ANS 42 Midterm

Pygmy Hedgehogs what are they considered as ? what do they eat ? what should you avoid in captivity? what can this cause? what should you avoid?

Limited commercial diets • Insectivore but also eats snails, snakes, worms • In captivity, avoid sole diet of insects • Can induce calcium phosphorus imbalance and problems with bones -metabolic bone disease -calcium deficient

Pocket pet nutrition ferret- hamster- mini pig- mouse- gerbil- chinchilla- rabbit- pygmy hedgehog- Hamster with full cheeks pouches. can carry large quants of food in pouches

ferret- carnivore hamster-omnivore mini pig-omnivore mouse-omnivore gerbil-granivore chinchilla-herbivore rabbit- herbivore pygmy hedgehog- insectivore Hamster with full cheeks pouches can carry large quants of food in pouches

what impacts teeth abnormalities?

genetics proper food

if a body conserves more water, there will be less

unrination leading to less ammonia and less odor

Summary - Freshwater Ornamentals how much volume and how much value high value fish are? including? imported from? domestic culture occurs?

• 90% volume, 75% value • Imports: Farm-raised and imported from Southeast Asia, India and South America • High value fish are egg layers including exotic goldfish, discus, and arowana • Domestic culture occurs in Florida & Hawaii in outdoor ponds

what can impact malocclusion and & lack of tooth wear? what does it result in?

diet Malocclusion and/or lack of wearing down of teeth results in slobbers, wet fur, distress, inability to eat as shown in this chinchilla.

Basic Biology •Animal Activity diurnal nocturnal Crepuscular Rodents and teeth Tooth design are rabbits rodents?

diurnal- during the day. nocturnal- during the night Crepuscular-Crepuscular animals are active at dawn and dusk continuously growing incisors and in some species molars hard enamel in the front and soft dentin in the back of tooth beveled edge look at pic no but teeth still grow continuously

Guinea pig diet supplement examples how much mg/liter ? prepared how often ?

sources of vitamin fresh commercial diet cabbage or kale oranges or green pepper ascorbic acid in water -200-400 mg/liter -prepare daily

Proteins Proteins—made of chains of amino acids cats require more protein in diet ? what are excess amino acids used for? what part of the module is used as energy ? what group must be excreted what is is called? lipids and proteins can be energy what type of diets make kidneys work harder? how do fish, bird reptiles , and mammals excrete ammonia?

Amino portion has Nitrogen Cats require MORE protein in its diet Obligate carnivore • Excess amino acids used for energy • Must remove the amino group first • The carbon part of the molecule is used as energy • The amino group must be excreted as it is toxic (ammonia) • The kidneys process the amino group—high protein diets will make kidneys work harder • Fish excrete the ammonia across the gills and it goes into the water • Birds and Reptiles excrete ammonia as uric acid‐‐a solid • Mammals excrete ammonia as urea—liquid

Earliest known ancestral fossil of birds

Archaeopteryx LOOK AT PICTURE

Basic biology for pocket pets includes? what kind of paws when are they awake what do they need? foot form what type of body?

Dextrous paws •Often burrowers (tubular body) Shorter legs •Often nocturnal •Need a hide spot plantigrade

Lipids and Fatty Acids what do fatty acids increase? what are symptoms of fatty acid deficiencies?

Dogs highly sensitive to fatty acids •Fatty acids increase the palatability of food—dogs highly sensitive to fatty acids •Deficiencies in essential fatty acids—think about what fatty acids do •In furred creatures, impact on cell membranes—dry and flaky skin, lackluster coats •Reproduction reduced or sterile •Vision, neurological disruptions •for cats—without arachidonic acid, listless, flaky skin, reduced fertility, increased infections (reduced immune function)

What is the most popular pet ? fresh water or salt water What number is it in ownership? what is the aquarium industry? The gloabl aquarium industry is worth____ What was the rice fish culture ?

Fish #3 in pet owner ship the industry is to sell aesthetics billions 1, 4, 7.2 or 15 its hard to tell because its so broken up into different compartments fish would help production of rice, they would prevent parasites, and their fecal matter would be fertilizer.

Management related problems management what can limit feeding also decrease? What do high fiber diets decrease? or correct?

-Certain species spit food up the water sipper tubes contaminating water -zecker rat prove to obesity research rat to study obesity if feed snake over fat mouse, too much fat can be given to snake -appropriate food, water set up • Limit feeding, in addition to controlling food intake, decreases fecal and urinary soiling of food • Provide high fiber diets to those animals that require fiber. It decreases hair chewing, can correct obesity, controls digestive upsets, and helps keep teeth properly worn down.

Modern Home Marine Aquarium Key to the industry developing 2: for saltwater tanks

-Silicone rubber (1950's) do not rust -Artificial salt mixes (1960's) makes saltwater

Commercial Rodent Diets characteristics? are they considered an appropriate feed?

-not appealing but accepted -complete nutrient profile -hard so good for teeth yes

Advantages of rice and fish culture 2 Carp symbolism what were the two crap species ? what did they domesticate to? which Carp was the earliest ?

1) 10 - 20 % increase in rice yields 2) significant increase in fish consumption wealth, luck, happiness, good fortune, and prosperity Common Carp(Cyprinus carpio) - koi Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio)- Goldfish earliest

Development of the Modern Home Aquaria 1,2.,3 - - what do Aquatic plants do? Sourcing of tropical fish- how many fish are transported, where do they start? Community tanks

1) Understanding of biological filtration a "balanced" aquarium (1850's) 2) Electrification of homes (1920's) 3) Air transportation,plastic bags,compressed O2 (WWII →) • Aeration- Airstones- Subgravel filters • Immersion heaters- Tropical species(75 - 80°F) •Remove nitrogen • Enhance fish habitat • Enhance aesthetic value 2 billion live fish/yr. are transported start at farming areas then transported to pet stores Community tanks put fish from all around the world in one tank

Nutrients—6 categories

1. Water •Essential—first and foremost nutrient •Simplest •Absence results in death •Avg mammal ~60% water •2. Vitamins •Organic molecules (as compared to inorganic like minerals in the next category—organic molecules have carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen elements) •Assist in vital body functions (e.g., enzyme reactions and blood clotting) •Some are fat soluble (Vitamin A, D, E, and K)—fat in diet, stored in body fat •Some are water soluble (Vitamin B and C)—dissolve in water and excreted in urine •~14 of vitamins are essential across species •3. Minerals •Inorganic molecules•Assist in vital body functions (e.g., enzyme reactions, nerve transduction, muscle contraction, hormone production) •Provide strength and structure (e.g., calcium in bones) •~20 minerals are essential across species •4. Fat/Lipid•Provides energy in the diet •Storage form of energy in the body •The basis of cellular membranes •Metabolic processes and signaling •Hormone precursors •Provides insulation •Aid in absorption of fat soluble vitamins •Some fats are essential 5. Protein • Provides building blocks for muscle and tissue (growth and maintenance) • Enzymes, hormones, cell signaling • Large molecules made of chains of individual amino acids • Digestion breaks down the chains into the individual amino acids • ~ 8 amino acids are essential for all animals (dogs have 10, cats 11) • Excess dietary protein used as an energy source 6. Carbohydrate • Provides energy • Large molecules made of chains of individual sugar molecules • Digestion breaks down the chains into the individual sugar molecules—primarily glucose in our pet diets • Complex carbohydrates are broken down and released into the blood stream more slowly than the simple sugar (an apple vs a soda)

Ferret GI tract transit time what type ? why ?

