ANSI 3903 Exam 3

Not tolerant of hot, humid conditions, and are susceptible to internal parasites under humid climates

For what 2 reasons are sheep not very numerous in the humid tropics?

In developed agriculture, there are typically highly specialized beef or dairy cattle that are used only for their respective purposes.

Describe how cattle are most commonly used in a developed agriculture.

In primitive agriculture, non-food uses are of the most importance, and usually only rely on cattle for meat in emergencies or salvage situations.

Describe how cattle are most commonly used in a primitive agriculture.

In subsistence agriculture, meat and milk are considered important purposes, however non-food uses become more important.

Describe how cattle are most commonly used in a subsistence agriculture.

It is easier to move them and keep them together in a group.

Describe the importance of the herding instinct in sheep

Poultry provide a high value, high quality source of protein for people in developing countries. Extremely poor families can usually acquire a few birds, making the potential for nutritional improvement in developing countries very large and attainable. While developing countries are seeing a rapid increase in egg production numbers, developed countries still hold the lead in egg production. Having a high quality nutritional animal product available to those in developing countries is essential to the well-being of the low-income people living there.

Explain the poultry industry culture in developed vs. developing countries.

The level of development of agriculture in a specific region or population determines the uses of those cattle. The more developed the agriculture, the more likely the rancher/producer is to specialize those cattle, as the more specialized and product-producing the animal, the higher the profit.

How are developed agriculture, specialized cattle production, and profit linked?

They are scavengers that won't compete with a human for food. They also require low investment on the animal and equipment to raise it.

How are poultry useful to those living in underdeveloped agricultures?

Primarily meat

How are sheep used in primitive agriculture?

They are more handleable/manageable, you can have many more per acre than larger livestock animals, and they require a small initial investment.

How is the small size of sheep and goats an advantage?

Over 1.4 Billion

How many cattle are there in the world?

more

The lower the level of agricultural development the ________ favored the goat becomes.

less; more

The lower the level of agricultural development, the __________ important cattle are as a producer of meat, and the ________ important sheep (and goats) become as a source of meat.

more

The higher the level of agricultural development, the ____________ likely it is that cattle will be kept to produce a single salable product, either meat or milk.

Allow the birds to produce at an optimum level, protection from the environment, and are very labor efficient.

What are 3 reasons why these large confinement systems have developed recently?

Milk, Meat, Leather, Manure, Power

What are 5 major products produced by cattle in subsistence agriculture?

Beef Cattle, Sheep, Goats

What are the 3 major species used in the range livestock industry?

India, Brazil, USA, China, Ethiopia

What are the 5 major Cattle Owning countries?

Meat, Wool, Milk, Hair, Hides

What are the 5 major products provided by sheep and goats?

"burgeoning" human populations and rapid economic development.

What two things have been fueling the large increase in poultry numbers over the past 30 years?

Monogastric, Omnivorous

What type digestive tract does the pig have?

China

Which of the top beef-producing countries is an Asian country?

Cock fighting for entertainment

What is another use of poultry in developing countries other than food?

1 pound meat: 3lbs grain

What is the conversion ratio of feed to food for the pig?

Generally, sheep will have a single primary use in dry range, and have secondary uses with forage quality permitting. Wet range sheep will be dual purpose

What is the difference in the products from sheep in wet range compared to dry range?

Poultry

What is the fastest growing source of meat for humans?

Developed countries have better utilization because they are feeding higher quality feeds than developing, as developing countries primarily feed human wastes.

What is the major difference in swine production in the different levels of agricultural development?

Third

Where do swine rank in numbers of animals and distribution?

USA and Brazil

Who exports the largest amount of poultry?

Russia, China, and Japan

Who imports the largest amount of poultry?

USa 1st, China 2nd

Who leads poultry meat production? Who comes Second?

China 1st, USA 2nd

Who leads the world in poultry numbers? Who comes second?

The biggest similarity between poultry and swine is they are both very effective at converting grain to food for humans. They are also similar in that they both can convert human waste to food, and are both produced primarily for food. Unlike pigs, which often don't compete with humans for food, the poultry is most effective when they are in competition for food with humans, except in developing countries where they are usually left to scavenge (however this produces a lower productivity animal).Though they must compete for food, poultry is better adapted than swine for total confinement, which is why there are huge confinement operations in developed agriculture.

Compare and Contrast poultry to swine.

In Primitive and Subsistence Agriculture, goats will be kept primarily for meat, and secondary for milk. The wool and hair is seldom of importance, however certain hides can be a valuable export. In developed agriculture, if goats are kept on a large scale, its usually only for milk and mohair. Some goat meat is utilized in sausages or other animal by-products. There are not any sizable goat milk operations that can be compared to the dairy industry in developed countries.

