ANTH 104 Final

Planned Parenthood

1 in 5 women in the U.S. has visited a planned parenthood center at least once in her life Trump and Pence want to defund PP and restrict abortion access, would repeal Affordable Care act

Demand abolition

"The idea that legalizing or decriminalizing commercial sex would reduce its harms is a persistent myth. Many claim if the sex trade were legal, regulated, and treated like any other profession, it would be safer. But research suggests otherwise. Countries that have legalized or decriminalized commercial sex often experience a surge in human trafficking, pimping, and other related crimes."

Roe v Wade

(1973) legalized abortion on the basis of a woman's right to privacy

Susan B. Anthony

Anthony was a prominent American suffragist and civil rights activist. She campaigned against slavery and for women to be given the vote. •She was also the co-founder of the Women's Temperance movement which campaigned to tighten laws on alcohol sales. •In addition, she played an important role in raising the profile of equal rights for women, and is credited with playing a significant role in the passing of the 19th Amendment (1920), which gave women the vote

LGBTQ bullying

-74.1% of LGBT students have been verbally harassed because of their sexual orientation -55.2% of LGBT students have been verbally harassed because of their gender expression -36.2% of LGBT students have been physically harassed because of their sexual orientation -22.7% of LGBT students have been physically harassed because of their gender expression LGBT anti-bullying laws: -state anti-bullying laws specifically that protects sexual orientation and gender identity are sparse As a result of bullying, many LGBT individuals have thoughts about suicide and attempt suicide Transgender individuals: 41% can't change their gender on their IDs, 57% were rejected by families, 19% have experienced homelessness, 19% were refused medical care, 47% have attempted suicide

Reasons for having an abortion

-A personal decision not to carry the pregnancy. -Continuation of the pregnancy may cause emotional or financial hardship. -The woman is not ready to become a parent. -The pregnancy was unintended. •The fetus has a birth defect or genetic problem. •A pregnancy is harmful to a women's health (therapeutic abortion). •The pregnancy resulted after a traumatic event such as rape or incest.

Chik-fil-A gay rights

-company advocates for "traditional marriage" based on biblical principles -chain donated millions to anti-gay groups and causes

Forms of female birth control

-condom -female condom -oral contraception -hormonal ring -IUD -contraceptive injection -surgical sterilization -implant -coitis interruptus (pull out method) -calendar rhythm method -vaginal douche -contraceptive patch -diaphragm/cap

Hate groups

-hate groups are on the rise -these include anti-lgbt, neo nazi groups, white nationalist groups, anti-muslim groups

Chlamydia

-known as silent infection bc most people who have it show no symptoms -if symptoms do occur, they may not appear until several weeks after exposure -even when it causes no symptoms, chlamydia can damage a woman's reproductive system -bacterial infection -spread during unprotected anal, vaginal, or oral sex -symptoms occur within 7-12 days of infection -men: clear thick discharge from penis, burning during urination -women: painful urination, itching, bleeding, or burning from vagina -antibiotics treat the disease -if left untreated can cause irreversible damage in females -can be transferred through birth •With chlamydia, 80% of infections are asymptomatic, yet even then they can be spread via sex. •The infection is particularly serious for women. If untreated it may move to the upper reproductive tract, resulting in pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). •PID can, in turn, can lead to ectopic pregnancy, chronic pain and infertility. •Newborns may get pneumonia if they are infected in the uterus. •Men with untreated chlamydia may develop arthritis.

Homophobia

-someone who has been the target of homophobia is up to 6x more likely to complete suicide than their straight friends

Mike Pence

1. supported a constitutional amendment to ban marriage equality 2. signed a bill to jail same-sex couple for applying for a marriage license 3. wanted to divert funding from HIV prevention to conversion therapy 4. opposed repeal of "don't ask, don't tell" 5. complained about the passage of the Matthew Shepard Hate Crimes bill 6. seved on the board of an anti-gray group 7. Argues that passing ENDA would ban bibles from the workplace

Physical causes in females

Any number of medical conditions, including cancer, kidney failure, multiple sclerosis, heart disease and bladder problems, can lead to sexual dysfunction. Certain medications, including some antidepressants, blood pressure medications, antihistamines and chemotherapy drugs, can decrease sexual desire and the body's ability to experience orgasm.

Hepatitis B

Hepatitis B is also known as serum hepatitis and is spread through blood and sexual contact. It is seen with increased frequency among intravenous drug users who share needles and among members of the gay population.

Syphillis

A sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum pallidum. It is spread through broken skin or mucous membranes. Syphilis has often been called "the great imitator" because so many of the signs and symptoms are indistinguishable from those of other diseases. How does one get it? Syphilis is passed from person to person through direct contact with a syphilis sore. Sores occur mainly on the external genitals, vagina, or anus, or in the rectum. Sores also can occur on the lips and in the mouth. Transmission of the organism occurs during vaginal, anal, or oral sex. Pregnant women with the disease can pass it to the babies they are carrying. However, syphilis cannot be spread through contact with toilet seats, doorknobs, swimming pools, hot tubs, bathtubs, shared clothing, or eating utensils (contrary to urban legends) •While the bulk of the roughly 6 million cases of syphilis occurring annually are in low- and middle-income countries, some of the largest annual increases are in high-income countries. In these countries, syphilis has spread from some high-risk groups, such as gay and bisexual men, to the wider community. •In the U.S., rates of early-stage syphilis among women surged 156% from 2013 to 2017. The CDC says this increase is associated with a corresponding rise in sexualized drug use — using methamphetamines or injection drugs, including heroin, to facilitate unprotected sex with multiple partners. •Similarly in Europe, such practices, known as "party and play (PnP)," "chemsex" or "slamming," have been shown to spur sex work and risky behavior, especially among men who have sex with men. •Up to 40% of pregnancies with untreated syphilis result in miscarry age, stillbirth or early infant death. The surviving babies may suffer from abnormalities including skeletal defects, hearing impairment and meningitis, which can cause developmental delays and seizures. •Reported cases of syphilis passed from a mother to her baby have more than doubled in the U.S. since 2013, reaching a 20-year high of 918 in 2017. Florida, California, Arizona, Texas and Louisiana accounted for 70% of cases.

Debates/issues surround health care covering contraception

Affordable Care Act's contraceptive coverage gurantee working, privately insured women are increasingly paying $0 out of pocket for a range of contraceptive methods. -Trump aims to overrule Obamacare -Objections from the catholic church -Is it "moral" or not -critical for the financial security of women -There has been a decline in abortions under presidents, with obama having least amount of abortions -Clinics experience targeted intimidation of and threats against doctors and staff (mostly by pamphlets targeting them) -restrictive laws do not stop women from having abortions and banning it endangers women's health -abortion is not permitted in 6 countries, allowed in 50 countries only to save a woman's life, allowed in 71 countries to preserve a woman's physical or mental health; in case of rape or incest; become of fetal impairment -allowed in 70 countries for economic of social reasons or on request -mostly prohibited in africa and south america

Contraceptive use among different women

Age: most women using any contraceptive method are ages 35-44, non-hispanic white, and have some college but no BA Female sterilization: most women have no HS diploma Pill: Most women have bachelor's degree or higher Condom: most women have have bachelor's degree or higher Long-acting reversible contraceptives: most women have some college but no bachelor's degree

Teen pregnancy facts/trends

Around 85% of teen pregnancies are unplanned. 7.2% of those teens receive no medical care. Around 700,000 teens between ages 17&19 become pregnant each year Roughly, 40% of females in the US become pregnant before they reach 20 years of age Half of these pregnant teens give birth each year, while around 45% have abortions

Federal efforts to protect workplace rights

As of April 8, 2015, OFCCP's regulations prohibit employers with a covered federal contract or subcontract from discriminating against employees and job applicants based on their sexual orientation or gender identity. President Obama directed these changes to OFCCP's regulations on 21 July 2014, when he signed Executive Order 13672. This Executive Order amended Executive Order 11246 by making it unlawful for federal contractors and subcontractors to discriminate based on sexual orientation and gender identity, as well as race, color, religion, sex, and national origin.