3-4 hr transit time simple

Birds GI tract do birds digest food slowly or quickly ? why? what is the proventriculus? what is the quizzard? what is the ceca, what's it purpose? where is the fermentation? what does it produce? what is the crop, what is its purpose?

Birds digest foods rather quickly to keep weight down: parrot digest grains in 40 mins to 1.5 hours and 15 mins to 1 hour for fruit Proventriculus is their glandular stomach, secreting acids Gizzard is a muscular to grind the food Birds have ceca too for the fermentation (in hind gut) of fiber eaten, produces VFA crop allows storage of food, greatly expands, if empty it sends a hunger signal.

Don't feed companion animals... what does it contain? what does it affect ?

Chocolate why? Contains THEOBROMINE • Diuretic (increases urine production and water loss) • Related to caffeine • Neurotoxin affecting heart rate and central nervous system • Metabolized much more slowly in dogs, cats, horses & birds (likely pocket pets) -longer acting • Different levels of tolerance due to genetic variability • Dark chocolate higher theobromine concentration than milk chocolate • 20 lb dog: 2 oz baking chocolate or 1 lb milk chocolate lethal • Garden mulches may be cocoa based• White chocolate has virtually no theobromine • Chocolate calculators:

Nutrition and Feather Color what are the two methods ? To keep red‐factor canaries red, they must be fed foods rich in.. beta‐carotene- canthaxanthin- what is achromatosis?

Color can come from pigments in food • Color factor canaries • To keep red‐factor canaries red, they must be fed foods rich in , or a mixture of beta carotene and canthaxanthin • Beta‐carotene is a plant pigment (red, orange, yellow)• Canthaxanthin is a natural dye (crustaceans) • Flamingos• To keep flamingos pink, they need canthaxanthinthe color change in shrimp when cooked is due to a different pigment called Astaxanthin which is altered during cooking. High heat causes a conformational change resulting in a pink hue. Color can come from metabolism of food Metabolic Pigments • Most Psittacine Colors • Metabolic pigments are those that the body makes from metabolizing dietary ingredients • Diet deficiencies can be detected by changes in feather color• vs. pigments that are used directly from the diet (such as the dietary ingredient, canthaxanthin, added to make flamingos pink) achromatosis --lacking pigment [a = without; chroma = color; osis = condition or state]There is also a lack of feathering in this quail

why ? Anatomical requirements LOOK AT PIC 97 what is the major requirement? describe the bone structure ? bladder? teeth? jaw ? modification of>>>

General reduction of body weight •Thin skin (fragile, easily damaged) •Modifications to skeleton •Fewer bones—no tail, fewer bones skull and in limbs (bones frequently fused to form a single bone that is more rigid with reduced flexibility) •Thinner bones—skull bones very thin (easily injured if hit glass) •Bones are hollow with struts—some are pneumatic (hollow bones used in respiration) •No bladder—digested waste excreted in a paste as needed (hard to house train) •Lay eggs and reproductive tract only active and developed during reproductive season •No teeth and no heavy jaw bone or jaw muscle •Reduction of body weight •Commitment of forelimb to flight -Bones fused to increase rigidity for flight -Furcula (fused collar bones)—wishbone •Specialization of chest/pectoral muscles for flight •Responsible for the movement of the wings; may be up to 50% of the body weight (bigger wings mean more thrust needed means more muscle weight) •Modification of sternum for chest muscle attachment—the keel

Expansion of Goldfish Culture Goldfish varieties today

Goldfish were highly regarded in Europe. Easy to keep and with their metallic scales they were thought to bring good fortune to a household. Married men often gave their wives a goldfish on their one year anniversary. • Introduction to the United States was recorded in 1874 where they rapidly became popular. • Goldfish development shifted from China around 1900 to Japan where development of new forms was accelerated by using hybridization. Development of new variants still occurring, mainly in China. Selection for things human like

what did graphs represent about the study?

Graph comparing age and mortality when fed diets that differed in the proportion of solids to water in the diet for the growth period of cockatiel chicksThese trials were undertaken in the late 1970's early 1980's when very little was known about pet bird dietary needs. People were feeding all sorts of diets, many deficient and not understanding what the animals needed to thrive. Tom Roudybush started studying cockatiels and doing standard deficiency diet studies that were acceptable at that time. growth of chicks fed different percentages of protein in the dietAlso notice that the growth is not smooth--reflects meal feedings of large and small meals that impacts how rapidly the chicks grow. Cockatiel chick fed 20% protein; normal healthy chick weighing ~ 90 grams at 28 days of age Cockatiel chick fed 15% protein; normal chick weighing ~ 77 grams at 28 days of age Notice the stare? they wanted more protein; constantly sought food—tried to eat freckles off of arms Cockatiel chick fed 10% protein; < 50 grams at 28 daysstunted as indicated by larger head proportions (nutrients prioritizing go to brain making head bigger)

Changing DietSimply switch diet Weigh birds and feed what were the conclusions of group a, b, c

High amounts removed reflect birds tossing feed out and/or consuming it. Low amounts removed reflect lack of interest by the birds in the new feed Different groups of cockatiels responding to diet change. Group C didnʹt adapt to new diet. Group C birds didnʹt recognize the new food as food and preferred to starve. Group A adapted to the new food immediately and group B adapted after a bit. The birds self determined how they responded to the diet.

Digestible how can you tell How digestible is the diet? more produced____ means ____ digestible good quality diet is only __% disgetible

How digestible is the diet? How much fecal matter is produced? More produced means less digestible -more filler calories (less calories) could get idea on quality of diet Even a good quality diet if properly formulated will only be ~50% digestible

what deficiency can be found in quails rats, chickens and turkeys? what can this deficiency cause? what is pathognomic and how does it relate to this deficiency? is this the same for cockatiels? how do bird species differ and similar? what cause achromatosis in cockateils?

Lysine deficiency • an essential amino acid• causes achromatosis in ChickensTurkeysQuailRats Achromatosis in these species is pathognomonic for a deficiency in the amino acid lysine. [patho = disease; gnomonic = to know or to recognize] • That is, the symptom of achromatosis is indicative of a lysine deficiency. • More specifically, if you see achromotosis or lack of pigment in fur or feathers in these species you know it is due to a deficiency in the amino acid lysine. Lysine deficiency DOES NOT cause achromatosisin Cockatiels • Achromatosis in cockatiels due to B vitamin (riboflavin or choline) deficiency • Be careful of extrapolating across species (important in diet formulation); not all birds are the same • Birds may have physical commonalities due to flight but the species differ in nutrition and metabolism • Birds, like many species, need to transition to new diets • As species enter the pet trade, we do not necessarily know what they need for health and longevity

Carnivores, growing animals require? what governs quality?