Compare and contrast how goats are used in the 3 types of agricultures.

a) the people did not have the knowledge or money to feed supplemental feed b) the non-native cattle are not well adapted and therefore would have a higher health management requirement that the people can usually not provide.

Discuss the problems associated with establishing in the developing countries a highly productive dairy industry such as is found in the developed countries using improved breeds of cattle. (Hint: there must be 2 reasons in this answer.)

They failed due to poor genetics leading to poor milk yield.

Discuss the problems associated with establishing in the developing countries a highly productive dairy industry such as is found in the developed countries using local strains of cattle.

Yes; non-Hindu, higher educated, and higher ranking people will eat beef in India

Does anyone in India eat beef?

Yes; pigs are very clean animals in reality, and only go into the mud to cool off.

Does the pig get a bum reputation with regard to the "unclean" issues?

Extensive management entails using lots of animals and little amounts of people, basically increasing the value of each cattle:person ratio based on how much pay is provided for each employee. Secondary enterprise entails only working the animals when there is no need for other labor, meaning they can use the animals for labor to cut costs on hiring other employees.

Explain how extensive management and managing as a secondary enterprise help minimize labor costs for sheep and/or cattle in a developed agriculture.

Hot and Humid climates, and when predators are an issue

Generally speaking, under 2 conditions cattle are better adapted than sheep. What are these?

Dry Climates, High Altitudes, and Grass grows close to the ground

Generally speaking, under what 3 conditions are sheep better adapted than cattle?

Ranchers are raising more cattle than sheep, as the profit is better.

Give one good reason why sheep numbers are decreasing in the Americas.

Feedlots, Hobby Farms, and Purebred herds.

Give three examples of intensively managed beef and sheep units in a developed agriculture.

Goats are typically found in more dry areas of the world anyway, due to their good adaptation and resistance to the elements and lower food abundance. They are often blamed for desertification as they eat anything and everything (as they are browsers), and their small hooves are said to contribute to wind erosion. While this is technically true, it is mostly humans to blame for not keeping them correctly and managing their grazing efficiently.

Goats have been widely criticized and accused of causing desertification in arid regions. Explain how they do this but why it is not their fault.

They both live off the shorter grasses, but goats are often more favored for their higher adaptations to more arid climates and more variations of browse, while cattle cannot thrive on shorter grasses as they cannot consume enough dry matter to meet their requirements.

Goats usually compete with sheep rather than with cattle for the available forage of an area. Explain why.

Cattle

If all factors are equally favorable for both sheep can cattle, which is generally chosen?

Cattle are larger and can be used for both work and food, and they require less care and attention

If both cattle and sheep are equally well adapted, cattle are usually chosen. Name the primary two reasons this is true.

Cheese

In a developed agriculture, what is sheep milk used for?

they have fat deposits that supply extra energy vital to survival in the dry, primitive areas. These extra fat deposits occur for ⅓ -¼ of the animal's body weight, and provide essential energy storage in times of low feed abundance and non-favorable weather.

In dry, hot, primitive agriculture we find some very interesting adaptations of sheep. Both fat- tailed and fat-rumped sheep are found. Explain what these are and their value to the animal.

More efficiently produced food, and less expensive food; small farmers often go out of business for difficulty to compete.

In the developed countries this type of poultry production is currently serving as the model for other animal industries to become integrated. What are 2 pros and 1 con for this type of system?

It has seen a steady incline in world production, with Asia displaying the largest increase in numbers, and Europe holding steady close behind with no notable increase.

Make a general statement about the production of pig meat in the world over the past few decades.

Sheep numbers have grown steadily over the past 20 years, averaging a 1% yearly increase.

Make a general statement about the world-wide growth rate of sheep.

they provide food for humans in adverse situations

Most of the goats of the world are found in the developing countries, but they are still of great importance because...

Capital storage, Power, Transportation, Milk, Meat, Blood, Manure

Name 7 uses of cattle in primitive agriculture.

USA, Australia, Canada, South Africa, Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, Uruguay, and Colombia.

Name 9 countries that have major range beef operations.

Chickens, Ducks, and Turkeys. Chickens are most important.

Of all the poultry listed, which three are most numerous? Which is the most important?

Hot areas with low subsistence to primitive agricultures.

Where do we typically find hair sheep?

Bos indicus and Bos taurus

What are the genus and species of both cattle?

Utilize more forages while needing little concentrate (cheaper to feed)

What are the implications of goats, cattle, and sheep being ruminants relative to the feed they need to consume?

They are omnivorous, meaning they will occupy a different niche than herbivores, such as cattle or sheep. Because of this they can cohabitate with herbivorous animals to utilize what they cannot, ultimately providing better utilization of what a person has available to them regarding input.

What are the implications of the pig's digestive tract in determining which niche they occupy in agriculture?

USA, Brazil, China, Argentina, Australia

What are the major Meat Producing countries from cattle?