Abortions--surgical

Aspiration is a surgical abortion procedure performed during the first 6 to 16 weeks gestation. Dilation and evacuation is a surgical abortion procedure performed after 16 weeks gestation. The dilation and extraction procedure is used after 21 weeks gestation.

Approaches to birth control for males

Biology has made targeting contraception at the female reproductive system far easier than targeting the male reproductive system. Preventing a single egg cell from being fertilized is simpler than deactivating the 40 million to 1.2 billion sperm cells found in a single ejaculation. It is also easier to block ovulation than sperm production. Spacing methods: natural methods, barrier methods, hormonal methods, intra vas deferens, under-trial methods terminal methods: starilization (vasectomy), vas occlusions methods (blocks sperm transport in the vas deferens) mechanisms of male contraceptives: Eppin inhibitors: block a protein called semenogelin on the surface of human sperm. Eppin, with bound semenogelin inhibits sperm mobility. Retinoid acid inhibitors: retinoid acid inhibits inhibit testicular retinoic acid biosynthesis, which is needed for differentiation of spematogonia. Targets sperm production CatSper: target flagella and sperm mobility, antagonist of progesterone, which stimulates sperm movement in the vagina and cervix. The ion channel CatSper, regulates calcium ion flow in the sperm's tail. Men who have a defective CatSper-encoding gene are infertile. Since nothing else appears wrong with them, in theory, this means a drug that targets this ion channel could function as a contraceptive without causing side effects. hormonal contraception: •In fertile men, new sperm cells are constantly created in the testicles, a process triggered by the testosterone. •The goal of hormonal contraception research is to find a way of temporarily blocking the effects of testosterone so testicles stop producing healthy sperm cells. •However, this needs to be achieved without lowering testosterone levels to such an extent that it triggers side effects, such as a loss of sexual desire. Male BC Pill: One way of doing this is by giving men a synthetic version of testosterone, together with a hormone called progestogen. Progestogens are synthetic versions of a female sex hormone often found in female hormonal contraceptives, such as the progestogen-only pill. This approach stops the testes producing testosterone which, in most cases, prevents normal sperm production. At the same time, it keeps the amount of testosterone in the blood normal, preventing side effects.This is a very effective approach, but some men still carry on producing enough sperm to cause a pregnancy. The reason why this happens is unknown, but it may be that some men carry on producing enough testosterone to continue to stimulate some sperm production.

Dif. types of STDs

Commonly curable include: chlamydia, trichomoniasis, syphilis, and gonorrhea. -Even if being treated and cured of a STI, you can become re-infected with that infection or another STI (or multiple STIs) if you continue to have unprotected sex or engage in other risky sexual behaviors. -This is why routine testing is so important. If you know your STI status, you can seek treatment and/or become cured as well as take the necessary precautions to prevent further spread of the infection. Incurable STDs: genital herpes, genital warts, Hepatitis B and HIV/AIDS

Why resurgence in STD rates?

Cost of treating STDs; reemerging forms that are antibody resistant; rapid increase in cases of chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis in US the crisis is costing an estimated $16 billion annually in preventable health-care expenses.

Dilation and Curettage (D&C)

D&C is a brief surgical procedure in which the cervix is dilated and a special instrument is used to scrape the uterine lining. • It is used to remove tissue in the uterus during or after a miscarriage or abortion or to remove small pieces of placenta after childbirth. This helps prevent infection or heavy bleeding. •It is also used to diagnose or treat abnormal uterine bleeding. •A D&C may help diagnose or treat growths such as fibroids, polyps, hormonal imbalances, or uterine cancer. A sample of uterine tissue is viewed under a microscope to check for abnormal cells.

Types of disorders

Desire disorders: lack of sexual desire or interest in sex Arousal disorders: inability to become physically aroused or excited during sexual activity Orgasm disorders: delay or absence of orgasm Pain disorders: pain during intercourse

Emerging view of sex and gender as not binary *

Gendered experience in epigenome of brain: hypothetical depiction of the complex interplay of sex and gener on the brain epigenome throughout the lifespace

Emergency contraception

Emergency contraception is birth control that prevents pregnancy after sex, which is why it is sometimes called "the morning after pill", "the day after pill", or "morning after contraception". A woman can use emergency contraception right away - or up to five days after sex - if she thinks that her birth control failed, she did not use contraception, or she was made to have sex against her will. Emergency contraception makes it much less likely a woman will get pregnant. Emergency contraceptives are not as effective as birth control that is used before or during sex, like the pill or condoms. You can use emergency contraception to prevent pregnancy if: •Didn't use a condom or other birth control method when you had vaginal sex •Messed up the regular birth control (forgot to take birth control pills, change patch or ring, or get shot on time) and had vaginal sex •Condom broke or slipped off after ejaculation (or partner didn't pull out in time) •Forced to have unprotected vaginal sex •If emergency contraception is used correctly after having unprotected sex, it makes it much less likely that a woman will get pregnant. •Don't use it regularly as the only protection from pregnancy, because it's not as effective as regular, non-emergency birth control methods (like the IUD, pill, or condoms). A pill with ulipristal acetate. Brand name: ella .-Need a prescription from a nurse or doctor to get ella, but you can get a fast medical consultation and prescription with next-day delivery online. -ella is the most effective type of morning-after pill. -Can take ella up to 120 hours (5 days) after unprotected sex, and it works just as well on day 5 as it does on day 1. -If a woman has used the birth control pill, patch, or ring within the last 5 days, ella might not work as well as other morning after pills (like Plan B). •A pill with levonorgestrel. Brand names include: Plan B One Step, Next Choice One Dose, Take Action, My Way, AfterPill, and others. -Can buy these morning-after pills over the counter without a prescription in most drugstores and pharmacies. -These types of morning-after pills work best when taken within 72 hours (3 days) after unprotected sex, but can be taken them up to 5 days after. The sooner they are taken, the better they work. Pregnancy doesn't happen right after having sex — that's why it's possible to prevent pregnancy a few days after sex. •Sperm can live inside the body for up to six (6) days after sex, waiting for an egg to show up. •If a woman ovulates during that time, the sperm can meet up with her egg and cause pregnancy. Morning-after pills work by temporarily stopping the ovary from releasing an egg. •Where a woman is at in her menstrual cycle and how soon she takes morning-after pills can affect how well they prevent pregnancy. Morning-after pills won't work if her body is ovulating. •This is why timing is so important, especially if a woman is using Plan B and other levonorgestrel morning-after pills (ella works closer to the time of ovulation than levonorgestrel morning-after pills like Plan B.) •Since most women don't know exactly when they ovulate, it's best to use emergency contraception as soon as possible — no matter where they are in their menstrual cycle or whether or not they think they're about to ovulate. -morning after mostly used by young people (aged 15-24) and hispanics

