ANSC455 FINAL

The calf will generally nurse 4-10 times per _______

day

(*) In general, the process of domestication has resulted in larger brain sizes in domesticates when compared to their non-domesticated relatives. (T/F)

false

As a calf ages, time spent lying down increases and time spent grazing increases. (T/F)

false

Behavior evolves for "the good of the species." (T/F)

false

Birds communicate strongly through olfactory and auditory communication (T/F)

false

Dominance hierarchies are always linear. (T/F)

false

Evolution creates behaviors in the face of a need. (T/F)

false

Female cattle (aka cows) are seasonal breeders like other ruminants. (T/F)

false

If a behavior is practiced by large numbers of animals, then that behavior must be normal for that species. (T/F)

false

In birds, a significant amount of time each day is spent on grooming; much of this grooming activity is allogrooming. (T/F)

false

In comparison to feral/wild rats, domestic rats have larger brains. (T/F)

false

In fish, aggression can be observed as a result of an individual defending a territory. Fish will select territories only based on the abundance of food and nutrients. (T/F)

false

In fish, egg-scattering species typically display a high degree of parental care (T/F)

false

In production swine, inconsistent treatment (rough handling one time, gentle handling the next) results in animals who average their perspective of treatment to fall between these two extremes. (T/F)

false

Male and female mice prefer familiar mates to unfamiliar ones. (T/F)

false

Much of our understanding of the domestic pig has been derived from the study of their wild (feral) relatives. In these feral populations, dominance hierarchies are more strongly maintained than in cattle or horse herds. (T/F)

false

Parental behavior is driven by strong motivations given its significance to fitness; interactions between parent and offspring tend to be one-way, with the parent primarily focusing their efforts toward their young. (T/F)

false

Sows have a high motivational drive to build a nest immediately prior to giving birth. This behavior begins about 30 hours before she farrows. (T/F)

false

Swine have outstanding memories and learning abilities, especially with regard to food-related tasks. However, they are slow to learn from their conspecifics. (T/F)

false

Taming is the same as domestication. (T/F)

false

In normal feral situations, the harem stallion is the one who decides when the group will move to different grazing areas and when they will go for water. (T/F)

false, alpha mare decides

As with mares, the presence of a male often induces the ewe and nanny to come into heat in what has been termed the "testosterone effect." (T/F)

false, male effect

Mares are polyestrous. (T/F)

false, seasonally polyestrus

Thigmotaxis refers to the willingness of rats and mice to cross open spaces. (T/F)

false, unwillingness

The simplest behavior in which a particular stimulus nearly always results in an invariable behavioral response is termed a __________________________.

fixed action patterns

The picture associated with this question illustrates what behavioral pattern in the stallion? (lifting of upper lip exposing gum and teeth)

flehmen

What term is used to describe the idea that expression of behavior is under genetic control and that it is therefore inflexible and determined from conception.

genetic determinism

In captivity, excessive aggression with swine is most commonly caused by

mixing of unfamiliar animals

Why do external stimuli have significant effects on behavior at some times or in some individuals and not at other times or in other individuals?

motivation

Which primary sense is utilized by pigs in identifying others?

sense of smell

___________ is the ability to feel, perceive, or to experience subjectivity and is a precondition for the ability to "suffer."

sentience

A model that examines the cost vs. benefit of various food types and the resulting behavioral predictions is known as a:

prey-choice model

In lower-level animal training, the trainer primarily depends on ___________ reinforcers to achieve his/her goals. As the level of training becomes more sophisticated, ________ reinforcers become increasingly important.

primary, secondary

Mice may eat up to 20% of their body weight per day, and prefer proteinaceous and fatty foods. (T/F)

true

Recent archaeological evidence suggests dogs were domesticated much earlier than originally thought. (T/F)

true

Significant behavioral changes have not typically accompanied domestication in farm animal species. (T/F)

true

Turkeys usually mate in leks. (T/F)

true

While the behavior of domesticated swine has moderated over time, no behavioral characteristics have disappeared in comparison to their feral/wild relatives. (T/F)

true

Wolves are considered to be in a grouping of canids that form packs with group size dependent on the availability of food. (T/F)

true

From what biological order is Canis familiaris derived?

