Anth 103 final exam

Every language has only a single phoneme.

false

The framing process of a social movement refers specifically to the ways that lawyers discuss social movements in courts.

false

Applying one's own cultural standards of value, worth, and morality to another culture is called:

ethnocentrism

Edward Burnett Tylor (1832-1917) came up with the word hegemony to describe the ways in which non-human primates communicate with their bodies.

false

Participant observation refers to anthropology's commitment to look at the whole picture of human life—culture, biology, history, and language—across space and time

false

Participating in a social movements is a demonstration of an individual's hegemony.

false

The grassroots women's movement CO-MADRES, formed by Salvadoran women, primarily addresses which social issues:

gender-based violence like rape

The work of anthropologist Tone Bringa in Bosnia examines the underlying causes of the civil war in what was once called Yugoslavia. Similarly, scholar Mahmood Mamdami studied the Rwandan conflict. What characterized both cases?

genocide

What comprises all of the inherited genetic factors that provide the framework for an organism's physical form?

genotype

Which of the following is defined as the ability to create consent and agreement within a population, sometimes unconsciously, by shaping what people think is normal, natural, and possible?

hegemony

Franz Boas (1858-1942) rejected unilineal cultural evolution (the notion that different cultures represent stages of development), instead suggesting that different cultures arise as the result of very different causes, and will vary widely. What do we call his approach?

historical paricularism

As European immigrant arrivals to the United States peaked in the mid-1900s, newcomers dispersed into cities and towns, often attempting to "blend in." This was in order to embrace their new lives, but it was also a way of trying to stay safe from prejudice and hatred. What term describes the result of this process of "blending in"?

melting pot

What do anthropologists call the uneven distribution of resources and privileges, often along lines of gender, racial or ethnic group, class, age, family, religion, sexuality, or legal status?

stratification

In his research conducted in the Trobriand Islands, Bronislaw Malinowski (1884-1942) employed an early form of what type of anthropological theory?

structural functionalism

Anthropology has long studied the marginalized and remote segments of human society. Recently, a lot of research has begun to look at the upper segments of society, which can help us understand how the other marginalized groups come into being and exist at all. What is this process called?

studying up

What has the effort to preserve the Native American Lakota language, spoken by about 50,000 people in the United States, led to?

there is a widespread integration of social media into the preservation effort

In 1871, hundreds of principalities were united to form Germany. After defeat in World War I, Germany's government was known as the Weimar Republic until the Nazis came to power in 1933. With the defeat of Nazi Germany, the country was divided into East and West during the Cold War, and finally reunited when the Soviet Union collapsed. Germany has existed in many forms, demonstrating what characteristic of states?

they are uniquely constructed and constantly reshaped

In what way is one's family of orientation more influential than one's family of procreation?

The family of orientation is the structure through which most people learn about the social world, about relationships, and where they develop life skills.

Small, kin-based groups that hunt and gather over a particular territory and constantly break up and reform in response to conflicts are referred to as what?

bands

The Occupy Wall Street movement was able to gain support by focusing on inequality with the motto "We are the 99 percent". This movement specifically drew the public's attention to inequality in what social category?

class

Family gatherings that honor particular moments in our lives-weddings, special holidays, and so forth-are often sources of tension when different family members want to "change things up." As a facet of culture and how we learn it, this reminds us that culture is a shared experience. It also reminds us that culture is:

constantly contested, negotiated, and changing

Wallerstein's World System's Theory classifies nations into which three categories:

core, periphery, semi-periphery

What type of anthropologists explore all aspects of living human culture—from war and violence to love, sexuality, and child rearing—and look at the meanings that people from all over the world place on these things?

cultural anthropologists

Anthropologists have shown that chimpanzees and other nonhuman primates are able to communicate about things not immediately present and events in the past or future. What aspect of human language does this describe?

displacement

Which of the following is NOT one of the four primary systems to classify relatives in your parents' generation? (see Guest 238, Searching for Kinship Patterns)

ego status

The comparison of ethnographic data across different cultures is called:

ethnology

is a pseudoscience that attempts to prove not only that races exist, but that some races are genetically superior to others.

eugenics

A band is an autonomous political unit composed of a number of villages or communities under the permanent control of a paramount chief.

false

According to research on the Nuer of Southern Sudan, the group followed their descent lines matrilineally and were primarily endogamous.

false

Anti-colonialism is when a colonialist country voluntarily decides to give all of its colonies back to the native people of those areas.

false

Clifford Geertz urged anthropologists to return to thinking about culture as connected to race and as being biologically rooted.