Virgin/***** dichotomy

Evidence of stigmatization attached to sex workers' occupation, often referred to as "prostitution" or "*****" stigma. We give special attention to its negative effect on the working conditions, personal lives, and health of sex workers. •Goffman (1963) defines stigma in general as an undesirable or discrediting attitude that an individual possesses, thus reducing that individual's status in the eyes of society (spoils normal identity). •It can result from a particular physical characteristic, such as a physical deformity, or can be negative attitudes toward the behavior of a group of people, such as homosexuals, commercial sex workers, intervenous drug users, HIV positive individuals, etc. •Stigma may also be described as a label that associates a person with a set of unwanted characteristics that form a stereotype. •Our identity is something social• We have to constant present ourselves publicly and our 'selves' are continuously being scrutinized by ourselves and others •We try and project a socially desirable 'front' •We want to be accepted and liked and so we must present a good image of ourselves to 'fit in' •We constantly 'manage' the impression that others have of us

hepatitis

Hepatitis can be caused by a number of agents: *Infections from viruses (such as hepatitis A, B, or C), bacteria, or parasites *Liver damage from alcohol or poisonous mushrooms *Medications, such as an overdose of acetaminophen, which can be deadly *Immune cells in the body attacking the liver and causing autoimmune hepatitis. Viral hepatitis is the leading cause of liver cancer and the most common reason for liver transplantation. An estimated 4.4 million Americans are living with chronic hepatitis; most do not know they are infected. About 80,000 new infections occur each year.

Herpes simplex 2

Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) is usually, but not always, sexually transmitted. Symptoms include genital ulcers or sores. •However, some people with HSV-2 have no symptoms. Up to 30% of adults in the U.S. have antibodies against HSV-2. •Cross-infection of type 1 and 2 viruses may occur from oral-genital contact. In other words, it is possible to get genital herpes on the mouth, and oral herpes on genital area.

Definition of legal personhood

If the definition of legal personhood is changed so that it begins when sperm meets an egg, hormonal birth control or barrier devices that prevent zygotes from implanting in the uterine wall could become illegal, making using an IUD tantamount to murder. Some 40% of House Republicans and a 25% of Senate Republicans backed bills that would do just that.

The New Atlantis

In Fall 2016, Drs. Lawrence Mayer and Paul McHugh wrote a report on sexuality and gender that attracted substantial media attention. This report was published by the Ethics and Public Policy Center, a conservative think tank "dedicated to applying the Judeo-Christian moral tradition to critical areas of public policy," in its non-peer reviewed journal The New Atlantis The article is described as "a careful summary and an up-to-date explanation of research — from the biological, psychological, and social sciences — related to sexual orientation and gender identity." •It claims to show that sexual orientation is chosen and not fixed, and that gay people are not "born gay". •Careful examination of this article reveals it to be a selective and outdated collection of references and arguments aimed at confusing rather than clarifying our understanding of sexual orientation and gender identity. •Mayer and McHugh baldly state that sexual orientation is an "ambiguous" concept compared to other psychological traits, and that there are "currently no agreed-upon definitions for purposes of empirical research."

Women's political advancement and their implications

Of the 34 senate seats open for reelection in 2016, 17 states have female candidates. Of those, 10 states have viable candidates. And of of those, six are democratic women aiming to replace a male candidate. 43% of Americans say it would be a good thing if more women were elected to congress Saw a lot more women running during the 2018 midterm elections

cervical cancer

In more developed countries, a cervical Pap test is used to detect abnormal cells which may develop into cancer. During a colposcopic inspection, biopsies can be taken and abnormal areas can be removed with a simple procedure, typically with a cauterizing loop or—more common in the developing world—by freezing (cryotherapy). Pap smears have reduced the incidence and fatalities of cervical cancer in the developed world, but even so there were 11,000 cases and 3,900 deaths in the U.S. in 2008. Cervical cancer has substantial mortality in resource-poor areas; worldwide, there are 490,000 cases and 270,000 deaths.7]

Hormonal causes in females

Lower estrogen levels after menopause may lead to changes in genital tissues and sexual responsiveness. A decrease in estrogen leads to decreased blood flow to the pelvic region, which can result in less genital sensation, as well as needing more time to build arousal and reach orgasm. The vaginal lining also becomes thinner and less elastic, particularly if a woman is not sexually active. These factors can lead to painful intercourse (dyspareunia). Sexual desire also decreases when hormonal levels decrease. The body's hormone levels also shift after giving birth and during breast-feeding, which can lead to vaginal dryness and can affect the desire to have sex.

Symptoms of sexual dysfunction

Males: •Inability to achieve or maintain an erection suitable for intercourse (erectile dysfunction) •Absent or delayed ejaculation despite adequate sexual stimulation (retarded ejaculation) •Inability to control the timing of ejaculation (early or premature ejaculation) females: •Inability to achieve orgasm (anorgasmia) •Inadequate vaginal lubrication before and during intercourse •Inability to relax the vaginal muscles enough to allow intercourse In men and women: •Lack of interest in or desire for sex •Inability to become aroused •Painful intercourse

General signs and symptoms of STDs

Men: groin pain, burning during urination, milky discharge, irritation around opening of penis, testicular pain/swelling, sore throat, anal itching women: milky discharge, burning during urination, lower abdominal/back pains, nausea and fever, painful intercourse, spotting between periods, sore throat/anal itchy

All of the dif. reasons that contraceptives are used

Menstrual pain, menstrual regulation, acne, endometriosis

Effectiveness of dif. BC

Most effective: hormonal IUD, implant, copper IUD (less than one pregnancy per 100 women in a year) Medium effective: ring, patch, injectable, pill (6-12 or more pregnancies per 100 women in a year) Least effective: pulling out, condom, natural family planning (18 or more pregnancies per 100 women in a year)

Abstinence programs

Motivation and problems: Politics and consequences: In his proposed budget for 2017, Obama eliminated a $10 million-a-year grant from the Department of Health and Human Services that funds abstinence only programs. The Trump administration has issued new rules for funding programs to prevent teenage pregnancy, favoring those that promote abstinence and not requiring as rigorous evidence of effectiveness. Issued in April 2018 by the Department of Health and Human Services, the funding announcement does not exclude programs that provide information about contraception and protected sex, although it explicitly encouraged programs that emphasize abstinence or "sexual risk avoidance."

New Zealand and Swedish legal approaches to prostitution/work

New Zealand: •Prostitution Reform Act 2003 - Its purpose was to decriminalize certain activities related to prostitution and to create a framework that: -Safeguards the human rights of sex workers and protects them against exploitation -Promotes the welfare and occupational health and safety of sex workers -Is conducive to public health-Prohibits the use in prostitution of persons under the age of 18 years old •The Act defines a "sex worker" as someone who provides "commercial sexual services" and makes it legal to enter into contracts for such services Sweden: •Legal actions in 1995-97 criminalized sex work -Sellers of sexual services -Buyers of sexual services -States that "no prostitution can be said to be of a voluntary nature" -Indicates that the purchase of sex constitutes violence of men against women •Updated 1998 statute intended to eliminate street prostitution and prevent new sex workers from entering prostitution - criminalize clients • Initial review of law in 2004 indicated that it had not eliminated prostitution and had made working conditions for women sex workers more dangerous

Abortions--medical

Non-surgical form of abortion involving pills containing Mifepristone (RU-486) and Misoprostol. A medical (or chemical) abortion is a non-surgical form of abortion in which the woman takes pills containing Mifepristone (RU-486) and Misoprostol (or Cytotec) to end her pregnancy. This procedure is performed during the first trimester of pregnancy. The drugs are approved by the FDA for use up to ten weeks since the first day of her last menstrual period.

