ANT Chap 6 Kinship and Domestic Life

Marital Exchanges

The two major forms of marital exchanges cross-culturally are dowry and brideprice. Dowry is the transfer of goods, and sometimes money, from the bride's side to the new married couple for their use.

Brideservice

a subtype of brideprice, is the transfer of labor from the groom to his parents-in-law for a designated period. It is practiced in some horticultural societies, especially in the Amazon

What has caused the revival of the practice of giving dowry in China? -an increase in personal wealth -anti-consumerism -equal rights for women -an increase in the female population

an increase in personal wealth

Which of the following factors related to wife abuse in rural Kentucky is classified as a form of social isolation, rather than geographical or institutional isolation? -limited availability of social services for battered women -few childcare centers in the area limit women's ability to work outside the home -attitudes among the local police that made them unlikely to respond to the situation -limited access to phones and transportation

attitudes among the local police that made them unlikely to respond to the situation

Why is bilineal descent reasonable in an industrial/digital society? -It isn't. It only makes sense in a foraging society where people have few personal possessions. -because industrial/digital societies emphasize sharing among all members -because there are strict rules of property inheritance -because it promotes small kinship units and allows for spatial mobility

because it promotes small kinship units and allows for spatial mobility

Hypogyny

or "marrying down," a marriage in which the bride has higher status than the groom. -is rare cross-culturally

Hypergyny

or "marrying up," refers to a marriage in which the bride's status is lower than the groom's.

Brideprice

or bridewealth, is the transfer of goods or money from the groom's side to the bride's parents. It is common in horticultural and pastoralist cultures.

Neolocality

or marital residence in a place different from either the bride's or groom's family, is common in Western industrialized society. Residence patterns have political, economic, and social implications. Patrilineal descent and patrilocal residence, for example, facilitate the formation of strongly bonded groups of men who can be mobilized for warfare.

village exogamy

or marriage outside a defined social group - For them, a spouse should live in a far-off village or town. In India, marriage distance is greater in the north than in the south, and northern brides are thus far less likely to be able to maintain regular contact with their birth family. Many songs and stories of northern Indian women convey sadness about being separated from their birth families.

endogamy

or marriage within a particular group, stipulate that the spouse must be from a defined social category. -In kin endogamy, certain relatives are preferred, often cousins -Two major forms of cousin marriage exist. One is marriage between parallel cousins, either between children of one's father and one's father's brother or between children of one's mother and one's mother's sister—the term parallel indicates that the linking siblings are of the same gender (Figure 6.4) -. Parallel-cousin marriage is favored by many Muslim groups in the Middle East and northern Africa. The second form of cousin marriage is between cross-cousins, either between children of one's father and one's father's sister or between children of one's mother and one's mother's brother—the term cross indicates the different genders of the linking siblings.

incest taboo

or rule prohibiting marriage or sexual intercourse between certain kinship relations, is one of the most basic and universal rules of exclusion.

kinship terminology

or the words people use to refer to kin -Another type of kinship system emphasizes solidarity along lines of siblings of the same gender. Among the Navajo of the American southwest, one's mother and one's mother's sisters have the same term, which translates into English as "mother." -Early anthropologists classified the cross-cultural variety in kinship terminology into six basic types, named after groups first discovered to have those systems. - Two of the six types, for purposes of illustration, are the Iroquois type and the Eskimo type (Figure 6.3). Anthropologists place various cultures with similar kinship terminology, no matter where they lived, into one of the six categories. Thus, the Yanomami people of the Amazon are said to have an Iroquois naming system. Contemporary anthropologists who study kinship have moved beyond these categories because they feel that the six kinship types fail to illuminate actual kinship dynamics. This book, therefore, presents only the two examples and avoids going into detail on the six classic types.

A __________ is a way to show a person's earliest ancestors and work down to the present. -evolution diagram -kinship chart -family diagram -genealogy

geneaology

What is a major factor in the later age of first marriage that is occurring at the present time? -increase in overall population -higher aspirations for education -inequality between genders -decreased consumerism

higher aspirations between genders

A young woman in the United States who is from a wealthy family and has trained as a doctor is having difficulty finding an appropriate spouse. What marriage pattern applies to her situation? -hypergyny -exogamy -unilineal descent =neolocality

hypergyny

Where is the incidence of domestic violence toward women most common? -in cultures where women's work is done in groups -in cultures where women control the wealth -in cultures where men and women have equal status -in cultures where men control the wealth

in cultures where men control the wealth

Bilineal Descent system

in which a child is recognized as being related by descent to both parents.