Require high quality ingredients in the diet • What governs quality? -Type of components that make up the nutrient -Bioavailability (digestibility) of those components—ease of extracting the nutrients from the form the diet provides (eat plastic but not bioavailable

Lipids and Fatty Acids what does this allow? what role do they play? how are the atoms connected ? what are they chains of? what is the acid part ? are single bonds saturated or not saturated ? many doubt bonds are called ? only one double bonds is called? \what do double bonds do? what do saturated and unsaturated influence?

Role in cellular function is critically important (allows molecules cells to talk to each other) •Fatty acids are chains of carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) atoms •The atoms are connected through bonds •End of molecule is a carboxylic acid group with an oxygen (O) atoms—this is the "acid" part •A carbon atom has four possible sites to interact with another atom; when the sites are each bound to a different molecule the fat is called saturated and each bond is said to be a single bond. •A carbon atom has four possible sites to interact with another atom; when the two of the possible binding sites are bound to the same molecule the fat is called unsaturated and those are said to be double bonds. •Double bonds introduce bends and angles into the molecule •When there is only one double bond it is called monounsaturated •When many double bonds it is called polyunsaturated Saturated fats are more solid than those that are unsaturated Increasing temperature will increase fluidity of saturated fats (melted butter) Saturated and unsaturated influences the fluidity of cell membranesReptiles have a high proportion of saturated fats in their cell membranesFish have a high proportion of unsaturated fats in their cell membranes Cartooning the fatty acid into a linear format

domestication of Goldfish Selection of New Forms what were the two dynasties which one kept the fish in vases and what did this cause ? what mutation what was the other dynasty and what did they do? what color was only kept?

Song Dynasty (Common Era 960 -1279) - single species ponds • Only the imperial family and important ministers were allowed to keep goldfish of the gold (yellow) variety, yellow being the imperial color. • Ming Dynasty (Common Era 1368 to 1644) - the golden age of Chinese ceramic goldfish containers • Goldfish also began to be raised indoors, which led to the selection for mutations that would not be able to survive in ponds

Goldfish Culture what dynasty goldfish were considered to be.. what di they genetic mutation do to their color? buddadism_ where located what ?

T'ang dynasty (Common Era 618 - 906) • A genetic mutation inthe Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio) resulted in a gold color rather than the normal silver. These fish were considered to be sacred. • Buddhism ('ponds of mercy') - ponds with fish (including goldfish), turtles and amphibians located in monasteries or on temple grounds

Koi - Japanese "golden carp" how was it domesticated and when

The common carp (Cyprinus carpio) was domesticated in Japan as an ornamental pond species only ~ 200 yrs. ago

Package of hamster food primary ingredients does affco regulate claims for all pet feeds? what is percentage of protein fat and fiber required? for hamsters

This is what a prepared purchased diet listed as ingredients: Rolled barley, whole peanuts, safflower seed, green split pea, kidney bean, corn, sunflower seed, wheat, squash, yellow corn, milo, white millet, oat groats. Diet Labeled as 16% Protein, 9% fat, 14% fiber • Hamsters require: 16‐19% protein, 4‐6% fat, 2.5‐5% fiber • Remember AAFCO does not regulate claims for certain pet feeds • Packaged diet did not do a good job matching the ingredients to the animal's needs—read and know!

knowing the animals history/ ancestor allows us to know about the

basic biology of animal what Diet it needs

life cycle of growing clown fish summary

brood stock > larval process > Growout must raise/ grow fish with plankton since they eat plankton

Protein Quality high- what sources? what does it contain? digestibility? percent low-what sources? what does it contain? digestibility? percent

high - typically animal proteins, contains all essential AA Enough AA for synthesis of non essential AA good digestibility (95%) Low - plant sources limiting amino acids ~ex. grains & low lysine Limited Digestibility (85%) • How easily digestible is the protein into its component acids • Plant proteins such as corn • Types/quantity of amino acids present • it is visible in fecal matter so not that digestible animal doesn't have qualities to digest these plants materials

Rabbit's skeleton is... Rabbit's reflexive action to escape Risk of.... what percent of body weight is skeleton? for cats and rabbits? where is center of gravity ?

lightweight and fragile vertebral fracture (back fracture) and luxation if no surface to push off ofHold them securely to keep rear legs from thrashing ~8% of rabbit's body weight is skeleton vs ~13% of cat's rabbit center of gravity towards front like cat LOOK AT PIC

pet species mammal ? avian ? reptiles ? amphibians?

mammal: species with mammary glands avian: species with feathers (modified scales) Reptiles: species with scales and breathes air fish: species lacking limbs while having gills and living wholly in water amphibians: species having gill-breathing larval stage (juvenile) typically followed by an adult stage that uses lines to live on land but still uses water.

Summary - Marine Ornamentals (aquarium fish) volume ? value how much per pound where are the master imported and exported fish collected from ? US exports from... limited culture with only about ____ species top saltwater ornamental fish exporters:

• <10% volume, >25% value- $ 400 - 600/lb • Most imported & exported marine fish were collected from coral reefs in the wild • Top saltwater ornamental fish exporters: Philippines, Indonesia • US exports from Hawaii and Florida• Limited culture in Florida and Hawaii(only about 30 species presently farmed commercially)

Advantages of Captive Bred, Tank-Raised Fish 7

• Accustomed to people • Already acclimated to aquarium life • Offspring are easier to rear • Always young fish (if caught wild could be older fish) • Exposed to less shipping stress than wild fish • They harbor few internal parasites • Good for the environment

Feeding Methods what are the two? for what animals should you use limit feeding?

• Ad libitum (ad lib) = free choice • Limit feeding = restricted access to food • Use for adult rabbits, ferrets, mini‐pigs (species that will not limit their own intake) • Important to meet nutritional needs while reducing health hazards associated with excess intake

Dietsb describe the diets for an adult & young/growing ? what are nutrients used for? for adults how much energy is provided in diets? percentage ingredients that supply energy?