Sex trafficking

Official definition of sex trafficking -Act (recruitment, transportation, etc.) -Means (force, fraud, coercion, etc.) -Purpose (labor or commercial sexual exploitation) •Any commercial sexual exploitation of minors is considered sex trafficking whether or not there is force, fraud or coercion In the US: The United States is a source, transit and destination country for sex trafficking victims. Trafficked men, women and children are typically taken to brothels, escort services, massage parlors, strip clubs or hotels and are prostituted on the streets or forced to participate in pornography. •Primary countries of origin for foreign victims in FY 2013 were Mexico, the Philippines, Thailand, Honduras, Guatemala, India and El Salvador. Americans may also be trafficked within the U.S. or sent to other industrialized states such as the Netherlands, Germany and Japan.

Critique of porn

Pornography contains extreme, unrealistic depictions of sex acts that even most adults don't engage in. •This kind of stimulation could make it so that men can't get erect with real women, but only when faced by their fantasy images. •Might watching porn lead men to watch extreme porn like rape porn, and then act on those desires? •Showing these images to kids might confuse them or even warp their ideas about sex, gender and relationships. Pornography was never intended to teach kids about sex, but that's what's happening - poor sex education system; how to take about pornography with kids and young people

Stages of syphilis

Primary syphilis is the first stage. Painless sores (chancres) form at the site of infection about 2-3 weeks after first infection. Persons may not notice the sores or any symptoms, particularly if the sores are inside the rectum or cervix. The sores disappear in about 4-6 weeks, even without treatment. The bacteria become dormant (inactive) in the body at this stage [primary syphillis]. Secondary syphilis occurs about 2-8 weeks after the first sores form. About 33% of those who do not have their primary syphilis treated will develop this second stage. These symptoms will often also go away without treatment and again, the bacteria become dormant (inactive) in one's system [secondary syphillis]. Tertiary syphilis is the final stage of syphilis. The infection spreads to the brain, nervous system, heart, skin, and bones. The dormant bacteria may be detectable either by seeing the damage they cause to a part of the body, or through a blood test for syphilis [tertiary syphillis]. Secondary stage: Skin rash and mucous membrane lesions characterize the secondary stage. This stage typically starts with the development of a rash on one or more areas of the body. The rash usually does not cause itching. Rashes associated with secondary syphilis can appear as the chancre is healing or several weeks after the chancre has healed. The characteristic rash of secondary syphilis may appear as rough, red, or reddish brown spots both on the palms of the hands and the bottoms of the feet. However, rashes with a different appearance may occur on other parts of the body, sometimes resembling rashes caused by other diseases. Sometimes rashes associated with secondary syphilis are so faint that they are not noticed. In addition to rashes, symptoms of secondary syphilis may include fever, swollen lymph glands, sore throat, patchy hair loss, headaches, weight loss, muscle aches, and fatigue. The signs and symptoms of secondary syphilis will resolve with or without treatment, but without treatment, the infection will progress to the latent and possibly late stages of disease. Tertiary and latent stage: The latent (hidden) stage of syphilis begins when primary and secondary symptoms disappear. Without treatment, the infected person will continue to have syphilis even though there are no signs or symptoms; infection remains in the body. This latent stage can last for years. The late stages of syphilis can develop in about 15% of people who have not been treated for syphilis, and can appear 10-20 years after infection was first acquired. In the late stages of syphilis, the disease may subsequently damage the internal organs, including the brain, nerves, eyes, heart, blood vessels, liver, bones, and joints. Signs and symptoms of the late stage of syphilis include difficulty coordinating muscle movements, paralysis, numbness, gradual blindness, and dementia. This damage may be serious enough to cause death.

UN resolution

Protection against violence and discrimination based on sexual orientation, and gender identity

Sexual disorder

Sexual (disorder) dysfunction refers to a problem occurring during any phase of the sexual response cycle that prevents the individual or couple from experiencing satisfaction from the sexual activity. The sexual response cycle traditionally includes excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. Desire and arousal are both part of the excitement phase of the sexual response.

STDs

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) or sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are caused by a variety of bacteria, viruses, and even parasites. The 8 most common: Human papillomavirus (HPV), chlamydia, trichomoniasis, gonorrhea, genital herpes, syphilis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B (HBV).

Spectatoring

a process suggested by Masters and Johnson (1970) that involves a person focusing on him/herself "from a third person perspective during sexual activity, rather than focusing on one's sensations and/or sexual partner, can increase performance fears and cause deleterious effects on sexual performance."

Targeted Regulation of Abortion Providers ("TRAP") Laws

TRAP is a designation that broadly refers to any law which imposes restrictions on abortion *or would de facto do this* in the "name of women's health." These include personhood measures, but also bills that require doctors to have admitting privileges at area hospitals, that require abortion clinics to comply with the regulations governing ambulatory surgery centers (mandating things like hallway width, which are medically unnecessary and require renovations so costly the center must close), requiring doctors to tell their patients about non-existent and disproven links between abortion and breast cancer, imposing onerous waiting periods or requiring certain procedures (such as making the patient listen to the heartbeat, or requiring them to have a transvaginal ultrasound). These laws are personhood measures undertaken by the pro-life movement. They would ban all abortions and potentially even some forms of contraception and in vitro fertilization methods. Personhood measures are alarming and almost certainly unconstitutional, but their main threat has been thus far to drain money from pro-choice groups

Fosta-Sesta

The Stop Enabling Sex Traffickers Act and Allow States and Victims to Fight Online Sex Trafficking Act (FOSTA-SESTA) that makes websites criminally responsible if they can be seen as facilitating sex work. •On the Senate side, the bill's name was "Stop Enabling Sex Trafficking Act," and on the House side the bill was called "Fight Online Sex Trafficking Act." The two bills were combined into one and enacted into law by Congress and President Trump on April 11, 2018. •FOSTA-SESTA defines sex work and sex trafficking as one thing. •FOSTA-SESTA makes websites liable for what users say and do on their platforms. •Many advocacy groups have come out against the bill, saying that it undermines essential internet freedoms. •In the days immediately after the bill passed in Congress, platforms started scrambling to proactively shut down forums or whole sites where sex trafficking could feasibly happen. Fringe dating websites, sex trade and advertising forums, and even portions of Craigslist were taken down in the weeks following, while companies like Google started strictly enforcing terms of service around sexual speech. Implications: One of the websites key to the FOSTA debate was Backpage, a site where users posted advertisements, frequently for sexual services. •Federal authorities seized Backpage two days before Trump signed the bill, demonstrating that the FBI never really needed FOSTA's backing to indict the site to begin with. •Lola, a community organizer with Survivors Against SESTA, stated that this is literally a life-or-death law for sex workers. "I know so many people who were able to start working indoors or leave their exploitative situations because of Backpage and Craigslist," she said. "They were able to screen for clients and keep themselves safe and save up money to leave the people exploiting them. And now that those sites are down, people are going back to pimps. Pimps are texting providers every day saying 'the game's changed. You need me.'"

Hormonal implants

The birth control implant (AKA Nexplanon) is a tiny, thin rod about the size of a matchstick. The implant releases hormones into the body that prevent a woman from getting pregnant. A nurse or doctor inserts the implant into upper arm. The implant can prevent pregnancy for up to 5 years. The hormones in the birth control implant prevent pregnancy in two ways: Progestin thickens the mucus on your cervix, which stops sperm from swimming through to the egg and initiate fertilization. Progestin can also stop ovulation such that there is no egg to be fertilized.

