ANT 001 LEC #5 PRIMATE TAXONOMY

Hominids

great apes & bipedal apes

Cercopithecoids

-superfamily -old world monkeys (baboons) -bilophodont molars (derived) -2 premolars -cheek pouches (derived) -locomotion: arboreal quadrupeds or terrestrial quadrupeds

key primate traits

pentadactyly, stereoscopic vision, nails instead of claws on at least some digits, opposable thumbs and big toes, prehensible (grasping) hands & feet, post-orbital bar, clavicle

Hominins

-family -bipedal apes -y-5 molar -key trait: bipedality -only living member = Homo sapiens

Pongids

-family -great apes: chimps, gorillas, orangutans -geographic range: asia (pongo), africa (gorilla, pan) -no tail -forelimbs longer than hind limbs -long forelimbs relative to trunk

Hylobates

-family -lesser apes: gibbons & siamangs -geographic range: asia

Platyrrhines

-infraorder -new world monkeys (tamarins, marmosets, squirrel monkeys, howlers) -geographic range: latin america -widely-spaced, sideways-facing nostrils -3 premolars (ancestral trait, relative to Catarrhines) (2 incisors, 1 canine, 3 premolars, 3 molars) -prehensile tails (some species) -locomotion: arboreal quadrupeds (walks on all fours on tops of branches)

Catarrhines

-infraorder -old world monkeys, apes, humans -geographic range: africa & asia, except humans=everywhere -only 2 premolars (2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, 3 molars) -honing complex of upper canine & lower first premolar (derived) -big diastema between upper canine & incisor -special derived "sectorial" anterior lower premolar

Prosimians

-suborder -lemurs, lorises, tarsiers -locomotion: vertical clinging & leaping -grooming claw (derived) -tooth comb (derived) -wet noses (rhinarium) (ancestral) -reflecting lens behind retina (ancestral) -post orbital bar only (derived for primates vs other mammals, but ancestral among primates) -most have 3 premolars (ancestral) -geographic range: madagascar (lemur), southeast asia (tarsier)

Anthropoids

-suborder -monkeys & apes -complete closure of the orbit (post-orbital plate) (derived) -fully fused mandible (derived) -increased brain & body size in general (derived)

Hominoids

-superfamily -apes & humans -locomotion: brachiation (using 2 forelimbs to swing beneath the branches) -derived traits: 1-no tail 2-long forelimbs relative to trunk 3-short lumbar region of the spine 4-highly mobile shoulder 5-long clavicle 6-broad, flat rib cage -ancestral trait: y-5 molar