• Adult • Nutrients for existence (maintenance): breathing, heat generation, heartrate, tissue maintenance/repair • Primary thing your adult pet gets from its diet is ENERGY‐‐~90% of adult diet provides energy • Activity level influences need -Muscle restoration • Young/Growing - Nutrients for existence (maintenance): breathing, heat generation, heartrate -Nutrients for bone, muscle, neurological tissue growth over and above maintenance ~Costly ingredients with all essential nutrients at abundant levels -Ingredients that supply energy • Lipid • Excess protein • Carbohydrate

Parasitic Zoonotics• Toxoplasmosis LOOK AT PIC OF INFECTION PROCESS transmission affect symptoms treatment

• Agent is the protozoa called toxoplasma gondii (significant impact on human health) • Widespread zoonotic worldwide • Transmission: ingestion • Has a complex life cycle with stages that include infective forms and oocysts that form cysts in tissues • Affects: mammals and birds -Cats are a complete host ( humans cannot shed infective forms) ~The parasite can complete all of its lifecycle in a cat ~ The cat can shed infective forms of the parasite in their feces • Animal tissue may have cysts and be ingested (not if meat is cooked correctly) • Symptoms: • puppies and kittens: diarrhea or asymptomatic • Humans: flu like or asymptomatic • Sea otters: lethal neurological damage (feral cats) • Prevention: cook meat, boil water if camping, blood test for antibodies prepregnancy; hygiene with cats • Prevalence in stray cats:• ~30% Korea, 35% Iran, 37% Spain, 39% Australia (Melbourne), 62% in Ohio, >97% in Egypt

Dietary deficiencies *** what animal is the only one that cannot convert the essential amino acid methionine to taurine ? where is taurine found in what animals can have taurine deficiencies? decency symptoms? biggest reason for deficency? dog food cheaper bc it doesnt have higher quality ingredients of taurine

• Another example is the amino acid Taurine• Deficiencies in Cats/obligate carnivores • Taurine found in animal tissues (not plants)• Most animals can convert the essential amino acid methionine to taurine (not cats) • Taurine lost in digestion in feces and high fiber intake increases loss • Appears to be essential for cats/obligate carnivores • Recent studies show supplementation improves human memory, performance • Beverages supplemented with it • May be essential for human neonates? Found in breast milk • Deficiency symptoms (found by UC Davis researchers ) • Decreased reproductive performance • Retinal degeneration and irreversible blindness • Cardiac problems • The biggest reason for deficiency is feeding dog food to cats • Commercial cat food supplemented with taurine plus have animal tissue

AAFCO what does it stand for? what is tis organization responsible for? what stands does it set how re the ingredients listed

• Association of American Feed Control Officials • Organization responsible for standards (or models for regulations) aimed at ensuring that manufacturers provide clear, accurate, and consistent information about animal feed, including pet food (the accuracy of the ingredient lists on feed labels) • Pet food labels (including pet treats) are federally and state regulated • Also sets the standards for nutritional needs (nutritional adequacy) for different life stages (dogs & cats) Ingredients listed in order of abundance (that is proportion and weight) with most abundant, heaviest ingredient first

Culture of Marine Ornamentals: how many out of 800 marine species, are routinely bred in captivity? how many fish species are commercially feasible? what species should you look for ?

• At the moment, only ~100 out of the 800 marine species are routinely bred in captivity. • ~ 30 fish species are commercially feasible (to do easily). • In addition, a number of invertebrates; shrimp, clams, starfish are being cultured • Look for captive bred species and individuals when purchasing because they are more environmentally stable don't need to use cyanide or dynamites to catch them in the wild

Nutrition of Birds who conducted this experiment? what was the study on? are cocktails precocial or altricial? describe the study where were they kept how were they fed? why were they separated? characteristics of health baby cockeil? do birds regulate water well when young ?

• Based on information from Tom Roudybush of Roudybush Bird Feed • He was a graduate student here at UC Davis (1980's) and studied cockatiel nutrition from hatch Handfeeding a newly hatched cockatiel. Remember to allow them to take breaths Hand feeding can accustom the birds to be comfortable with humans baby cockatiels are kept in bags to prevent them from feeding each other during nutrition studies healthy baby cockteil have Shiny pink skin Fat elbows Full crop no "porcupine" stage. Normal developmental stage in which the feathers develop insheaths that are then shed when the feather ismature

Taste Buds what do cats lack and why? carnivores need little because they eat carbs generate? humans: 10,000 dog:1,700 rely on scent and some taste cats 500 cats are susceptible to various medications than dogs.

• Cats lack the ability to detect the taste of sweet (didn't eat that may carbs in wild so they lost that ability) • carbohydrates—carnivores need protein so little intake of carbohydrates • Carbohydrates generate sweet flavor • Cats because they are obligate carnivores rely upon their food for many nutrients—many more "essential" nutrients needed Cats have jettisoned pathways redundant to those in their food items.

Rabbit diets characteristics? is feed pellet harder to guineas or rabbits? are rabbits sensitive to changes in diets?

• Commercial Rabbit diets available • High quantities of hay/fiber • Harder feed pellet relative to Guinea pigs (needed to wear down teeth) • Sensitive to dietary changes advise to not feed that scoop up that has no bas and label cause don't know how old

Ferret Diets what chow can be used for ferret? what are possible issues?

• Commercial diets available • Dog or cat chow can be used • BUT Watch for adequate nutrient levels

Commercial rations for Mini‐Pig should you grow fast if you can?

• Commercial rations specific for mini‐pigs • Do not use conventional hog feed inadequate mineral and vitamin content, and designed for rapid, maximal growth Good for food to put on weight market, not a pet mini pig.

Nutritional excesses

• Excess Calories •Obesity • Overfeeding (excess dietary nutrients stored as fat) • Check to feel ribs • Study by Purina: thinner dogs & dogs on restricted diets had increased longevity (~15% or 2 years)...if a feed company recommends meal feeding, pay attention) Nutritional Excess• Excess Calories •Obesity • In Britain, owners found guilty of causing unnecessary suffering of an animal in 2007 • Study in West Germany • Owners with strong bond to dog (talked to dog..) • Owners interpreted any dog interaction as a request for food • Dogs eating habits reflected owners' eating habits 154 lbs! why is fat bad? •Exacerbates complex genetic traits Osteochondritis dissecans = articular cartilage flakes off [Osteo=bone, chodr=cartilage, itis= inflammation, dissec=cut in pieces/dissect]• Hip dysplasia [dys=abnormal/difficult, plasia=formation] =Hip dysplasia = ball joint of femur does not fit well into socket of pelvis • Nutrition = environment • Genetic susceptibility for joint and skeletal abnormalities • Nutrition effects on skeletal growth is during active growth. • Hip dysplasia and OCD are potentiated by excess calories during the growth phase—bone cannot reinforce for rapid body weigh increases If fed puppy too much body weight is too great to allow bone to adapt which its why larger dogs have hip dysplasia Skeleton problems reflect too many calories • Avoid rapid maximal body growth in large breeds • Affects mixed and purebred dogs equally • Hip dysplasia observed in cats, OCD in horses, dogs, cats

Use Supplements & Treats sparingly examples? what happens if there's too much water content in the diet? what are issues that can occur when given too much supplements ? Too high in sugar can lead to tooth decay what are they low in?