carnivora

The aggression displayed during the establishment of dominance-based hierarchies in fish is typically directed towards:

conspecific species

Evolution selects behaviors which maximize the difference between benefit (or fitness) and

cost

Please include specific examples that demonstrate the targeted approach of each of the four questions. (bird's chirp)

-Mechanism: how does the bird create a chirping noise -Ontogeny: how does a bird's chirp change over a lifetime in a specific environment -Phylogeny: how did the chirp evolve by comparing and contrasting bird calls of different species -Adaptive value: what do the birds use its chirp for

Briefly explain each of Tinbergen's four questions.

-mechanism and causation (what are the mechanical relationships between stimuli and behavioral response) -ontogeny and development (how does the expression of behavior change over the lifespan of an organism) -phylogeny and evolution (how does behavior compare to related species) -adaptive value and function (how effective is the heavier in increasing survival and overall fitness)

three examples of motivated behaviors

1 - thirst (go find water) 2 - hunger (go find food) 3 - fear (go find shelter)

Please describe for me four places at which our understanding of motivation and applied animal behavior interact or intersect (2.5 points each). Please include a specific example of these 4 "places" of interaction.

1 - unfulfilled motivations and poor animal welfare (if captive animals are highly motivated for resources and are denied by captivity, then poor welfare can result from the negative emotions induced by unfulfilled motivations) 2 - stereotypic behaviors (when elephants in harsh captivity develop a stereotypic behavior of rocking back and forth) 3 - reward and motivation for training, linking btwn motivation and learning (giving treats to dogs after it does a trick can help it learn and increases its motivation to do the trick in the future) 4 - encourage species-species behavior (creating a captive environment that best mimics the environment of the habitat of an animal so it allows the animal to act as it would in the wild)

Laboratory mice spend approximately _____% of their time grooming.

20%

During the first few weeks of life, foals typically nurse their dam ___________

3-4 times per hour

an explanation of intervening variables and how they relate to motivation

An intervening variable is a variable that is influenced by all independent and dependent variables. It is related to motivation because it provides an integrative link between various functionally-related inputs and behavioral outputs

The modern study of animal behavior began with which individual?

Charles Darwin

an explanation of the value of motivation for ethologists

Ethologists look at motivation as how much an animal is willing to pay. Willing to pay means how much an animal is willing to do based on how bad it wants to reach its goal

According to von Holst and Mittelstaedt's (1950) model of motivation, behavior that brings an animal's _______ closer to a desired endpoint ________ is a motivated behavior.

Istwert, Sollwert

Which of the following people proposed genetics as the basis for specific behaviors?

Konrad Lorenz

While Darwin's study of behavior focused on the selection of fitness from among naturally-occurring variants, which of his contemporaries focused on the shaping of behavioral traits by the environment?

Lamarck

Who coined and first used the term "ethology"?

Lorenz

Explain Lorenz's (1950) psychohydraulic model for behavioral control. What is its greatest weakness?

Lorenz's psychohydraulic model for behavior control can be looked at as a cistern of water that can overflow via a valve. When ever the overflow occurs, a behavior is exhibited. The greatest weakness to this model is that it implies that the only way for the cistern to empty is by the valve opening or motivation remains high unless behavior is preformed.

What do the terms "proximate" and "ultimate" mean in this context?

Proximate causes consider immediate factors that could influence behavior. Ultimate causes consider a behavior's role in the frame of the process of evolution

Tell me which of Tinbergen's four questions focuses on proximate or ultimate causes

Proximate: mechanism and ontogeny Ultimate: adaptive value and phylogeny

If an animal eats something and gets sick hours later, it still associates what it ate with the outcome of getting sick. The explanation for this is termed the ___________________ Model.

