evolution of Homo sapiens?

Correct Answer(s): burial of the dead - We know that modern humans often bury their dead, and there are numerous Neandertal skeletons that appear to have been intentionally buried as well. language - Human language is an important feature of our species, but it is difficult to know when it first evolved or what early versions of language may have been like. Anthropologists do not know when spoken communication began, but at least one Neandertal had the vocal anatomy consistent with speech. advanced tool technology, diversification of diet, and symbolism - Most key traits that are unique to modern humans emerged in Africa first. Incorrect Answer(s): widespread cannibalism - While cannibalism likely occurred early in our evolutionary history, it was not widespread.

Which of the following were important reasons for early modern people to move into new areas?

Correct Answer(s): local disappearance of food resources - When resources are less available, competition increases. deteriorating climate - Climate change can effectively reduce availability of resources. increased competition with neighbors for resources - If less food is available or the population increases, groups are likely to move to a different area where there might be more food available. local population increase - Population increase effectively reduces availability of resources. Incorrect Answer(s): improving climate - Improving climate increases available resources and reduces competition. People do not migrate if they have easy access to uncontested food.

Africa has been continuously occupied by the genus Homo since 4.8 MYA True False

False

Identify the fossil represented in the graphic.

an archaic Homo sapiens from Kabwe - This is one of several individuals found in the Kabwe (Broken Hill) lead mine in Zambia.

This graphic shows three dramatically different concepts that attempt to explain the evolution of modern Homo sapiens. Identify the model that suggests modern human evolution happened regionally, stressing the importance of gene flow between groups.

center chart: 1 stem with 5 vertical branches

Native Americans share the most haplogroups with people from which region? Identify the correct answer on the image

china/russia region

What other developments took place in H. sapiens' evolution?

• More advanced tools, diet diversification, and symbolism appeared first in Africa and later in Europe and Asia. • Neandertals were likely capable of articulate speech. • Neandertals and contemporary humans were the first species to intentionally bury their dead. • Fully modern humans migrated to Australia by 40,000 yBP and to North and South America by 15,000 yBP. • Modern human populations globally have evolved in significant ways morphologically since the Late Pleistocene, as established by the ancient DNA record. • Gene flow occurred among early modern humans, Neandertals, and Denisovans in Europe and Asia.

How has variation in fossil H. sapiens been interpreted?

• The Out-of-Africa model argues that modern H. sapiens migrated from Africa to Asia and Europe, replacing native late archaic H. sapiens, including Neandertals. • The Multiregional Continuity model argues that modern H. sapiens arose regionally in each of the three inhabited continents: Africa, Asia, and Europe. • Physical characteristics and DNA in fossils support the Assimilation model, which argues that Neandertals in Europe and Asia were assimilated through admixture with early modern H. sapiens (who originated in Africa) and did not go extinct.