India, Brazil, Sudan, China, Pakistan

What are the top 5 countries in milk cows?

USA, India, China, Russia, Brazil

What are the top 5 cows' milk producing countries?

China ranks 1st in both, USA ranks 2nd in both

What country ranks first in numbers of hogs and in the production of pork? Where does the United States rank in each of these categories?

Ruminants

What do cattle, sheep and goats have in common relative to their digestive systems?

Profit

What is the most important deciding factor in the choice of animal species in a developed agriculture?

Location of market for milk

What is the most important factor in determining where dairies are in a developed agriculture?

Available concentrate feeds

What is the most important single factor determining where there will be large numbers of swine in a country with a developed agriculture?

Cattle

What is the most widespread and numerous of all the non-poultry species?

6% Ducks: 100% Chickens 20% Turkeys: 100% Chickens

What is the percentage ratio of Ducks to Chickens? Turkeys to Chickens?

Growing populations in Asia and Africa.

What is the primary factor causing changes in the number of goats in the world?

Meat and Manure

What is the primary reason why swine are kept in Asia?

Meat

What is the primary reason why swine are kept in Europe?

Meat

What is the primary reason why swine are kept in North America?

Meat

What is the primary use of intensively raised sheep flocks?

The availability of relatively cheap roughage.

What is the single most important thing determining where there will be large concentrations of either cattle or sheep?

They are beginning to produce more milk and consume more dairy.

What is unique about milk consumption/production in China?

Meat; Bull calves, extra heifers, and salvage-situation cattle are used for meat.

What major product do dairy cattle produce other than milk in developed agriculture operations?

The land in use can't be farmed for crops anyway (giving cheap roughage), the land has a low carrying capacity, and Labor cost can be minimized by extensive management.

What makes ranching a particularly good choice for beef or sheep production?

Increase gross returns by improving efficiency of production; Reducing labor input and time required to reach market weight, and by utilizing expensive confinement systems and full feeding grain to obtain maximum gains

What must be done to obtain maximum profit from a swine enterprise? How is this achieved?

23%

What percent of the total world's meat production do cattle produce?

Meat from cattle is not the most important use of most of the cattle kept in Africa and Asia

What reason seems most likely to explain why Africa and Asia produce so much less beef from their cattle than the U.S.?

When the agriculture is more developed.

What scenario causes more dual purpose cattle to be used in a subsistence agriculture than triple purpose?

it is too dry (economically) for cattle or sheep

When goats are produced in the developed countries, it is usually always in an area suited only for goats, usually because.....

China

Which part of the world seems to be driving much of the overall change in world milk production?

Islam and Judaism

Which religions forbid consumption of pig meat?

Ducklings are hardier than chicks and they make great scavengers, reducing competition for human food.

Why are a majority of ducks found in developing countries rather than turkeys?

Ducks cannot be fed the majority of grain being produced due to increased usage of chemical fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides.

Why are duck numbers dwindling in developing countries like Southeast Asia?

Better adapted to hot and humid conditions

Why are indicus often the predominate species used in hot and humid climates?

They take up less space and are more efficient in converting the high energy food fed in these systems to human food; They are in direct competitions with humans for food, and would fail in times of grain shortage.

Why are intensive confinement systems desirable to produce poultry? What are the downfalls?

They can utilize feeds unsuitable for humans or other ruminants, therefore providing a means of food for a non-competitive input. They also yield valuable fat used for cooking, etc, and the carcass can be preserved without the use of refrigeration.

Why are pigs so important in developing countries?

Reduce labor costs and increase profit

Why are range beef herds managed extensively?

Sheep thrive better on the vegetation found in temperate zones rather than tropical. There are also more developed agriculture systems located in temperate zones, allowing for more selection among the flock.

Why are sheep more productive in temperate zones than tropical zones?

The farmer is producing for himself, not for purposes of selling, so the more product from a single animal, the better.

Why are triple purpose sheep important in subsistence agriculture?

Less efficient than chickens and less hardy than a duck.

Why are turkey numbers greater in developed countries than developing countries?

They are able to utilize feedstuffs that are not human-quality, therefore turning what would otherwise be waste into human food.

Why are we able to say that goats and sheep are not competitors with people for food?

The more developed countries have higher milk production, while the lesser developed/developing countries have the numbers because of religious or subsistence/primitive non-food reasons.

Why don't the milk production and dairy cow numbers lists match?

They are great at providing food for people in emergency situations.

Why is the goat such an important resource in developing countries?

It's the most efficient red meat animal in densely populated areas with surplus grain, the pig is more efficient than cattle or sheep in feed conversion, and the pig needs the least space per animal in confinement.

Why is the pig so popular in Europe?

It has great adaptability to climate and environment

Why is the pig so popular in North America?