Tubal ligations

The cutting and tying off (or other method of closure) of the fallopian tubes so that ova cannot be fertilized

Peyronie's disease

The only FDA-approved medication for Peyronie's disease is collagenase clostridium histolyticum (Xiaflex). This medicine has been approved for use in adult men with moderate to severe curvatures and a palpable nodule.It has been shown to improve curvature and bother associated with Peyronie's disease. The treatment works by breaking down the buildup of collagen that causes penile curvature. Collagenase appears to be more effective when used in conjunction with "modeling," which is forcible bending of the penis in the opposite direction of the bend.

Pornography

The portrayal of sexual subject matter for the exclusive purpose of sexual arousal •Porn is seemingly a kind of sex work that occupies a slightly different place in the moral imagination. •It is legal, widely acceptable (for the most part), and certainly commonplace in a way other forms of sex work might not be. •Its pervasiveness raises questions about how imbricated we all are in these economies of sex. •Various groups within society have considered depictions of a sexual nature immoral, addictive and pernicious, labeling them pornographic •They have attempted to have them suppressed under obscenity and other laws, with varying degrees of success.* •Such works have also often been subject to censorship and other legal restraints to publication, display, or possession, leading in many cases to their loss.* •However, the definition of pornography has differed in various historical, cultural, and national contexts. •Pornography is a kind of sex work that enormous numbers of people interact with (even if they don't pay for it). •The introduction of home video and the internet fostered a boom in the worldwide porn industry that generates billions of dollars annually. •For these reasons, there has been a lot of important work about how porn is shaping sexual norms and even gender relations (especially among teens).

Pregnant women and syphillis

The syphilis bacterium can infect the baby of a woman during her pregnancy. Depending on how long a pregnant woman has been infected, she may have a high risk of having a stillbirth or of giving birth to a baby who dies shortly after birth. An infected baby may be born without signs or symptoms of disease. However, if not treated immediately, the baby may develop serious problems within a few weeks. Untreated babies may become developmentally delayed, have seizures, or die.

Origin of phrase "sex worker"

The term "sex worker" was coined in 1978 by sex worker activist Carol Leigh. •Its use became popularized after publication of the 1987 anthology, Sex Work: Writings By Women In The Sex Industry, edited by Frédérique Delacoste and Priscilla Alexander. •The term "sex worker" has since spread into much wider use, including in academic publications, by NGOs and labor unions, and by governmental and intergovernmental agencies, such as the World Health Organization. •Even so, many people in the sex industry are unfamiliar with the term or don't identify with it. Term used by sex workers to affirm their status as persons performing labor and Term is strongly opposed by many who are morally opposed to the sex industry, such as social conservatives, anti-prostitution feminists, and other prohibitionists.

Transdermal patch

The transdermal contraceptive patch is a safe, simple, and affordable birth control method that you wear on the skin of the belly, upper arm, butt, or back. Put a new patch on every week for 3 weeks, and it releases hormones that prevent pregnancy. You get a week off before you repeat the cycle, during which time you have a period.

Psychological and social causes in females

Untreated anxiety or depression can cause or contribute to sexual dysfunction, as can long-term stress and a history of sexual abuse. The worries of pregnancy and demands of being a new mother may have similar effects. Long-standing conflicts with a partner — about sex or other aspects of a relationship — can diminish sexual responsiveness as well. Cultural and religious issues and problems with body image also can contribute.

Pro-life vs. pro-choice

While the two sides (Pro-Life and Pro-Choice) have very different foci and policy positions, they both actually have similar overarching goals (preventing unwanted children, reducing abortions, even "ensuring the necessary resources to raise healthy, happy, children"). However, they crucially vary tremendously and radically on what it means to achieve those goals, the kinds of policies that would realize such goals, and the kinds of arguments (emanating from totally different worldviews) that one might use to get there. Pro-choice: •Pro-choice occupies the broad middle ground on the abortion issue - against forced motherhood and also forced abortion. •A large majority of North Americans believe abortion should be decided privately between a woman and her doctor. •Pro-choice people include those who are personally against abortion or feel uncomfortable with it, but who would not impose their viewpoint by law onto all women. •Pro-choice does not mean pro-abortion. It does not advocate abortion over birth - but rather defends the right of women to decide for themselves. •The pro-choice movement supports and works towards preventing unwanted pregnancies, reducing abortion, promoting contraception, educating women and youth, and ensuring families have the necessary resources to raise healthy, happy children. •Many anti-choice (pro-life) groups oppose contraception and sex education. Under those terms, no common ground exists between pro-choice and anti-choice perspective. •For this reason, the pro-choice movement largely struggles alone in its efforts to decrease the need for abortion, and it's why most of proponents refuse to publicly debate anti-choice spokespersons. •Legal, safe abortion is a matter of fundamental human rights for women - because laws against abortion don'st stop abortion. Pro life: •Pro-life politics generally, but not always, coalesce around a particular religious framework which prioritizes the sanctity of life as inviolable and which holds the nuclear family as the backbone of the moral order. •They generally see reproductive technologies that decouple sexuality and reproduction (abortion, and to a certain extent, contraception) as a serious threat to the family, specifically, and to the social fabric, more broadly. •The belief that life begins at conception drives Pro-Life views on abortion as murder and, thus, morally unacceptable. •This view may also makes certain contraceptives or contraceptive technologies (emergency contraception and the IUD) unacceptable on the same grounds. •While the goals of the Pro-Life movement are cast by the opposing side (and often by the media) as anti-woman, many pro-life activists (and even those who don't see themselves as activists) understand their politics to be profoundly pro-woman, in holding up her biology, her fundamental "nature," as something that needs to be honored and protected from technological intervention. •As with Pro-Choice politics, there is a broad range of views that get placed under this banner. While there are certainly examples of extremism and bad faith policy that need to be taken seriously, painting the whole movement with this brush is unfair and intellectually dishonest.

Vasagel

a polymer that is injected directly into the vas deferens, the tube that carries sperm out of the testicles. This form of contraception may be easier to reverse than a vasectomy, which cuts the tube, but requires an injection in the testes, which may make men squeamish. sperm become trapped in the gel that is injected and may be able to be reversed

Vasectomy

bilateral surgical removal of a part of the vas deferens

Baker vs Nelson

case in which the Minnesota Supreme Court ruled that a state law limiting marriage to persons of the opposite sex did not violate the U.S. Constitution.

Decriminalize sex work organization

cites reasons for how society would benefit from making adult, consensual prostitution legal instead of criminal: •The vast majority of paid sexual activities involve consenting adults. Removing these adults from the criminal system will free up law enforcement to focus on the minority of sex crimes that involve minors, force, and fraud, which includes human trafficking. •By allowing sex workers to advertise their adult services discreetly on the web and elsewhere, sex workers will no longer need to "advertise" themselves on street corners, which will be a boon to community groups that cmplain about public activity but are unconcerned about private sex. •If prostitution is no longer a crime, sex workers and their colleagues will be liberated to report human traffickers and other predators to police without fear of themselves being arrested.

Burwell vs. Hobby Lobby Stores

court ruled that corporations controlled by religious families cannot be required to pay for contraception coverage for their female workers

Margaret Sanger

credited with coining the term "birth control" and opened the first U.S. birth control clinic. She helped lead court cases in legalizing contraception in the U.S., and established organizations that evolved into the Planned Parenthood Federal of America. •While Margaret Sanger is an excellent symbol for the family planning movement, she also encapsulates the way in which the liberatory potential of contraception (empowering women to control their bodies and fertility) has been accompanied by reproductive coercion/control. •She believed in empowering women, but was also a eugenicist. •This is problematic because the US has a long history and an ongoing present of coerced sterilization of disproportionately women of color. •These histories are complicated, but crucially important.