false

Every human being belongs to a specific race.

false

Imagined community refers to a fantasy society that an individual dreams about when they are feeling alone and without a strong sense of community.

false

Sexology is the scientific study of the best ways to have sex.

false

Stratification is the ability or potential to bring change through action and influence.

false

In 2014, police in Ferguson, MO, shot and killed 18-year-old Michael Brown in an incident that evoked nationwide and international protest about issues of aggressive policing, police brutality, and anti-black racism. In the ensuing months, social media was employed to powerful effect using the hashtag #blacklivesmatter. The creation of the #blacklivesmatter hashtag helped galvanize support and is an example of what kind of action?

framing proces

What do we call the method by which social movements create shared meanings and definitions that motivate and justify collective action?

framing process

44.Babylon, Mesopotamia, and the "cradle of civilization" are all terms of historical importance we implicitly link to the nation of Iraq. Although this creates the sense that Iraq is an ancient nation-state, Iraq:

has only existed since Word War I

Although the Nazi regime did use violence, the regime was also able to gain the cooperation of much of the populace who saw Nazi actions and programs as necessary and even reasonable. What is this kind of consensus an example of?

hegemony

The textbook uses the example of the Tsukiji fish market to explain what aspect of the global economy:

how the global commodity chain connects places as far afield as Maine, Spain and Tokyo

Norms are best described as:

ideas people in a society share about the way things ought to be done.

Benedict Anderson created the term ________________ to describe the nation as a social construction that creates a sense of cohesion and membership so strong that people will fight and die for the cause.

imagined community

Since 1996, the rate of births by cesarean section (C-section) in the United States has

increased dramatically, probably more as a result of cultural conceptions of childbirth and institutional pressure than medical necessity

Anthropologist Victor Turner identified three primary stages in all rites of passage. In many cultures, the first menstruation in women is seen as a powerful marker of womanhood and is frequently marked by ritual. In some cases, the young woman is separated from the larger social cohort, left in a state of isolation that may provide a time for reflection. According Victor Turner, this second stage is referred to as

liminality

In modern-day America, the most common system for distribution is

market exchange

When a civil society prepares for war, this preparation includes production of weapons and the glorification of war. What is this process called?

militarization

In terms of dominant cultural notions about what kinds of love is morally correct and natural, the recent changes in the United States around same-sex marriage are related to which earlier civil rights legal issue?

miscegination

What term is used to describe a political entity located within a geographic boundary with enforced borders whose population shares a sense of culture, ancestry, and destiny?

nation-state

A story that is told about the founding and history of a particular group to reinforce a common sense of identity is called

origin myth

The term shaman comes originally from the seminomadic people of what geographical area:

siberia

The political structure of modern countries includes a central government that exercises complete political, military, and economic control of its territory. Modern countries are considered what kind of organization?

state

Clifford Geertz argued that every cultural action is more than the action itself. It is also a symbol of deeper meaning, subject to interpretation. What key idea in anthropology did this important theoretical idea help promote?

symbols are a crucial means of understanding other cultures

Even very powerful institutions do not completely dominate people's lives and thinking. Individual and groups with relatively little power can contest powerful institutions, such as the state, because:

systems of power, including the state, are never absolute

In Emily Martin's study of biology textbooks, she uses the story of the egg and the sperm to argue that:

that our gender ideologies are so pervasive that they change how we see our biologies

The Zapatista Movement in the Chiapas region of southern Mexico illustrates a relationship in Mexico between a revolutionary politics and

the Catholic Church

One of the founding fathers of modern economics, Adam Smith's concept of "laissez-faire" capitalism argues that:

the best way to encourage the economy is to let it regulate itself

A historical linguist would be most likely to study:

the development of language over time, including its changes and variations.

A disease is a clinically identifiable and natural identity that challenges the health of the patient, while an illness is _____________:

the individual patient's experience of disease

What surprising discovery did Carolyn Nordstrom make in her study of war and violence in Mozambique?

the political violence of war can be resisted and defeated by attending to daily matters

In Montreal, Quebec, Canada, signs posted in public view (such as for streets or restaurants) are required to show the words in French first, usually above English, and in larger type sizes. This reflects:

the use of political power to control the prioritization of specific languages

"In recent years, the anthropology of sexuality has worked to shift scholarly attention to focus on the norm (heterosexuality) and the process by which the particular expression of heterosexuality prevalent in U.S. culture today became the norm."

true

Gender is the social, cultural, and psychological constructs that are imposed on the biological differences of sex.