In the Minangkabau culture of Indonesia, the most important factor supporting women's high status is __________. -their leadership role in the village mosque -their control of land -their elected roles in local government -their positions as scholars

their control of land

Bilineal Descent

- Bilineal descent traces kinship from both parents equally to the child. Bilineal descent is found in about one-third of the world's cultures Patrilocality, or marital residence with or near the husband's family, occurs in patrilineal societies, whereas matrilocality, or marital residence with or near the wife's family, occurs in matrilineal societies.

Continued

-Globalization is creating rapid change in household structure and intrahousehold dynamics. One assumption is that the frequency of extended households will decline with industrialization and urbanization and the frequency of nuclear households will rise. Given what this chapter mentioned earlier about the relationship between nuclear households and industrial/digital societies, it is highly possible that the spread of this mode of livelihood will cause an increase in the number of nuclear households, too. -International migration is another major cause of change in household formation and internal relationships (discussed further in Chapter 12). A dramatic decline in fertility can occur in one generation when members of a farming household in, for example, Taiwan or Egypt migrate to England, France, Canada, or the United States. Having many children makes economic sense in their homeland, but not in the new destination. -The shape of households is also changing. In the United States, at the beginning of the twenty-first century, three kinds of households are most common: households composed of couples living in their first marriage, single-parent households, and households formed through remarriage. -A rising fourth category is the multigenerational household, a form of extended household, in which an adult child lives with his or her parent or parents. -A fifth category is also emerging, related to the ever-rising age at which many women have children. Called late-forming families, this reproductive pattern corresponds with many women's career aspirations (Konvalinka 2013). - One downside, in terms of child care, is that children in late-forming families cannot benefit from care and socialization from grandparents since they are often quite old by the time the grandchildren are growing up. -At the time, everyone lived in one longhouse with over 20 family units. It was a "modern" longhouse, thanks to roofing provided by the British army and the innovation of private sleeping areas. Like more traditional longhouses, though, it was an essentially egalitarian living space within which individuals could freely move. Today, that longhouse is no more. Most of the young people have migrated to coastal towns and work in jobs related to the offshore oil industry. Most houses are now single-unit homes with an emphasis on privacy. The elders complain of a "bad silence" in the village. No one looks after visitors with the old style of hospitality. There is no longer one common longhouse for communal feasts and rituals.

Sharing

-Godparenthood and blood brotherhood are examples of sharing-based kinship ties that are ritually formalized. Among inhabitants of one of Malaysia's many small islands, sharing-based kinship starts in the womb when the mother's blood feeds the fetus. After birth, the mother's breast milk nourishes the infant, and it establishes a crucial tie between milk-giver and child. Breastfeeding is also the basis of the incest rule. People who have been fed from the same breast are kin and may not marry. After the baby is weaned, its most important food is cooked rice. Sharing cooked rice is another way that kinship ties are created and maintained, especially between women and children. Men are often away on fishing trips, in coffee shops, or at the mosque, and so they are less likely to establish rice-sharing kinship bonds with children.

North American English

-In North American English, the term may include both "close" and "distant" relatives. All members of a family do not necessarily live together or have strong bonds with one another. But they are still "family." The Household: Variations on a Theme Anthropologists define three forms of households, and they study the concept of household headship.

Change continued

-Nearly everywhere, the age at first marriage is rising. The later age at marriage is related to increased emphasis on completing a certain number of years of education before marriage and to higher material aspirations, such as being able to own a house. - Among the Mawri, who are Muslim, marriage is the crucial ritual that changes a boy into a man. The economy has been declining for some time, and typical farm or other wages are worth less than they were in earlier times. Marriage costs for the groom, however, have risen. -While wealthy young men can afford to give a car to the bride's parents, most young Mawri men cannot afford even a standard brideprice. They remain sitting at home in their parents' house, something that, ordinarily, only females do. -The many young, marriage-age women who remain single gain a reputation of being immoral, occupying a new and suspect social space between girl and wife. In China, a different kind of marriage crisis exists and is growing. Population experts project that, by 2020, about 2 million men in China will not be able to find a woman to marry. This situation is due to the one-child policy, the preference for sons, and the resulting unbalanced sex ratio (Global Times 2010).