• Fresh fruits, vegetables, and grass are good but they have high moisture content (too much = diarrhea) • Animals will eat treats to the exclusion of their balanced diet and deficiencies can occur (mini‐pigs like oreo cookies) • Can lead to obesity (excess energy stored as adipose) • Too high in sugar can lead to tooth decay • Seeds and nuts • Low in essential vitamins, protein, & minerals (in some cases) • High in calories and fat

Digestion what does the GI tract reflect ? animals that take in large chunks of food have a very strong acid stomach to digest it shake needs to be warm to digest food teeth ? what composition of a body? composition can give insight into dietary needs? simpler tracts with concentrated nutrients have can temp affect digestion ?

• GI Tract structure reflects diet—simpler tracts reflect diets with concentrated nutrients and more complex tracts reflect volume of dietary input having more dilute nutrients components Teeth • Humans and plant eating animals have teeth for chewing • Dog and cat mouths are designed for ripping, shredding, gulping • Stomach acids in these species are very strong to cope with larger chunks of tissue • GI Tract structure reflects diet— • Simpler tracts reflect diets with concentrated nutrients and shorter transit time • More complex tracts reflect volume of dietary input having more dilute nutrients components and longer transit time • Temperature can affect digestive rates

Collection of Fish from Coral Reefs issues? examples for

• Issues: - Degradation of reefs due to physical damage by collectors & gear - Degradation from cyanide & other poisons - Loss of biodiversity & changes in reef ecology cyanide puts fish to sleep dynamite stuns fish and they float to the top of the water

Energy storage forms what are the three? per gram do energy and carbs provide same amount of energy? for lips and fat do they provide more energy than protein or carbs? if so how much?

• Lipid, protein, carbohydrate • Per gram protein and carbohydrate provide same amount of energy • Lipid/fat provides 2.25 times MORE energy per gram than protein or carbohydrate • If you were to store energy in your body as protein or carbohydrate, you would have to store 2.25 times more in body weight

Reef tank includes or harbors what doe live rock do? and what does it become ?

• Live rock- Coral (or synthetic base) harboring a variety of corals, algae, sponges and other invertebrates. - Live rock also hosts both aerobic and anaerobic nitrifying bacteria, becomes the main biological filter of a saltwater aquarium

Growing animals what are proteins necessary for in the body? how digestible are they ? do their Diest tend to be more or les expensive ?

• Need high quality dietary ingredients: • Proteins providing amino acids necessary for bone, muscle, nerve development • Easily digestible because digestive tracts with rapid throughput (e.g., simpler tracts) need to extract the nutrients quickly • Quality diets tend to be more expensive -have more expensive ingredients beyond just providing energy

Facility Profile what is the largest marine ornamental hatchery in north America? it has how much discharge ?

• Oceans Reefs & Aquarium (ORA) inc.www.orafarm.comFt. Pierce, Florida • ORA is the largest marine ornamental hatchery in North America. • Zero discharge facility with hatcheries, nurseries, covered raceways, and greenhouses.

Viral Zoonotics • Western Equine Encephalomyelitis affects what animals / humans ? why is asymoctic symptoms morality rate ? treatment transmission:

• Transmission: Mosquito bite spreads virus (bites horse then horse bites humans) • Affects: Many animals (including reptiles and amphibians) though only horses show symptoms• Symptoms: All except horses and humans are asymptomatic • Asymptomatic (a=without without symptoms) Symptoms: Horses exhibit encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) symptoms such as unsteady gait, lack of coordination; mortality 20‐30% (up to 50%) in horses • Human threat: Children < 1 yr of age due to inflammation of the brain with permanent neurological damage if they recover (mortality rates 3‐4%) -regional • Treatment: no specific treatment, merely supportive care with fluids, etc.• Prevention: vaccination

Nutritional Excesses onions contain what that creates desirable flavor but when given to dog it can cause rupturing of___ does cooking destroy it? do domesticated or wild opinions have more alkaliod? what is an example of any ideal food of nutritional quality? what his the compound called that protects the developing embryo ?

• Onions contain an alkaloid (resistant to heat) (n‐propyl disulfide) that creates desirable flavor but causes hemolytic anemia hemo = blood; lytic = rupture/destruction; an = without; emia = blood• Darkened urine, fever, lack of oxygen• 1.2 oz can be fatal to a 15 lb dog (rupturing of blood cells so no oxygen can be carried) • Cooking does not destroy the compound—ingestion of cooked onions is still a problem • Domesticated onions have more of the alkaloid—humans selected for the flavor & enhanced the trait • Ideal food in terms of nutritional quality: egg An egg contains ALL the materials to develop a neonate (perfect proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, etc) • But they also contain compounds to protect the developing embryo such as.... Avidin plants can be domesticated

Spread of Goldfish Culture permissible characteristics ? where did this culture spread and when? temp of water how often was water change and how much ?

• Permissible Characteristics - Freshwater - Coldwater (~ 68oF) - Omnivorious(formulated goldfish food + greens) - Non-aggressive - Hardy; change 25% of the water every 1 or 2 weeks Spread to Europein the 1600s Overall pretty easy to keep

Deficiencies *** how can they arise most health problems in lizards and turtles are higher quality of overall diet with high quality fat had affects such as

• Problems arise with deficiencies due to buying inexpensive diets (also for carnivores) • Dietary deficiencies are management (husbandry) problems • Most health problems in lizards and turtle due to dietary deficiencies Deficiencies• Commercial diets formulated for many species are NOT governed by AAFCO; e.g. bird food; claims of complete and balanced....• Deficiencies reflect husbandry/management problem:• Cats (or sharks despite Disney) are NOT vegetarians • Study of quality of food on dog behavior in public shelter • higher quality of overall diet with high quality fat and increased % animal derived protein • Reduced anxiety in behavioral tests, reduced escape attempts, reduced stress yawning

Excess avidin can cause biotin deficiency does cooking destroy advin? protein of quality is high or low?

• Protein quality of eggs very high • Cooking denatures (destroys) avidin • Cooking eggs reduces salmonella danger and eliminates avidin concern • Although Biotin is also in the egg yolk it may not compensate for the avidin amounts in the white (very true for many lizards)

Guinea Pigs what do they require? what is it ? can it depleted in anyway ? what type of diet do they need? what is the name of vitamin c deficiency? what are the symptoms?

• REQUIRE Vitamin C therefore for guinea pigs Vitamin C is an essential vitamin (Vit C also called ascorbic acid on labels) • Vitamin C is a natural antioxidant so can be depleted by rancidification/oxidation of diet ingredients • Vitamin C is heat labile and light sensitive (increases its interaction with oxygen) • Diet pellets for guinea pigs need to be softer than pellets for rabbits Scurvy (Vitamin C deficiency) Swollen joints, bleeding under skin, cries, loose teeth, inactivity (occurs w/in 12 day) Symptoms resolved and health restored by providing Vitamin C; recovery in ~ 1 week

Fungal Zoonotics transmission affect symptoms treatment where can you find the rig worm on humans cats dogs mice how long can the \ spores live in the environment? what does it do under black lights ?