true

Margaret Mead's fieldwork in Samoa was controversial because it concluded that sexual freedom was connected to cultural norms.

true

Participant observation is an essential part of cultural anthropology

true

Samoans are an example of a cultural group who trace kinship through ambilineal descent groups. This means they construct their kinship between both their mother's and their father's descent lines.

true

Societies create institutions to protect and reproduce cultural values. This is one reason why culture and power are connected.

true

ndia is playing England in an international rugby game. An ethnically Indian woman who lives in London chooses to root for England because she identifies more strongly with her UK nationality. Later that week she attends the India Day Festival and is proud of her heritage and culture. This can be can be seen as an example of situational negotiation of identity. (hint: Guest, 159-160)

true

Anne Fadiman's The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down studied the Hmong population in the United States. In this study, the misdiagnosis of Lia Lee is due to all of the following factors except:

unacknowledged history of child abuse within the Lee family

Arranged marriages are relatively common in each of the following areas EXCEPT

Central America

In her study of the wedding industry in America, sociologist Chrys Ingraham tells us that:

White Wedding culture is an essential way the norm of heterosexuality is constructed in America

Which of the following is a gender ideology in the US that anthropologists have worked to undermine:

Man the Hunter, Woman the Gatherer

What is ethnography?

It is the process of doing qualitative, fieldwork-based research.

Marvin Harris's theory of cultural materialism argues that material conditions, including technology, determine patterns of social organization, including religious principles. According to the textbook, this theory relies heavily on the earlier work of what great thinker:

Karl Marx

Bridewealth is:

a gift of money, livestock, or other goods given by the groom's family to the bride's family

Kromida's study of an elementary school in Brooklyn, New York following the September 11th attacks (Guest, 136-138) provides evidence of:

a. The racialization of peoples from the Middle East b. The relative nature of "whiteness" and its usage c. The ways that race dialogues are used to create lines of inclusion/exclusion d. The use of phenotype (skin color) to ascribe race to a particular group e. All of the above are correct ALL ARE CORRECT

Freeman's study in Barbados finds that a new gendered category of labor has been created between white-collar (office and non-manual labor) and blue-collar (manual labor), which he calls "pink-collar"? Which of the following statements about pink collar labor in Barbados is true:

a. Their work conditions are improved when compared to blue collar labor b. They have benefits that include transportation costs, job security, and more flexible schedules. c. They still have lower wages than white collar workers, and are often not welcome in those labor forces d. They differentiate themselves from women who do manual labor through style ALL ARE CORRECT

The advancements of Fordism helped define the economy of the 20th century in America in which of the following ways:

a. it changed the ways many corporations viewed and treated their laborers by paying a living wage b. it alleviated some of the social welfare responsibilities of the state c. it produced items in mass quantities standardizing consumer culture d. it encouraged laborers to consume what they produced all are effects

Which of the following industries attempts to create a desire for goods and services?

advertising

To resist the power of state institutions, some societies make use of different systems to settle issues that might normally go to the state court system. What are these systems known as?

alternative legal structures

In the United States, the opportunities available to someone are:

are clearly influenced by class as well as race and gender

What do we call the British Empire's military, economic, and political control over Malaysia?

colonialism

Which economic theory suggests that the underdevelopment of certain countries is the result of how they have been exploited by the global market and asserts that colonial relations of power are maintained after colonialism? (hint: Guest 308-309)

dependency theory

Which linguists are responsible for describing living languages in detail for the purpose of preserving them

descriptive linguists

What strategy did hunter-gatherer communities develop to enhance cooperation, generosity, and the sharing of resources?

egalitarianism

Margaret Mead's (1901-1979) fieldwork in Samoa was controversial in part because she examined sexual freedom, and considered sex to be a matter of

enculturation

Sitting in your anthropology class helps you learn about culture through formal instruction. What informal learning process helps you learn culture from family, friends, and the media?

enculturation

Most ethnic groups establish traits that set them apart from others and identify members of their own group. Anthropologists call these

ethnic boundary markers

A group of people who share an idea of cultural and ancestral connection and who see themselves as distinct from people in other groups are described as a(n)

ethnic group

While we are all immersed in structures and relationships that condition how we think and act, as individuals we possess the ability to contest the established power through political, economic, religious, or military means and challenge cultural norms, values, symbols, and institutions. Anthropologists refer to ability by the term

human agency

Anthropological research reveals that most ethnic groups and nations are recent historical creations, our connection to people within these groups is relatively new, and our shared traditions are recently invented. In addition, most members will never meet each other. This allows us to observe that most nations today are

imagined communities

The earliest evidence of food production was found in which modern-day place?