U.S. Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act

defines sex trafficking as the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision or obtaining of an individual who under force, fraud or coercion is induced to perform a commercial sex act. •Sex trafficking does not have to have some form of travel, transportation or movement across borders. •At the core, sex trafficking is characterized by sexual exploitation through force, fraud or coercion. For children (anyone under 18 years old), consent is irrelevant, and the element of means (e.g., force) is not necessary (22 USC §7102).

Gender pay inequity

differential access to education, jobs, advancement; economically inequality

Addyi

generic name is flibanserin, is a daily pill approved to treat hypoactive low sexual desire disorder (HSDD) in premenopausal women. According to the drug's website, women with HSDD have low sexual desire not caused by a medical or mental health problem or by a problem in their relationship. Despite its nickname and its common description as the "little pink pill," Addyi's makers are quick to point out that it's not exactly the female Viagra. Whereas Viagra works to improve blood flow to the penis, which can help men get and keep erections, Addyi targets neurotransmitters in the brain like serotonin and dopamine. Concerns: •There are better ways to treat low sexual desire than with a pill since low libido can be caused by stress, a lack of intimacy, previous sexual trauma, or other underlying emotional problems that medication likely won't address. •In phase 3 trials of more than 11,000 people, a little more than half of the women involved reported some noticeable benefit. •It can also cause side effects like dizziness, sleepiness, and low blood pressure for some women and can interact with some medications. •Women who are prescribed the drug need to take it every single day—not just "as needed" as men do with Viagra. •They also must abstain from alcohol, since drinking increases the risk of dangerously low blood pressure.

Personhood Argument

idea that the fetus is a full human person from conception and therefore the duty to do no harm applies to the fetus regardless of quality of life. "life begins before fertilization" "sperm/egg = human life"

Sensate focus

learning how to touch and be touched without worrying about achieving orgasm Seven elements: •Mutual responsibility between partners for addressing sexual needs and concerns •Information and education about sexual function and sexual activity •Willingness to change attitudes about sex •Getting rid of sexual performance anxiety •Helping couples improve communication around sex and sexual techniques •Reducing problematic behaviors and sex roles in the relationship •Homework to help couples change their sexual relationship for the better

Employment Non-Discrimination Act (ENDA)

legislation proposed in the United States Congress in 2014. It would prohibit discrimination in hiring and employment on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity by employers with at least 15 employees. As of 2018 still has not become a law

Oberfell v. Hodges

the fundamental right to marry is guaranteed to same-sex couples by both the Due Process Clause and the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution. Obergefell overturned Baker v. Nelson and requires all states to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples and to recognize same-sex marriages validly performed in other jurisdictions. This legalized same-sex marriage throughout the United States, and its possessions and territories.

Congenital syphilis

usually occurs following vertical transmission of T. pallidum from the infected mother to the fetus in utero, but neonates may also be infected during passage through the infected birth canal at delivery

human papilloma virus

•A HPV is a member of the papillomavirus family of viruses that is capable of infecting humans. Like all papillomaviruses, HPVs establish productive infections only in the stratified epithelium of the skin or mucous membranes. •While the majority of the nearly 200 known types of HPV cause no symptoms in most people, some types can cause warts (verrucae), while others can - in a minority of cases - lead to cancers of the cervix, vulva, and vagina, and anus in women or cancers of the anus and penis in men. •HPV is estimated to be the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States. •Most sexually active men and women will probably acquire genital HPV infection at some point in their lives. About 75-80% of sexually active Americans will be infected with HPV at some point in their lifetime.By the age of 50, more than 80% of American women will have contracted at least one strain of genital HPV.[•It was estimated that, in the year 2000, there were approximately 6.2 million new HPV infections among Americans aged 15-44; of these, an estimated 74% occurred to people between ages 15-24.Of the STDs studied, genital HPV was the most commonly acquired. •Most HPV infections in young females are temporary and have little long-term significance. About 70% of infections are gone in 1 year and 90% in 2 years. •However, when the infection persists—in 5% to 10% of infected women—there is high risk of developing precancerous lesions of the cervix, which can progress to invasive cervical cancer. •This process usually takes 15-20 years, providing many opportunities for detection and treatment of the pre-cancerous lesion. •Progression to invasive cancer can be almost always prevented when standard prevention strategies are applied - however the lesions still cause considerable burden necessitating preventive surgeries which do in many cases involve loss of fertility.

Amnesty International resolution about sex work

•A shift in attitudes toward sex workers contributed to Amnesty International's decision to urge governments to repeal laws criminalizing the exchange of sex for money by consenting adults. •AI's appeal was met by a storm of opposition, some of it from people who were evidently failing to distinguish between the sex industry as a whole and the human trafficking that, in many countries, is a tragic part of it. •No one wants to legalize coercion, violence, or fraud in the sex industry, or the use of sex workers who are not adults. •But, some organizations campaigning against trafficking understand that, when sex work is illegal, it is much riskier for sex workers to complain to the authorities when they are enslaved, beaten, or cheated. •For that reason, the International Secretariat of the Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women applauded AI for supporting decriminalization •Some feminist organizations opposed accused AI of protecting "the rights of pimps and johns." They argued instead that we should "end the demand for paid sex" - but without explaining how this is to be done.

Abortion clinics

•Clinics and hospitals follow proper medical protocols for abortion. Most clinics are members of the National Abortion Federation, and follow NAF's Clinical Policy Guidelines, which are rigorous and professional (provided on Canvas) •Clinics must provide full information on abortion's risks and side-effects, and the abortion procedure itself. They will explain to the woman exactly what is happening during the abortion, if she wishes to hear this information. •Clinics allow a woman to view the aborted fetus or embryo, if she wishes. •Clinics usually inform a woman if she is carrying twins (if this has been determined from the ultrasound). This is because it sometimes leads a woman to rethink her decision. •Clinics provide fetal development photos and information and show women their ultrasound pictures, if women request this. Professional counselors do not force information onto women who don't want it, because good counseling is "patient-directed". •Clinics offer non-judgmental options counseling to women who are unsure, providing information and referrals on adoption and keeping the baby. •Women are counseled on birth control, and given education and information on reproductive health issues. •The vast majority of women who come to abortion clinics have already made a firm decision to have an abortion. •Women who are unsure what to do are strongly encouraged to take more time to decide.

Causes of impotence in men

•Endocrine Diseases •Neurological and Nerve Disorders •Taking Medications •Cardiac-related Conditions •Lifestyle Factors and Emotional Disorders

Piracy of porn

•Free pornography present a significant challenge to the commercial pornographic film industry with user-generated content sites. The Tube sites—such as YouPorn, RedTube, Pornhub—are hugely popular and it's estimated that one company, MindGeek, owns 8 out of the 10 largest tube sites. A distinguishing feature of these tube sites is that a lot of their stuff is actually taken from other places—it's pirated content. The tube sites are basically aggregators of a bunch of different links and clips that are very often pirated or stolen. This is a huge problem within the industry.The people who made the content can legally go after them, and they do, but you have to have a lot of time and money and resources to stay on top of these problems.The stolen porn impacts the adult industry by about $2 billion per year.

Herpes simplex virus

•Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is usually associated with infections of the lips, mouth, and face. It is the most common herpes simplex virus and many people develop it in childhood. •HSV-1 often causes sores (lesions) inside the mouth, such as cold sores (fever blisters), or infection of the eye (especially the conjunctiva and cornea). It can also lead to infection of the lining of the brain (meningoencephalitis). It is transmitted by contact with infected saliva. •By adulthood, 30-90% of people will have antibodies to HSV-1. The likelihood of childhood infection is higher among those with lower socioeconomic status.