Define the three ways cultures create kinship

-Nineteenth-century anthropologists found that kinship was the most important organizing principle in nonindustrial, non-state cultures. -The kinship group performs the functions of ensuring the continuity of the group by arranging marriages; maintaining social order by setting moral rules and punishing offenders; and providing for the basic needs of members by regulating production, consumption, and distribution. -Nineteenth-century anthropologists also discovered that definitions of who counts as kin in the cultures they studied differed widely from those of Europe and the United States. -Western cultures emphasize primary "blood" relations or relations through birth from a biological mother and biological father (Sault 1994). "Blood" is not a universal basis for kinship, however.

Anthropologists define three forms of households, and they study the concept of household headship.

-The nuclear household (which many people call the nuclear family) is a domestic group that contains one adult couple (married or "partners"), with or without children. -An extended household is a domestic group that contains more than one adult married couple. The couples may be related through the father-son line (making a patrilineal extended household), through the mother-daughter line (a matrilineal extended household), or through sisters or brothers (a collateral extended household) -Polygynous (multiple wives) and polyandrous (multiple husbands) households are complex households, domestic units in which one spouse lives with or near multiple partners and their children.

Marriage

-The third major basis for forming close interpersonal relationships is through marriage or other forms of "marriage-like" relationships, such as long-term cohabitation. The following material focuses on marriage. - Anthropologists recognize that some concept of marriage exists in all cultures, though it may take different forms and serve different functions. What constitutes a cross-culturally valid definition of marriage is, however, open to debate.' -marriage: a more or less stable union, usually between two people, who may be, but are not necessarily, coresidential, sexually involved with each other, and procreative with each other.

Unilineal Descent

-Unilineal descent is the basis of kinship in about 60 percent of the world's cultures, making it the most common form of descent. This system tends to be found in societies with a fixed resource base. Thus, unilineal descent is most common among pastoralists, horticulturalists, and farmers. Inheritance rules that regulate the transmission of property through only one line help maintain cohesiveness of the resource base. Two Major forms - patrilineal descent, in which kinship is traced through the male line. - matrilineal descent, in which kinship is traced through the female line. - In a patrilineal system, only male children are considered members of the kinship lineage. Female children "marry out" and become members of the husband's lineage. In matrilineal descent systems, only daughters are considered to carry on the family line and sons "marry out." -Patrilineal descent is found among about 45 percent of all cultures. It occurs throughout much of South Asia, East Asia, the Middle East, New Guinea, northern Africa, and among some horticultural groups of sub-Saharan Africa. The world's most strongly patrilineal systems are found in East Asia, South Asia, and the Middle East -Matrilineal descent exists in about 15 percent of all cultures. It traces kinship through the female line exclusively, and the lineage consists of mothers and daughters and their daughters.

Family

A family is a group of people who consider themselves related through kinship. -In North American English, the term may include both "close" and "distant" relatives. All members of a family do not necessarily live together or have strong bonds with one another. But they are still "family."

What is one explanation for the rise of multigenerational households in the United States? -Adult children are marrying much younger than they used to. -Adult children cannot find homes outside of their childhood communities. -Adult children must find work in the area that they grew up in. -Adult children may find it economically necessary to live with their parents.

Adult children may find it economically necessary to live with their parents.

Studying Kinship: From Formal Analysis to Kinship in Action

Anthropologists in the first half of the twentieth century focused on finding out who, in a particular culture, is related to whom and in what way. -Typically, the anthropologist would conduct an interview with a few people, asking questions such as "What do you call your brother's daughter?" "Can you (as a man) marry your father's brother's daughter?" and "What is the term you use to refer to your mother's sister?" Ego: a set of symbols to depict all the kin relations of ego, the anthropologist would construct a kinship diagram, a schematic way of presenting the kinship relationships of an individual

Which of the following is an accurate statement about matrilineal societies? -As the number of horticultural economies in the world declines, there will be fewer matrilineal societies. -Matrilineal societies will decrease as patrilineal societies increase. -Matrilineal societies will increase as the number of extended households in a culture increases. -As the number of industrial/digital economies in the world increases, matrilineal societies will increase.

As the number of horticultural economies in the world declines, there will be fewer matrilineal societies.

How does the naming system of the people of Ha Tsuen, Hong Kong, reflect the power of males in that society? -Fathers get to choose names for both their daughters and sons. -Boys are given names with more auspicious meanings. -Only boys are given naming ceremonies. -Only women receive a married name.

Boys are given names with more auspicious meanings

What is the nature of the marriage crisis in China today? -Due to the rise in consumerism, the brideprice for women has increased greatly. -Due to the one-child policy and a preference for sons, there are now not enough women for men to marry. -The slightly higher probability of having a female child, when applied to a large and increasing population, will eventually create an excess of women. -Due to the declining economy, men can no longer afford a dowry in order to get married.