iraq

What does Benjamin Whorf 's research with the Hopi, a Native American group in the southwestern United States, suggest about language?

language creates different ways of thinking

When studying abroad, Shelby talks about the racial categories in the United States. Her new friends from Japan, Brazil, and Turkey all say her categories are incorrect. Each person has their own way of categorizing people by race. Shelby remembers from her anthropology class that racial categories are determined by:

mental maps of reality

Chinese immigrants began migrating to the US in the 1800s and despite the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 (repealed in 1943), they and their descendants help compose the cultural, economic, and political fabric of the US. Many Chinese American communities continue to practice many aspects of traditional and contemporary Chinese culture. What concept does this illustrate?

multiculturalism

Prior to 1800, the French were a scattered collection of groups that spoke different languages, celebrated different holidays and festivals, and practiced different religions. The development of schools, road systems, and a national language united them as French rather than as Gascons, Burgundians, and Parisians, which has resulted in what kind of social structure today?

nation-state

In 2014, Scots voted in a referendum whether or not to make their nation an independent country, separate from the United Kingdom. Although the referendum was defeated, what particular sentiment were the Scots expressing by seeking independence?

nationalism

The current argument over whether to build a wall between Mexico and the United States reflects, in part, what long-standing ideology that has informed how race is constructed and managed in the United States?

nativism

Cultural anthropologists like to hang out with the people they are studying and ask lots of questions as the people work, celebrate, dance, or play games - sometimes joining in themselves. What is the term used for this research method?

participant observation

Human beings are pretty much identical and share almost 99.9 percent of their DNA. Knowing this, we might understand the observable differences in body ratios—height versus width—that anthropologists have documented as a matter of

phenotype

Some people from the Middle East have been considered "white" in the United States for some time, but since September 11, anyone with brown skin who seems foreign is now considered "different" and possibly an enemy. This is an example of

racialization

The process of categorizing, differentiating, and attributing a particular racial character to a person or group of people, is referred to as what?

racialization

A set of ideas about a group of people, such as: "Latina women are sexually promiscuous," or "All Arabs are terrorists," can make it seem natural and normal to discriminate against these groups. What type or aspect of racism is this?

racist ideology

Anthropologist Arthur Kleinman's work involves the collecting of different illness narratives. This work with illness narratives can help medical professionals better treat illnesses by:

revealing the psychological, social and cultural aspects that give illness its context and meaning

French sociologist Emile Durkheim argued that religion was a unified system of belief that distinguished between _____________ and _______________.

sacred and the profane

What are we talking about when we refer to observable physical and biological differences between the male and female human reproduction systems?

sex

The Harlem Birth Rights Project has helped to do what?

show that structural issues like housing conditions, environmental factors, precarious or stressful employment, child care concerns, etc. have a significant impact on African American mothers' and infants' health, across class

If you wanted to study the miscommunication between men and women by looking at the different ways they use language, you would look for articles by what kind of anthropologists?

sociolinguist

What can be accurately said about most of the states that exist in the world today?

they did not exist prior to World War II

The textbook lists all of the following as ways kinship is built amongst the Langkawi in Malaysia EXCEPT:

trade with other villages

A language disappears from the world approximately every ten days.

true

According to Benedict Anderson a nation can be thought about, in part, as a group of people who think of themselves as having a shared history.

true

Incest taboos prohibiting marriage and sexual relations between siblings and between parents and children are found in every culture.

true

Time-space compression is closely related to the idea of globalization.

true

Unilineal cultural evolution is an outdated concept inspired by the work of Charles Darwin that proposes that cultures sit on a hierarchy between simple (undeveloped) and complex (developed).

true

C.J. Pascoe's ethnography of gender construction among American high school students in California found that which group was most likely to use "fag discourse" to perform masculinity?

white male students

in many countries, members of the dominant ethnic or racial group tend to favor other members of their own group, give them the benefit of any doubt, and take what they say more seriously. This is because the dominant group's worldview and ways of talking, eating, worshipping, etc. are widely considered normal, natural, or ideal. In the United States, what do we call the invisible benefits of this normalization of the dominant racial group's culture?

white privilege

Earlier anthropological analysis considered small-scale human groups in comparative isolation. We now understand that in the modern world, all bands, tribes, and chiefdoms must function how?

within the influence of the state

In China, what is the term for a village history book that documents local genealogies, among other things?

zupu