Statistics on porn

•In 2006, commercialized pornography accounted for over $2.5 billion in the United States alone, including the production of various media associated products and services. •The general porn industry was between $10-$12 billion in the U.S. The global pornography revenue was 97 billion dollars (maybe overstated). •This industry employs thousands of performers along with support and production staff. •It is also followed by dedicated industry publications and trade groups, and has its own Adult Video News (AVN) awards

Marriage equality

•In Kansas, Republican lawmakers, backed by evangelical Christian leaders, introduced two horrendous bills earlier this year. •One bill, similar to those introduced in Wyoming and South Carolina last year, seeks to define same-sex marriages as "parody marriages," and define gay and transgender identities as "mythology," part of a "religion of secular humanism" that violates the Constitution's Establishment Clause. •The other bill states that same-sex marriages "erode community standards of decency, unlike secular marriage between a man and a woman." •Tennessee Republicans are pushing the so-called "Natural Marriage Defense Act", introduced in February, which would prohibit the state from recognizing court decisions that affirm unions between people of the same gender. •In West Virginia a few weeks ago, a Republican legislator compared LGBT people to the KKK. •A group of LGBT youth in Wyoming allege that a GOP legislator stunned them in February when they visited her office and she told them that homosexuality was comparable to bestiality and pedophilia. (The legislator later denied making the statements.) •The Trump administration has moved to roll back LGBT rights in a number of areas: -Backing challenges to lower court rulings that favored LGBT rights -Putting dozens of judges with alarming records of hostility to LGBT rights on the federal bench -Banning transgender people from the military -Allowing religious exemptions to the Obama administration's ban on discrimination against LGBT people among federal contractors •Opponents of LGBT rights have also been emboldened by a Supreme Court that has shifted to the right.

Sex Work/Prostitution Debate

•Legalization: Government regulates sex trade •Decriminalization: No punishment for consensual acts •Criminalization: Illegal activity •All of these approaches focus on the status of sex work/prostitution in the criminal law

Treatment of Sexual Dysfunction

•Medication. When a medication is the cause of the dysfunction, a change in the medication may help. Men and women with hormone deficiencies may benefit from hormone shots, pills, or creams. For men, drugs, including sildenafil (Viagra), tadalafil (Cialis), vardenafil (Levitra, Staxyn), and avanafil (Stendra) may help improve sexual function by increasing blood flow to the penis. •Mechanical aids. Aids such as vacuum devices and penile implants may help men with erectile dysfunction (the inability to achieve or maintain an erection). A vacuum device (Eros) is also approved for use in women, but can be costly. Dilators may help women who experience narrowing of the vagina. •Sex therapy— Sex therapists can be very helpful to couples experiencing a sexual problem that cannot be addressed by their primary clinician. Therapists are often good marital counselors, as well. For the couple who wants to begin enjoying their sexual relationship, it is well worth the time and effort to work with a trained professional. •Behavioral treatments— These involve various techniques, including insights into harmful behaviors in the relationship, or techniques such as self-stimulation for treatment of problems with arousal and/or orgasm. •Psychotherapy — Therapy with a trained counselor can help a person address sexual trauma from the past, feelings of anxiety, fear, or guilt, and poor body image, all of which may have an impact on current sexual function. •Education and communication— Education about sex and sexual behaviors and responses may help an individual overcome his or her anxieties about sexual function. Open dialogue with your partner about your needs and concerns also helps to overcome many barriers to a healthy sex life.

Causes of Painful Intercourse women

•Painful intercourse in women can be a result of a number of conditions such as endometriosis, a pelvic mass, ovarian cysts, vaginitis, poor lubrication, vaginal dryness, the presence of scar tissue from surgery, or a sexually transmitted disease. •A painful, involuntary spasm of the muscles that surround the vaginal entrance is a condition called vaginismus that may occur in women who fear penetration will be painful, have sexual phobias, or previous traumatic or painful sexual experiences.

Causes of Painful Intercourse men

•Peyronie's disease. This is a condition where the penis bends or curves, usually when it is erect. This can occur due to inflammation or abnormal scar tissue. •Prostatitis. This is an inflammation or infection of the prostate gland that can cause swelling and pain in the area behind your penis (just below your bladder), pain or burning when urinating, and painful ejaculation (chronic pelvic pain syndrome) •Urinary tract infections. Can be very painful and, if let untreated, can spread and become very serious. •Yeast infections. These are sometimes characterized by itching or burning at the tip of the penis. •Dermatitis. Allergies and sensitivity to chemicals or soaps can cause an inflammation of the skin on the penis, especially for men who are uncircumcised. •Herpes. If you have genital herpes, a sore on your penis can make for very painful sex; it's better for the healing process to refrain from sex in any case. Also, such sores are extremely infectious. •Psoriasis. These scaly, red patches may be treated with low-potency steroid creams and are not infectious. •Phimosis. In this condition, the foreskin is too tight to be completely retracted over the head of the penis. •Paraphimosis. The foreskin is stuck behind the head of the penis and can't be pulled forward. •Interstitial cystitis. This is a chronic inflammatory bladder condition that is a similar condition to prostatitis. Men with IC may experience pain during sexual intercourse, in the pelvis, or in the perineal area between the scrotum and anus.

Causes of sexual dysfunction

•Physical causes— Many physical and/or medical conditions can cause problems with sexual function. These conditions include diabetes, heart and vascular (blood vessel) disease, neurological disorders, hormonal imbalances, chronic diseases such as kidney or liver failure, and alcoholism and drug abuse. In addition, the side effects of some medications, including some antidepressant drugs, can affect sexual function. •Psychological causes— These include work-related stress and anxiety, concern about sexual performance, marital or relationship problems, depression, feelings of guilt, concerns about body image, and the effects of a past sexual trauma. Other causes: •Being age 65 or over in men •Childhood sexual abuse •Taking certain prescription medications, including some antidepressants •Hormonal imbalances •Drug abuse •Depression, anxiety, or other psychological issues •Stressful life events •Certain medical conditions, such as diabetes, coronary heart disease, high blood pressure, arthritis, and sleep apnea •Vaginal infections •Injury, such as pelvic fracture

Legalizing prostitution lowers violence and disease

•Platt et al. reviewed data from more than 130 studies on 33 countries - from Britain to Uganda - published in scientific journals between 1990 to 2018. •They found sex workers who had been exposed to repressive policing like arrest or prison were three times more likely to experience sexual or physical violence by clients, partners and other people. •Those who had not been exposed to such practices were instead half as likely to contract HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases and 30 percent less prone to have sex without a condom.