Due to the one-child policy and a preference for sons, there are now not enough women for men to marry.

How does the meaning of "family" differ from the meaning of "household"? -Family refers to a group of people related through kinship, while people in a household may or may not be related by kinship. -Family refers to a group of people who are related, whereas household refers to the kind of building they live in. -A family includes at least one married couple, while people in a household are not married. -A family includes adults and children, whereas a household consists of working adults only.

Family refers to a group of people related through kinship, while people in a household may or may not be related by kinship.

French anthropologist Maurice Godelier

Godelier, influenced by a materialist perspective, looks at how kinship is connected to economic issues, the organization of power, and the emerging forms of technology. His insights into how kinship is changing around the world today are particularly informed by aspects of modernity, including the role of new reproductive technologies (NRTs) including in vitro fertilization (IVF) and surrogate motherhood (review Chapter 4), two practices that address infertility, or the inability to conceive and complete a pregnancy -Both IVF and surrogate motherhood challenge traditional definitions of kinship in ways that play out differently depending on the cultural context and religious rulings. -No matter what theoretical perspective anthropologists use in their studies of kinship, kinship is constructed on three factors cross-culturally, - though with different rules, emphases, and meanings, depending on the cultural context: descent, sharing, and marriage. -All three factors, however, are subject to change over time in response to other factors, and change in kinship itself shapes people's cultural lives in many ways.

What characteristic distinguishes closed adoption from open adoption? -In a closed adoption, the placement of a child with a new family is temporary. -In a closed adoption, the children tend to go from poorer to better-off households. -In a closed adoption, the birth parent has no relationship with the child. -In a closed adoption, the birth parents receive a sum of money when they give up their child.

In closed adoption, the birth parent has no relationship with the child.

How did European colonial rule in Africa and Asia contribute to the decline of matrilineal kinship? -Western missionaries registered land and other property in their own names. -Land was registered in the names of assumed male heads of household. -Men and women gained equal status once colonial rule took hold. -Women were no longer allowed to work outside of the home.

Land was registered in the names of assumed male heads of household.

What is one cause of the Kelabit's transition away from the communal longhouse and into single-family residences? -Communal living declined along with the matrifocal family structure. -Colonial-era laws created incentives to have small households. -Many young people work industrial jobs elsewhere on the island. -Fewer children were needed for agricultural labor, which resulted in a below-replacement-level birth rate.

Many young people work industrial jobs elsewhere on the island.

Change in Descent

Matrilineal descent is declining worldwide as a result of both European colonialism and contemporary Western globalization. European colonial rule in Africa and Asia contributed to the decline in matrilineal kinship by registering land and other property in the names of assumed male heads of household, even where females were the heads (Boserup 1970). Among the Minangkabau of Indonesia (review Culturama, this chapter), three factors explain the decline of matrilineal kinship (Blackwood 1995): Dutch colonialism promoted the image of male-headed nuclear families as an ideal. Islamic teachings idealize women as wives and men as household heads. The modernizing Indonesian state has a policy of naming males as household heads. -

Ritually Established Kinship

Ritually defined ties between adults and children born to other people are common among Christians, especially Catholics, worldwide. Relationships between godparents and godchildren often involve strong emotional ties and financial flows from the former to the latter. Among the Maya of Oaxaca, Mexico (see Map 4.3), godparenthood is both a sign of the sponsor's status and the means to increased status for the sponsor (Sault 1985). A parent's request that a particular person sponsor his or her child is a public acknowledgment of the sponsor's standing. The godparent gains influence over the godchild and can call on the godchild for labor. Being a godparent of many children means that the godparent can amass a large labor force when needed and gain further status. Most godparents in Oaxaca are husband-wife couples, but many are women alone, a pattern that reflects the high status of Maya women.

What is one finding from anthropological study of sibling relationships? -Sibling relationships can usually indicate which side of the family is preferred. -Sibling relationships often occur outside of household dynamics. -Sibling relationships can often be more important than parent-child relationships. -Sibling relationships often play an important part in the socialization process.

Sibling relationships often play an important part in the socialization process.

What is one difference between the Eskimo naming system and the Iroquois system? -The Eskimo system makes no distinctions between members of the nuclear household and members of the families of the parents' siblings; the Iroquois system has terms for each member of a nuclear family, but uses the same term for aunts/uncles and cousins. -The Eskimo system has different terms for all members of the nuclear household; the Iroquois system uses the same term for mothers and aunts and the same term for fathers and uncles. -The Eskimo system uses different terms for relatives on the father's side and the mother's side; the Iroquois system uses the same term. -The Eskimo system uses the same term for all female relatives beyond the nuclear household; the Iroquois system uses different terms for aunts, female cousins, etc.