Rescorla-Wagner

a brief explanation of how we measure motivation

We can measure motivation by placing an obstacle in a way that makes the animal decide how much it is "willing to pay" for an act that will help it access the resource or goal

Two common social behavioral patterns observed with sheep and goats are _______ behavior and _______ behavior.

allomimetic, agnostic

The two acts which govern animal research in the US are the ________ and the __________ .

animal welfare act, health research extension act

(*) Assigning human feelings to animal behavior is not likely to be accurate. The application of human characteristics to non-humans is termed

anthropomorphism

The internal structure of a behavioral bout consists of two generally-recognized phases: the _________ phase and the __________ phase.

appetitive, consummatory

The Latin word gregarius means

belonging to the herd

The number of steps taken by a cow will _______ when she is in heat.

fall to zero

"Animal Machines," published in 1964, was written by Rachael Carson with a forward by Ruth Harrison. (T/F)

false

Most of the birds of significance to humans are in the

galloanserae

With regard to pasture plant selection, sheep are considered to be _________ who occasionally ________ and goats are considered to be _______ who occasionally ________ .

grazers, browse browsers, graze

If allowed to do so, horses will spend most of their time

grazing

The phrase "birds of a feather flock together" refers to which of the following behavioral characteristic of avian species?

gregariousness

Which of the following domestic species devotes the least amount of time in their day to sleep?

horses

Motivational states are best conceptualized as _________________________ that provide an integrative link between various functionally-related inputs and behavioral outputs.

intervening variables

Based on the Bluegill sunfish study discussed during lecture, when food is plentiful fish tend to show a preference for _________ prey

larger

Mouthbrooders produce relatively ________ numbers of offspring, but have a ______ rate of survival due to parental care

low, high

Since the knowledge of water and grazing locations is passed from mothers to daughters in groups of sheep and goats, these groupings are said to be __________.

matrifocal

The retention into adulthood of juvenile characteristics is termed

neoteny

The most important method of recognition in mice and rats is via

olfactory cues

Ontogeny refers to ________ whereas phylogeny refers to __________

organism development, species evolution

The limbic system is associated with which of the following elements of the triune brain?

paleomammalian brain

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is also called __________ sleep whereas non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep is also referred to as __________ sleep.

paradoxical, orthodoxical

Which brain structure is responsible for the production of melatonin?

pineal gland

The oriented movement towards a current is known as:

positive rheotaxis

The best predictor of readiness on the part of the sow for breeding is

she stands to be mounted

Abnormal repetitive behaviors with no apparent goal or function are termed ____________ behaviors.

stereotypies

Horses evolved on grasslands as

social herbivores

Red tears (chromodacryorrhea) from Harderian glands in rats are thought to signify ______________ to other rats.

submission

Circadian rhythms are important modulators of behavior; they are established in a hierarchical system ultimately governed by the

suprachiasmatic nucleus

Beef cattle consist of two well-recognized types of cattle based on geography and climate. Strong behavioral differences exist between these two groups. Those derived from temperate environments are _______ and those from tropical environments are________.

taurine, brahman

(*) Age, weight, and height are the three variables most positively correlated with dominance in cattle. (T/F)

true

(*) Stress reduces the fitness of an animal, which in food animal production systems can be evidenced by the failure to achieve production performance standards or targets. (T/F)

true

Androsterone triggers standing reflex in estrus sows and can also advance puberty in gilts. (T/F)

true

Because domesticated birds are typically flocking birds, they are very adaptable to group housing (T/F)

true

Domestic rats have smaller brains than their feral counterparts. (T/F)

true

Frequent switching between two activities when negative feedback is the sole mechanism for control is termed "dithering". (T/F)

true

Sleep restricts activity to certain times of the day. We described four sleep patterns -- which one is associated with birds?

unihemispheric sleep

Birds use their beak and face to distribute oils from a gland at base of their tail. That gland is known as the _______________ gland.

uropygial

Behaviors that occur in absence of normal eliciting stimuli are referred to as _____________ behaviors.

vacuum

The two primary recognition tools utilized by sheep and goats are ______ and _______

visual cues, olfactory cues

One of the ways the estrual mare signals her interest to the stallion is by way of

winking of her vulva