• Ringworm (Dermatophytosis) • Transmission: direct contact or fomites • It is NOT a worm but due to a fungus • Affects: dogs, cats, rodents, livestock, birds • Moist environments (fomites) • Symptoms: raised circular ring on skin, scaly, itchy• Cats on their heads• Dogs trunk • Mice heads and body (differs from barbering)• Human anywhere • Transmission: direct contact or fomites • Treatment: • topical fungicides •it's "self limiting" (~ 4 months in humans) • Reinfection prevalent • Spores can live in the environment 18 months • Very contagious • Prevention: • dilute bleach 1:10 for surfaces and inanimate objects (kills >80% of fungal spores)• Fluoresces green under a black light

Parasitic Zoonotics• Worms what are the 3 ? what do each do ? symptoms transmission treatment

• Tapeworms, hookworms, pentastomida (fish, reptiles) • Transmission: ingestion • Symptoms • Tapeworms—block digestion • Hookworms—migrate to lungs (pneumonia‐like symptoms) or skin (itchy) • Pentastomida—migrate to lungs or forms cysts throughout body • Treatment: • Anthelmintic drugs or surgery

Viral Zoonotics • Rabies time frame of infection symptomology what does it reflect in brain ? once symptoms expressed how do we get a definitive diagnosis? prevention ? what is the vaccine called? is the post exposure vaccination regimen very effective ?

• Time Frame of infection • Deeper the wound• Closer to the brain (faster progress) • In dogs/cats 2‐8 weeks but can be as long as 6 months (1 year in a human) • Symptomology—reflects replication in brain and brain damage • Prodromal—anxiety, nervousness, temperament changes • Excitatory (aka Furious Rabies)—excitement, aggression, and "hydrophobia"—this stage can last up to 10 days (painful to drink ) • Paralytic—limbs and body become paralyzed including lungs—respiratory failure and death • Once symptoms expressed, >99% certain death (3 people have survived with extreme medical intervention) • Definitive diagnosis—necropsy (autopsy) of animal and evaluation of the brain • Prophylaxis—vaccination for pets; humans only those at high risk; post exposure vaccination regimen very effective

Viral Zoonotics • Newcastle disease transmission symptoms human threat treatment prevention

• Transmission: Aerosols • Affects: Primarily domestic fowl (ducks and geese more resistant) • Symptoms: depressed growth, tremors, respiratory impairment, mortality varies from 1%‐>90% in the birds • Human threat: conjunctivitis and flu symptoms (conjunctiva = eye membranes; itis = infection of) • Treatment: none • Prevention: vaccination

Bacterial Zoonotics• Psittacosis (Parrot Fever) due to Chlamydia psittaci (parrot species group) bacteria transmission affect symptoms treatment

• Transmission: Aerosols (inhale it) • Affects: Birds (though recently isolated in cats) • Symptoms in birds: asymptomatic to ruffled feathers to diarrhea and respiratory infection; stress causes increased progression of disease. • Human threat: generally asymptomatic but can cause flu (and death in older individuals) with pneumonia frequent complication • Treatment: tetracyclines (diet)• Prevention: hygiene/cleaning

Bacterial Zoonotics• Salmonella prevention treatment affects symptoms transmission what type of animals have the most severe form ?

• Transmission: ingestion • Affects: All animals • 1‐3% of domestic animals (cattle, dogs, cats, etc.)• ~ 37% of reptiles in Washington zoo had it • Symptoms in animals: asymptomatic to gastoenteritis (stomach flu) can cause high mortality • Human threat: gastroenteritis and can lead to dehydration in the old and young • Treatment: antibiotics and in humans often "self limiting" immune system can knock disease out on it own (treat disease get rid of source) • Prevention: treat and delete; vaccines exist but not practical• Typhoid fever is a salmonella serovar • CDC estimates Salmonella bacteria cause • 1.35 million infections • 26,500 hospitalizations • 420 deaths in the United States every year •Sources: food (onions, peanuts, vegetables, meat, eggs)—proper cooking kills bacteria Reptiles • Reptile form more severe—leading to more hospitalizations• FDA banned sales of turtles with carapaces < 4" diameter • Recommend no reptiles in preschools or early grades• (Reptiles also carry the Clostridium bacteria which release the botulism toxin—Clostridium has high impact on human infants)

Bacterial Zoonotics• Bartonella hensalae (cat scratch fever or bartonellosis) transmission affect symptoms treatment

• Transmission: scratch or bite • Cats harbor bacteria in saliva (licks paws that leave bacteria on claws) • Usually asymptomatic in cats (33‐50% of cats shown to have been infected) • Human threat: swollen lymph nodes, fever, rash • Treatment: in humans often "self limiting" (2‐6 months) • Prevention: kitties indoors, avoid rough play, wash and clean wounds and if necessary apply ointment to scratches

Summary understand improper nutrition look for read buy store

• Understand the special needs of non‐traditional species • Improper nutrition leads to health problems • Look for expiration dates on feed packages • Read the labels of the feed • Buy feed in small quantities • Store food properly (freeze?)

Zoonotics‐‐Prevention

• Use common sense • Do NOT clean cages, tanks, etc where you prepare food • Use proper hygiene (wash your hands, don't chew nails after gardening) • Don't share food with your pet • Keep pets vaccinated • Check for parasites • Don't put things in your mouth • Don't get rid of your pet because of zoonotics

Zoonoses are categorized based on their causative agents list them... Zoonotics tend to have greatest and most significant impact on...

• Zoonoses are categorized based on their causative agents :• Viral (disease transmitted by viruses which reproduce only in living cells) • Bacterial (disease transmitted by bacteria which are single cell organisms) • Fungal (disease transmitted by fungi) • Parasitic (disease caused by organisms; these include protozoa or worms) • Zoonotics tend to have greatest and most significant impact on young, old, and immunocompromised humans.

Zoonotic def methods of transmissions transplantation examples: what are fomites? zooanthroponosis def -

• Zoonoses or Zoonotics are diseases transmitted from animals to humans andthese diseases pose a particular threat to human health • Method of transmission includes Bites or scratches, environment, direct contact, ingestion, transplantation, blood transfusions, inhalation - Transplantation examples:(person infected by animal dies and has organ transplant) ~Lymphocytic choriomeningitis from a hamster owned by the person who died ~Rabies due to the person who died being bitten by a bat (the person did not die of rabies) • Infectious agents on inanimate objects are called "fomites" (objects able to carry bacteria) transmission of disease from humans to animals EX) tuberculosis/humans metapheumovirus/respiratory virus

Viral Zoonotics• Rabies• Transmission— Viral Zoonotics• Rabies infection process

• primarily by bite but also • Inhalation • Ingestion • Exposure to open wounds Infection process Virus enters through open wound • Travels up nerves to brain and salivary glands • Replicates (multiplies) in brain causing brain damage and salivary glands causing excessive salivation destroys brain tissue

Anatomical requirements How many cones for birds? what is accentuated? what part of the brain is larger? birds have enhanced.....&..... what factors involve this? what are birds more susceptible to ? they have a more developed vestibular apparatus for...