The Eskimo system has different terms for all members of the nuclear household; the Iroquois system uses the same term for mothers and aunts and the same term for fathers and uncles.

Households without a home

The definition of a household includes "sharing a living space." In most cultures, that means a "home" of some sort--a structure in which people prepare and share meals, sleep, and spend time with each other in a secure environment. -The major reasons for homelessness, of families and individuals, are: poverty, warfare and conflict, natural disasters, mental illness and other disabilities, substance abuse, and domestic violence.

Which of the following statements about nuclear households is true? -They are the predominant type of household in about one-fourth of all cultures. -They are well suited to the agricultural mode of livelihood. -They are more stable than other household forms. -As personal wealth increases, nuclear households are replaced with extended households.

They are the predominant type of household in about one fourth of all cultures.

SPOUSE-PARTNER RELATIONSHIPS

This section discusses two areas of spousal relationships: marital satisfaction and sexual activity over the life course. Satisfaction - In all marriages, marital satisfaction declined over time, but differences between the two types emerged. The decline was greatest for wives in arranged marriages and least for husbands in arranged marriages. In love-match marriages, both partners' satisfaction dropped dramatically (a bit earlier for wives and a bit later for husbands), but both husbands and wives reported nearly equal levels of satisfaction after they had been married nine years or more. Sexual Activity -Sexual activity of couples can be both an indication and a cause of marital satisfaction. Analysis of reports of marital sex from a 1988 survey in the United States shows that frequency per month declines steadily with the duration of marriage, from an average of 12 times per month for people ages 19 to 24 years to less than once a month for people 75 years of age and older (Call, Sprecher, and Schwartz 1995). -Sex is more frequent among three categories of people: -Those who are cohabiting but not married -those who cohabited before marriage -those who are in their second or later marriage

Domestic Violence Between Partners

Violence between domestic partners, with males dominating as perpetrators and women as victims, is found in nearly all cultures, although in varying forms and frequencies (Brown 1999). Wife beating is more common and more severe in contexts where men control the wealth. It is less common and less severe where women's work groups and social networks exist. The presence of women's work groups is related to a greater importance of women in livelihoods and a kinship system that keeps women together. These factors provide women with the means to leave an abusive relationship. For example, among the Garifuna (guh-REE-fuh-nuh), the African-Indian people of Belize, Central America, incidents of spouse abuse occur, but they are infrequent and not extended (Kerns 1999).

Anthropologists define a family as __________. -a group of co-residing people containing at least one adult couple with children -a group of people who consider themselves related through descent, marriage, or sharing -a group of people who are blood relatives and who live together -a group of people that includes more than one generation

a group of people who consider themselves related through descent, marriage, or sharing

According to Claude Lévi-Strauss, the incest taboo exists to __________. -create social organization beyond the family -maintain male dominance -symbolically address the sense of anxiety that results from living in insulated family units -ensure genetic diversity

create social organization beyond the family

A large city has an increasing number of homeless drug addicts and is considering harm reduction programs. Which of the following would fall under that category? -analysis of "big" data sets -creation of safe injection spaces for the addicts -increased police presence -increased funding to homeless shelters

creation of safe injection spaces for the addicts

Judith Modell

cultural anthropologist and adoptive parent, studied people's experiences of adoptees, birth parents, and adoptive parents in the United States (Modell 1994). She found that the legal process of adoption constructs the adoptive relationship to be as much like a biological one as possible. In closed adoption, the adopted child receives a new birth certificate, and the birth parent ceases to have any relationship to the child. A recent trend is toward open adoption, in which adoptees and birth parents have information about each other's identity and are free to interact with one another. Of the 28 adoptees Modell interviewed, most were interested in searching for their birth parents. The search for birth parents involves an attempt to discover "who I really am." For others, such a search is backward looking instead of being a path toward identity formation. Thus, in the United States, adoption legalizes sharing-based kinship but does not always replace a sense of descent-based kinship for everyone involved.

A kinship diagram

depicts ego's relatives, as remembered by ego. In cultures in which kinship plays a major role in social relations, ego may be able to provide information on dozens of relatives.

Household Definition

either a person living alone or one or more persons who occupy a shared living space and who may or may not be related by kinship.

extended household

is a domestic group that contains more than one adult married couple.

