anth 012 exam 2

Neolithic Revolution

(10,000 - 8,000 BCE) The development of agriculture and the domestication of animals as a food source. This led to the development of permanent settlements and the start of civilization

replacement model

The theory that modern people evolved first in Africa and then spread out to inhabit virtually all the world, outcompeting or destroying other human populations in the process.

White Sands Footprints

a set of fossilized footprints discovered in the White Sands National Park in New Mexico, United States, that are believed to have been left by humans around 23,000 years ago. These footprints provide evidence of the presence of humans in North America during the late Pleistocene period, which challenges the long-held belief that humans arrived in the Americas only around 13,000 years ago

Movius Line

a theoretical line drawn across northern India to demonstrate a technological difference between the early prehistoric tool technologies of the east and west of the Old World

blacked blade

a type of stone tool commonly found in the Mesolithic period. They are made from obsidian or other hard rocks, and are characterized by their black, glossy surface. The black color is caused by heating the rock to high temperatures and then rapidly cooling it

Prognathism

an extension or bulging out (protrusion) of the lower jaw (mandible)

human evolutionary ecology

approach to understanding the evolution of human behavior that attempts to explore ecological and demographic factors important in determining individual reproductive success and fitness in a cultural context

Great Rift Valley

area in africa where parts of the plateau's surface dropped and early human fossils are found

Broca's area

area in frontal lobe that deals with language production; enlarged in H. Habilis

Irhoud 10 Fossil

earliest evidence of derived facial features found in Morocco alongside evidence of fire and tools.

Celts

earliest known inhabitants of the British Isles

Reductionism

focuses on each component to understand the whole

Coxcatlan Cave

high dry cave well preserved of the Archaic period show transition of domestication in mesoamerica (Teosinte)

Olfactory bulbs

involved in the sense of smell

Valgus angle

knee

Doggerland

land / ice bridge that connected mainland Europe to the British Isles during the late prehistoric period

Holism

look at the whole organism

Oldowan tools

oldest known tools, made by chipping stones to produce a sharper edge; made by Homo Habilis

Burin

A pointed tool used for engraving or incising.

Monte Verde

A site in Chile where evidence of human occupation 15,000 years ago supports the argument that Clovis culture does not represent the first occupation of the Americas

Aurignacian tools

A stone tool technology associated with modern humans began in Europe around 35,000 years ago. It includes the production of long, narrow blade tools, rather than using crude flakes.

Multiregional Model

A theory that seeks to explain the transition from Homo erectus to homo sapiens by arguing that different populations of Homo sapiens are descendant from different populations of Homo erectus.

Wallace Line

An imaginary line in the Indonesian region that demarcates two areas, each of which is characterized by a distinct set of animal species.

Çatalhöyük

Approx 8k people lived together; Some evidence of agriculture

Bering Land Bridge Theory

During the Ice Age, glaciers grew and ocean levels dropped. Findings suggest a single population of modern humans migrated from southern Siberia toward the land mass known as the Bering Land Bridge as early as 30,000 years ago, and crossed over to the Americas by 16,500 years ago.

Lumpers v. splitters

Taxonomists are often referred to as "lumpers" or "splitters", depending on their personal approach to recognizing differences or commonalities between organisms

Encephalization quotients (EQ)

Ratio of actual brain size to body size

fission-fusion strategies

Social strategies used by certain animals to balance the benefits of group living with the costs of competition. These societies involve forming subgroups that change over time in response to changes in resources or social dynamics.

Clovis Culture

The earliest widespread and distinctive culture of North America

Paleolithic

The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans. It predates the Neolithic period.

sagittal crest

a bony ridge on the top of the skull to which the jaw muscles are attached

Wernicke's area

a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe

midfacial prognathism

a forward projection of the nose, or middle facial region; usually associated with Neanderthals

Microliths

small stone tool usually made of flint or chert used in spear points and arrowheads; first appeared in China

Mousterian tools

specialized stone tools like scrapers, lance points, and knives with other materials incorporated such an antler, horn, sticks, and cordage; more advanced tools than Oldowan; made by Neanderthals

Coastal Route Theory

suggests early humans migrated to the Americas by following a coastal route along the Pacific coastline; migrated from Northeast Asia, along the Pacific coast of North and South America, and eventually reached South America.

Ceramic Mesolithic

the early use of pottery by hunter-gatherer societies, which allowed for better food storage and cooking, but did not necessarily lead to the development of permanent settlements or agriculture

Assimilation Model

the first modern humans evolved in Africa and later migrated to other parts of the Old World, and rather than simply replacing the local archaic human populations they encountered, the modern human migrants interbred with them

urbanization

the growth of cities and the migration of people into them

evolutionary psychology

the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection

groundstone tools

tools made by grinding or pecking a hard, coarse stone into a desired shape. This process creates a smooth and polished surface that can be used for various tasks, such as grinding food or making other tools

Oranian and Capsian

two north african species that used different tools

Corded Ware Pottery

used in Japan

quarrying sites

where a particular raw material—stone, metal ore, or clay—was mined in the past to be used to make stone tools, to carve blocks for building or statuary, or to make ceramic pots