Forms of Sexual Therapy

•Psychoanalysis - long-term, intensive exploration of childhood causes for adult problems (not commonly used today) •Cognitive-behavioral therapy - short-term, focusing on attitudes and beliefs and how they affect our behaviors •Psychosexual therapy - insights into causes of the problems; successful with sexual aversion and low sexual desire •Medical model - looking for and treating organic causes of sexual problems

Forms of sex work

•Street Walker •Sugar Baby (Sugaring) •Agency Escort •Independent Escort •Massage Parlors •Brothels •Stripping •Burlesquing •Pornography (Video) •Magazines •Webcam Modeling •Fetish escorting

HPV vaccines

•The HPV vaccines Cervarix and Gardasil prevent infection with the HPV types (16 and 18) that cause 70% of cervical cancer, and may lead to further decreases. •Gardasil also protects against the two HPV types (HPV-6 and HPV-11) that cause 90% of genital warts.In addition, Gardasil has been shown to prevent potential precursors to anal, vulvar, vaginal and penile cancers. •HPV vaccines are expected to protect against HPV induced cancers of these areas as well as HPV induced oral cancers.] •Public health officials in Australia, Canada, Europe, and the United States recommend vaccination of young women against HPV to prevent cervical cancer, and to reduce the number of painful and costly treatments for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, which is caused by HPV.[7]

separation of church and state

•The No Religious Test Clause of the United States Constitution is found within Article VI, Clause 3. •By its plain terms, no federal office holder or employee can be required to adhere to or accept any particular religion or doctrine as a prerequisite to holding a federal office or a federal government job. •It immediately follows a clause requiring all federal and state officers to take an oath or affirmation to support the Constitution. •This clause contains the only explicit reference to religion in the original seven articles of the U.S. Constitution.

The Impact of Pornography

•The availability and use of pornography has become almost ubiquitous among adults and adolescents. •Consumption of pornography is associated with many negative emotional, psychological, and physical health outcomes. These include increased rates of depression, anxiety, acting out and violent behavior, younger age of sexual debut, sexual promiscuity, increased risk of teen pregnancy, and a distorted view of relationships between men and women. •For adults, pornography results in an increased likelihood of divorce which is also harmful to children. •The American College of Pediatricians urges healthcare professionals to communicate the risks of pornography use to patients and their families and to offer resources both to protect children from viewing pornography and to treat individuals suffering from its negative effects.

How do STDs spread

•The disease/infection can spread via sexual intercourse (vaginal or anal), needle sharing with injection drug use, and by putting your mouth, hands, or genitals on the genitals or sores of someone who is infected. •STDs are not just spread through heterosexual contact, but also among men who have sexual contact with men and women who have sexual contact with women.

Why sex work

•The reasons, though, vary infinitely; as is the case with essentially anything, every individual's story is different. •The chain of events that may have led a person to sex work could be long and complex, riddled with turbulence, anxiety, trauma, and doubt. •Conversely, the story may be very short and abrupt, e.g., "I needed money. Sex work was an fast, accessible way to make money, so I chose to do it." • Sex workers' relationships to their jobs may feel simple to them, or they may be fraught with complexity and challenges. •Some individuals and organizations feel that sex work is necessarily exploitative — that there is something inherently "different" about sex work since it involves the commodification and objectification of sex and bodies. •For a long time, there has frequently been a sense of morality attached to sex work. Anti-trafficking organizations, for example, assert that no person in their right mind would "choose" sex work; they view sex work as inherently degrading, and that it should be made illegal. •Some feminist schools of thought declare themselves sex worker exclusionary, as well. They have a similar mindset to anti-trafficking organizations who claim that they have women's best interests at heart while they may, in fact, inflict harm on sex workers with police raids and abolitionist laws. •Just as a person might not necessarily be thrilled to work in retail, a person might not necessarily enjoy sex work. •Some sex workers absolutely enjoy the work they do, but sex workers often engage in sex work out of financial need. •In essence, such sex workers are not necessarily choosing sex work from an array of potential options, but rather engaging in it because they have to in order to, say, avoid homelessness or to support young children (survival sex work).

Does viewing sexual explicit material explain behavior of young people (15-25 yrs)?

•The study found that 88% of men and 45% of women had consumed SEM in the past 12 months. Using hierarchical multiple regression analyses to control for other factors, the association between SEM consumption and a variety of sexual behaviors was found to be significant, accounting for between 0.3% and 4.0% of the total explained variance in investigated sexual behaviors. •These results suggest that, when controlling for important other factors, SEM consumption influences sexual behaviors. The small to moderate associations that emerged between SEM consumption and sexual behavior after controlling for other variables suggest that SEM is just one factor among many that may influence youth sexual behaviors.

Trichomoniasis

•Trichomoniasis (or "trich") is a very common sexually transmitted disease (STD) that is caused by infection with a protozoan parasite called Trichomonas vaginalis. •Humans are the only known host of T vaginalis. Transmission occurs predominantly via sexual intercourse. •Although symptoms of the disease vary, most women and men who have the parasite cannot tell they are infected. •Trichomoniasis is considered the most common curable STD. •In the United States, an estimated 3.7 million people have the infection, but only about 30% develop any symptoms of trichomoniasis. •Infection is more common in women than in men, and older women are more likely than younger women to have been infected. •The parasite is passed from an infected person to an uninfected person during sex. •In women, the most commonly infected part of the body is the lower genital tract (vulva, vagina, or urethra), and in men, the most commonly infected body part is the inside of the penis (urethra). •During sex, the parasite is usually transmitted from a penis to a vagina, or from a vagina to a penis, but it can also be passed from a vagina to another vagina. It is not common for the parasite to infect other body parts, like the hands, mouth, or anus. •It is unclear why some people with the infection get symptoms while others do not, but it probably depends on factors like the person's age and overall health. Infected people without symptoms can still pass the infection on to others. Signs and symptoms: About 70% of infected people do not have any signs or symptoms. •When trichomoniasis does cause symptoms, they can range from mild irritation to severe inflammation. Some people with symptoms get them within 5 to 28 days after being infected, but others do not develop symptoms until much later. Symptoms may come and go. •Men with trichomoniasis may feel itching or irritation inside the penis, burning after urination or ejaculation, or some discharge from the penis. •Women with trichomoniasis may notice itching, burning, redness or soreness of the genitals, discomfort with urination, or a thin discharge with an unusual smell that can be clear, white, yellowish, or greenish. •Without treatment, the infection can last for months or even years. Complications: •Trichomoniasis can increase the risk of getting or spreading other sexually transmitted infections. •For example, trichomoniasis can cause genital inflammation that makes it easier to get infected with HIV, or to pass HIV to a sex partner. •Pregnant women with trichomoniasis are more likely to have their babies too early (preterm delivery). •Babies born to infected mothers are also more likely to have an officially low birth weight (<5.5 pounds). •It is also associated with infertility, postoperative infections, and cervical neoplasia. Treatment: •Trichomoniasis can be cured with a single dose of prescription antibiotic medication (either metronidazole or tinidazole), pills which can be orally. It is okay for pregnant women to take this medication. •People who have been treated for trichomoniasis can get it again. About 1 in 5 people get infected again within 3 months after treatment. •To avoid getting reinfected, make sure that all of your sex partners get treated too, and wait to have sex again until all of your symptoms go away (about a week). Get checked again if your symptoms come back. •Using condoms all of the time you have sex will help reduce the risk of getting or spreading trichomoniasis. However, condoms don't cover everything, and it is possible to get or spread this infection even when using a condom.

Education about Porn

•Youth's increasing familiarity with pornography raises questions about how it helps shape the way that teenagers talk and think about sex and, by extension, their ideas about masculinity, femininity, intimacy and power. •There are alternative narratives in L.G.B.T. and feminist porn, and studies show that, for gay and bisexual youth, porn can provide affirmation that they are not alone in their sexual desires.) •Some schools are teaching students how gender, sexuality, aggression, consent, race, queer sex, relationships and body images are portrayed (or, in the case of consent, not portrayed) in porn. •Sexual educator Al Vernacchio says that "Porn is not just that it often shows misogynistic, unhealthy representations of relationships. You can't learn relationship skills from porn, and if you are looking for pleasure and connection, porn can't teach you how to have those."