Genealogy

is a schematic way of presenting a family tree, constructed by beginning with the earliest ancestors that can be traced, then working down to the present. -A genealogy, thus, does not begin with ego.

Monogamy

is marriage between two people—a male or female if the pair is heterosexual, or two people of the same gender in the case of a homosexual pair. Heterosexual monogamy is the most common form of marriage cross-culturally, and in many countries it is the only legal form of marriage.

Polygamy

is marriage involving multiple spouses, a pattern allowed in many cultures. Two forms of polygamous marriage exist. -The more common of the two is polygyny, marriage of one man with more than one woman. -Polyandry, or marriage between one woman and more than one man, is rare. The only place where polyandry is commonly found is in the Himalayan region that includes parts of Tibet, India, and Nepal. Nonpolyandrous people in the area look down on the people who practice polyandrous marriage as backward (Haddix McCay 2001).

Descent

is the tracing of kinship relationships through parentage. -It is based on the fact that everybody is born from someone else. Descent creates a line of people from whom someone is descended, stretching through history. But not all cultures reckon descent in the same way.

A biological determinist view of romantic love would emphasize __________. -its association with contexts in which women are economically dependent on men -the fact that it is less important to women with higher career goals -the fact that it is not found in all cultures -its role in creating a union that would increase the chance of healthy offspring

its role in creating a union that would increase the chance of healthy offspring

Isogamy

marriage between partners who are status equals, occurs in cultures where male and female roles and status are equal. -Subtypes of status-based hypergyny and hypogyny occur on the basis of factors such as age and even height. Age hypergyny refers to a marriage in which the bride is younger than the groom, a common practice worldwide. In contrast, age hypogyny is a marriage in which the bride is older than the groom. Age hypogyny is rare cross-culturally but has been increasing in the United States due to the marriage squeeze on women who would otherwise prefer a husband of equal age or somewhat older.

Exogamy is __________. -marriage outside a defined social group -marriage between partners who are status equals -marriage between first or second cousins -marriage between two people

marriage outside a defined social group

Due to European colonialism and contemporary Western globalization, __________ is declining worldwide. -matrilineal descent -patrilineal descent -bilineal descent -monogamy

matrilineal descent

An anthropologist encounters the following scenario: a woman lives on a piece of land with her adult daughter, her son-in-law (a cross-cousin of the daughter), and her grandchildren. Her son grows up and builds a small residence on the land as well.This would be an example of __________. -exogamy -matrilocality -stem household -polygamy

matrilocality

A society that is transitioning from agriculture to industrial wage-labor has a tradition of requiring a dowry. The transition has not brought wealth to many families. What change in marriage could reasonably be predicted? -more unmarried women, more married men -more unmarried men and women -more unmarried men, more married women -abolition of the dowry to maintain marriage and birth rates

more unmarried men and women

Claude Levi-Strauss

proposes a reason for the universality of incest taboos by saying that, in nonstate societies, incest avoidance motivated men to exchange women between families. In his view, this exchange is the foundation for all social networks and social solidarity beyond the immediate group. Such networks promote trade between areas with different resources and peace through ties established by bride exchange. So, for him, the incest taboo has important social and economic functions: It impels people to create social organization beyond the family.

Adoption is a form of __________. -exclusionary kinship -unilineal-based kinship -matrilineal-based kinship -sharing-based kinship

sharing-based kinship

What has led anthropologists to conclude that nuclear households are likely to increase worldwide? -the increase in industrialization -the increase in population size -the decrease in matrilineal descent -the decrease in male dominance

the increase in industrialization

In both the study of marital satisfaction in Tokyo, and the study of frequency of sex in the United States, a common factor related to happiness was __________. -whether the marriage was love-based or arranged -whether it was a first or second marriage -the length of the marriage -the frequency of sex

the length of the marriage

Robin Fox

when Robin Fox attempted to construct kinship diagrams beginning with ego, the Tory Islanders were uncomfortable with the approach. They preferred to proceed genealogically, so he followed their preference. Tracing a family's complete genealogy may involve archival research in the attempt to construct as complete a history as possible.

nuclear household definition

which many people call the nuclear family) is a domestic group that contains one adult couple (married or "partners"), with or without children

Unilineal descent system

which recognizes descent through only one parent, either the father or the mother. - The distribution of bilineal and unilineal systems is roughly correlated with different modes of livelihood (see Figure 6.1). This correspondence makes sense because economic systems—livelihood, consumption, and exchange—are closely tied to the way people are socially organized.