•Accentuated vision and balance •Large eyes; an owl's eyes may be up to 1/3 weight of head •More photoreceptors and larger proportion of brain dedicated to vision (recall dog's brain and olfactory receptors) •4 types of cones •More developed vestibular apparatus for proper orientation relative to gravitational pull (recall the cat) Enhanced respiratory and circulatory systems •Avian respiratory tract extremely efficient in extracting oxygen from the air -Rigid lungs (large surface area for oxygen exchange, air sacs, flow across lungs) -Tissue between lung and the blood vessels very thing to ease oxygen transfer to blood -Birds red blood cells capture the oxygen with great efficiency •Translates to birds being susceptible to air borne toxins and low oxygen environments

Albino what is it ? What color is the fur why are eyes red? what does pigment in eyes do ? what animals can be albino?

•Albino is a genetic mutation that reduces/eliminates the production of pigment •Fur is white (absence of pigment) •Eyes lack pigment and therefore appear to be pink/red due to the visibility of the blood vessels •Pigment in the eye protects the retina from bright light damage •Albino animals should have subdued light Bright lights hurt lighter color eyes Chinchillas guinea pigs

Avidin what's is it? acts as a... what happens when biotin and avidin bind? are eggs designed for food? if not what are they made for?

•Antibacterial agent secreted into egg white •Acts as an Antibacterial agent by tightly binding the essential vitamin Biotin •Biotin is an essential B vitamin involved in metabolic pathways such as fatty acid synthesis • Biotin form is simple. but avidin is huge • Acts as an antibacterial agent • When avidin binds biotin, biotin is no longer available and bacteria can no longer function Avidin placed in white by hen to protect embryo from bacteria penetrating the shell -a protective moat—that is kept distinct from the yolk Avidin is the blue molecule Biotin is the small white molecule Eggs are to make baby birds, reptiles, and amphibians—not designed for food

Flight

•Biomechanics -Weight—the force of gravity ~Needs to be minimized •Drag—the force that opposed forward movement -Needs to be minimized—streamline body shape •Lift—force needed to keep body in air -Needs to be maximized •Thrust—power to counteract drag and maintain lift -Needs to be maximized •Wing loading = body mass/wing area -Thus body weight of bird relative to wing area •Lift is generated by flow of air over the wing, larger area more flow, more flow = more lift •To flap wings requires muscle & muscle has weight •Energy needed for flapping flight is 50‐75% more than a the same sized mammal (e.g., rat) and requires 1 ½ to 3 times more oxygen •Birds are homogeneous in essential structure •Aerodynamic in shape—streamlined shape •Flightless birds evolved from flying birds; their wings are vestigial •Nearly 9000 different avian species yet similar in overall structure vs ~4200 mammalian species that range from shrews to elephants to whales •Why:

Viral Zoonotic are in every continent except? enzootic def- is it enzoonitic in us? • Rabies who is susceptible more? which species cannot get rabies? why

•Every continent of the world except Antarctica •Enzootic -Definition: a geographical region having a reservoir of the zoonotic agent in the animal population •considered endemic (regularly occurring) because wild animal population has the disease and can transmit to either humans directly or to humans via companion animals enzootic in us • Mammals, more often carnivores but all mammals susceptible (including rats, cows, horses) • Not reptiles, fish, amphibians, or birds or possums cause of lower body temp • Enzootic in the US

Hamster what kind of fermenter? what practices? what function in hamsters is similar to rumen in cows? what does it do?

•Forestomach in the hamster functions similar to the rumen of a cow; ferments some of the food prior to the regular glandular stomach digestion. • Hindgut fermenter (cecal fermentation) • Also practices coprophagy

Nutrition why needed reason ? NUTRITION CONCEPTS‐‐Terms nutrient- herbivore- carnivore- omnivore- obligate- obligate carnivore- essential-

•Fuel for body functions •Recall birds need much energy for flight •Endothermy requires energy •Certain communication modalities require more energy •Foot contact with the ground uses energy •Food may be difficult to obtain/limited supply •Nutrient = is a substance that is consumed, provides nourishment to the animal, and is used for growth and maintenance of life •Herbivore = an animal that does best when consuming foods that are plant derived •Examples: ungulates (deer, cows, horses, sheep, goats), elephants, tortoises, rabbits, and iguanas •Carnivore = an animal that does best when consuming foods that are animal derived; eats animal tissue •Examples: cats, snakes, most fish •Omnivore = an animal that consumes foods that are both plant and animal derived •Examples: humans, dogs, mice, rats •Obligate = an animal that must consume a particular type of food (e.g., animal or plant derived) to thrive and meet all of its growth and maintenance needs •Obligate Herbivore = an animal that must consume foods that are plant derived •A rabbit is the classical example of an obligate herbivore •Obligate Carnivore = an animal that must consume foods that are animal derived•A cat is the classical example of an obligate carnivore •Essential = refers to elements that MUST be consumed from the diet because the body cannot synthesize them. •For example, a dog or cat can synthesize vitamin C from other dietary components they consume (glucose/sugar is converted to Vitamin C in the liver) but a human cannot and Vitamin C is an essential nutrient for a human •The diet must provide those nutrients considered essential •Essential nutrients account for why species are obligate—a cat needs animal tissue for certain essential nutrients

Pocket pets and Small animals why do they need more knowledge about them?

•Need more knowledge because of confinement -Give them a choice in the cage since they can't walk away

what are the types of omega fatty acids how are they numbered? what is the end of the fatty acid w/o carboxylic acid group? what defines it as a omega 6 or 3? what fatty acids cannot be produced by body? animals start with a ______ and add ___ atoms and _____ binds to create other essential acids double bonds are susceptible to attack by___in a process called__ what are EFAs essential fatty acids? what fats are they generally? how many at least are needed for animals? what does rancidification do ? what can you add to prevent this? what can antioxidanyts be? 2 give examples Carbohydrates

•Omega 6 and omega 3 fatty acids •The carbons are numbered sequentially from the carboxylic acid end •The end of the fatty acid without the carboxylic acid group is called the omega (Ѡ) end •The number of carbons from the omega (Ѡ) end to the first double bond defines it as omega 6 or omega 3 fatty acids •Essential fatty acids (EFAs) are those the body cannot make and must be provided in the diet •EFAs are generally unsaturated fatty acids •For most animals, at least one unsaturated fatty acid is essential •Most animals can then add carbon atoms and double bonds once they have a starting unsaturated fatty acid •Free radicals formed in normal body processes as well as from toxicants such as cigarette smoke, pollution, etc. •Double bonds are susceptible to attack by free radicals in a process call rancidification (or oxidation) (breaks into something else besides fatty acid) •Rancidification breaks the double bond and breaks the molecule •Add antioxidants to diets to protect the essential fatty acids from rancidification (something is still destroyed w/ free radical , just a chemical or double bond) (to protect double bonds) •Antioxidants can be chemical -BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene) -BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole) -Ethoxyquin• Antioxidants can be natural -Vitamin C -Vitamin E -Remember though these vitamins are also essential so they must be in large quantities in the diet to serve both roles •Antioxidants can also protect against cancer and improve cognitive function • Complex carbohydrates are broken down and released into the blood stream more slowly than the simple sugar (an apple vs a soda)

AAFCO how many statements ? *** what are they ? what is a deficiency is based on the lack of amino acids? what does it not allow the body to do ? can put be fatal

•One of two types of statements: • Animal feeding tests using AAFCO procedures substantiate that food XXX promotes a complete balanced nutrition for all life stages • This diet is formulated to meet the nutritional levels established by AAFCO for complete balanced nutrition for all life stages • If any essential dietary nutrients are eliminated or restricted, severe health disorders can appear • Deficiencies in the amino acid arginine (an essential amino acid) • Arginine is required to process the amine group when removed from the amino acid. • Without arginine, the body cannot convert the ammonia to urea • The excess ammonia accumulates • Can be fatal • Diets without proteins containing abundant arginine create deficiencies Afco only does dog/cat food not reptiles so food for reptiles are base on science but not backed up by regulations

pocket pet teeth (non carnivore) they are...../...... how much do they grow per month? what is continuously growing for rats mice hamsters?what about for rabbits chinchillas and guinea pigs.

•Open rooted/continuously growing •(1/4 - 1/2" per month )•Continuously growing incisors:rats, mice, hamsters •Continuously growing incisors & molars:rabbits, chinchillas, guinea pigs (these are obligate herbivores)

Mouse rodent

•Original habitat Asia (ample water) need to provide lots of water because they aren't used to conserving it. •Pet mice in Royal Palaces in China and Japan in 1700's •Not aggressive unless frightened •Urinate frequently and sensitive to ammonia (need frequent bed changes) irritates lungs •Nocturnal •Known for genetic diversity •Social with hierarchy; intro new males = fight (to kill, need to be introduced right after weaning) •Lifespan 1‐2 years •1‐2 oz

Rat rodent

•Original habitat: Asia •Domesticated in 17th century for baiting rat terriers and by fanciers used to protect grains and crops which started competitions with the dogs •Very adaptable to many environments •Nocturnal but opportunistic •Social—live in groups with hierarchy but less rigid than mice; less territoriality (fight not kill) •Sweat through their tail and paws •Strong; can escape (dextrous paws) •Tend not to bite, docile, enjoy handling •Lifespan 3‐4 years •10.5‐14 oz hooded rats are more aggressive

Ferret (pocket pet) carnivore

•Original habitat: Europe •Ancestor is European polecat/weasel (anal scent glands) (distantly related to skunks) •Domesticated ~ 2,000 years ago (Greece to reduce pests) •Hunt rabbits and rats •Introduced to North America ~ 200 years ago •Burrow, long tubular bodies •Scent glands over body in addition to anal glands •Nocturnal but opportunistic so that domesticated are diurnal •Ancestral species solitary but domesticated social •Susceptible to heat stress •Prone to cancer (better outcomes then dogs and cats, but majority will have cancer) •Lifespan 5‐10 years •1.5‐4.5 lbs •ILLEGAL IN CALIFORNIA -Biotic invasion (a risk to native populations) -Human safety risk (infants)

•Gerbil rodent

•Original habitat: Mongolia (desert with wide temp range) •Body conserves water, reduced urination, less odor •Captured and bred in late 1800's •Tolerates 00‐>1000 F (allows to outcompete native species this is why they are illegal) •Burrow, large digging claws (body made for digging) •Nocturnal •Monogamous •Lifespan 2‐4 years •3‐4 oz •ILLEGAL IN CALIFORNIA (seen on campus but allowed with permit for lab reasons)

Chinchilla rodent

•Original habitat: South America (mountains) •Captured and then bred in late 1800's (fur)—wild populations going extinct due to overhunting not good enough for fur given away as pets •Not terribly aggressive but can project urine 2‐3 ft if annoyed •Need dust baths for fur (very oily fur, used volcanic dust in wild) •Nocturnal/Crepuscular •Subject to heat stroke if too hot •Social with hierarchy •Lifespan 10‐16 years •1‐2 lbs

Guinea Pig (Cavy) rodent

•Original habitat: South America/Peru (mountainous cold) •Don't tolerate temperature changes well (>850 = heat stroke) •Grassy areas; skeleton designed for running not jumping and not digging (use empty burrows) •Used for food; Introduced to Europe in 16th century •Crepuscular •Social—live in groups with hierarchy, harem in wild/ race •Easily panicked—freeze or stampede up to 20 min •Tend not to bite •Highly allergenic •Lifespan 6‐8 years •1‐2 lbs

Hamster rodent

•Original habitat: Syria (desert region) •Body conserves water, reduced urination, less odor, urine is concentrated (milky looking) •First captured in 1930 -3 littermates (ancestors of teddy bear hamster, golden hamster, black bear hamster) •Name from german word "hamstern" (to hoard) •Has large cheek pouches that extend over shoulder •Ears are large, upright (funnel in sound) •Relatively poor eyesight (bites) rely more on hearing •Nocturnal •Solitary! •Hibernate from 150 bpm-1 breath per minute 200 bpm to 4beats per min •Lifespan 2‐3 years •3‐6 oz

Rabbit lagamorph

•Original habitat: Western Europe and North Africa •Domesticated in Southern France in 7th century by Monks for food •Prey animal—response is to flee •Crepuscular •Subject to heat stroke if too hot •Social (gregarious) with strict hierarchy •Lifespan 5‐10 years•4‐16 lbs •3rd most prevalent species in shelters (breed a lot & easily)

overall Anatomical requirements for flight overview

•Reduction of body weight •Commitment of forelimb to flight •Specialization of chest/pectoral muscles for flight •Modification of sternum for chest muscle attachment—the keel •Accentuated vision and balance •Enhanced respiratory and circulatory systems

Handling mice rats chinchilla what can happen if you grab by tail only? where should you grab them by ?

•Tail slip in large bodied rodents •The tail skin can slip off if grasped and the animal's weight hangs down grab behind front legs for mouse they are less sensitive but they still shouldn't be held by the tail

Management of birds trim what? do birds easily display sickness? should you trim the wings of a small bird?

•Trimming wings—BOTH wings •Suggested not to trim wings of small birds (in case to get loose form predators like cats living with birds situation) •Evolutionary adaptation •Don't display illness (bc of vulnerability to flock) •If you think bird is ill take it to vet! (its bad if bird is showing that it is sick)