Anth 202 Chapter 7
15. The morphological projectile point types defined at Gatecliff became temporal types when: a. surface projectile point finds corresponded to point types found in stratified deposits. b. a series of radiocarbon dates determined the geological sequence at Gatecliff, and time ranges could then be assigned to the projectile point types. c. dendrochronological dating assigned exact years to projectile point types. d. thermoluminescence dated the stratified deposits in which the different projectile points were discovered.
b
2. The classification of artifacts into types that organize and simplify artifact variability is termed: a. attribute analysis. b. typology. c. phase designation. d. component designation
b
20. If you are analyzing a collection of artifacts of one or several classes of materials (stone tools, ceramics, bones) that comes from a defined context such as a site, feature, or stratum, you are analyzing a(n): a. component. b. assemblage. c. phase. d. period.
b
31. Archaeology differs from ethnology in that archaeology a. studies cultural evolution and culture change over a century or two. b. can address the entire history of humanity. c. deals with the space of continents or hemispheres. d. can address the entire history of humanity and deals with the space of continents or hemispheres.
b
32. The novice's first job in the lab of an archaeological investigation is often a. piecing together ceramics. b. writing down minute number on artifacts or labels and entering the information into a database. c. analyzing pollen or residues of blood, plants, or other materials. d. reconstruction of skeletal remains.
b
37. Stone tools found in Neanderthal cave sites, divided into 63 types, including a variety of points, scrapers, knives, handaxes, and denticulates are termed a. Bordes, after the French archaeologist. b. Mousterian. c. Dibble, after the University of Pennsylvania investigator. d. Proximal.
b
4. Which of the following is true of archaeological types? a. Archaeological types are assigned with the goal in mind of classifying objects in the same way that prehistoric populations would have classified them. b. Archaeological types are abstractions; the same object could be classified in many different ways. c. The most useful archaeological types are based on similarities in morphology. d. The most useful archaeological types are based on similarities in function.
b
40. The principles of archaeological typology include: a. creating groups based on one or more attributes that maximize differences within each group. b. creating groups based on one or more attributes that minimize differences within each group. c. using subjective and nonreplicable processes. d. being "correct."
b
1. After excavation, recovered artifacts must be conserved. Conservation can involve: a. a simple cleaning of the artifacts. b. stabilization of artifacts to prevent decomposition. c. reconstruction of artifacts, such as broken pottery vessels. d. All of the answers are correct.
d
10. If you are defining measurable or observable qualities or characteristics of an artifact that distinguish it from another on the basis of its size, surface texture, form, material, method of manufacture, or design pattern, you are defining: a. the Frison Effect. b. projectile point types. c. components. d. attributes.
d
11. The number of attributes recorded during artifact analysis: a. is limited by the number of measurements possible, which is generally very few. b. is generally limited to those that are necessary to accomplish the purpose of the typology. c. is generally limited to those that provide an accurate description of artifact size, such as length, width, and thickness. d. is generally as many as possible, so that future analysts will not have to reexamine the artifacts to obtain the data they need to answer different research questions
d
12. Which of the following measurements could provide useful information about an artifact's size? a. Length b. Width c. Weight d. All of the answers are correct.
d
18. Archaeologists divide prehistory into periods based on: a. the appearance of a new cultural group in the area of interest. b. the appearance of trade goods and exotic raw material types that indicate interaction between groups. c. changes in a culture's ideology, as reflected in ceremonial items. d. changes in observable material culture, such as house form, pottery, or subsistence.
d
19. Which of the following is true of archaeological phases? a. They are defined by temporal types. b. They are blocks of time characterized by one or more distinctive artifact types. c. They further divide and refine archaeological periods. d. All of the answers are correct
d
22. In discussing temporal types, the text mentioned Cottonwood Triangular projectile points, which are essentially un-notched Desert Side-notched points. Why were Cottonwood Triangular points left un-notched? a. They were "war arrows," left un-notched so that they would remain in a body even after the shaft was pulled out. b. They were unfinished, intended to be later notched. c. They were made by novices or children who were not adept at notching points. d. None or any of the above; we do not know for certain why they were left unnotched.
d
29. Characteristics of the Mousterian culture include: a. a culture from the Middle Paleolithic period. b. appeared throughout Europe between 30,000 and 10,000 years ago. c. mousterian artifacts are frequently associated with Neanderthal human remains. d. both a culture from the Middle Paleolithic period and mousterian artifacts are frequently associated with Neanderthal human remains.
d
30. The following were concerns regarding the excavation and conservation of the Hunley: a. the location of the Hunley was a mystery until a magnetometer was used to locate it. b. the ship would have quickly corroded unless it was sprayed with water after it was raised. c. keeping the carbonate layer intact was critical to the preservation of the vessel. d. All of the answers are correct.
d
34. The delineation of patterns in material culture through time and space and the patterns of which are what the archaeologist will eventually try to explain or account for is referred to as a. types. b. context. c. matrix. d. space-time systematic.
d
35. Attributes are a. measurable and observable qualities of an object. b. differences like size and notch position. c. finite characteristics with set rules governing their number. d. measurable and observable qualities of an object, such as size and notch position
d
38. The concept of culture areas a. has roots in the late nineteenth century. b. is ushered in with New Archaeology in the 1960s. c. was first outlined in Phillips' influential book, Method and Theory in American Archaeology (1958). d. is based on the understanding of Cottonwood Triangular points
d
16. Which of the following do we know to be true about Desert Side-notched points and Cottonwood Triangular points? a. They both post-date AD 1300. b. Desert Side-notched points were designed for hunting bighorn sheep, while Cottonwood Triangular points were designed for hunting rabbits. c. Cottonwood Triangular points were unfinished, intended to be later notched, while Desert Side-notched points were already finished. d. Each represents a different cultural group living side by side at Gatecliff
a
21. If you are excavating a culturally homogeneous stratum or set of strata within a single site, you are excavating a(n): a. component. b. assemblage. c. temporal type. d. period.
a
24. Which of the following Great Basin projectile point series are arranged in the correct chronological order from youngest to oldest? a. Desert Side-notched, Rosegate series, Elko Corner-notched, Gatecliff Contracting Stem. b. Rosegate series, Elko Corner-notched, Gatecliff Contracting Stem, Cottonwood Triangular. c. Gatecliff Contracting Stem, Elko Corner-notched, Desert Side-notched, Rosegate series. d. Cottonwood Triangular, Elko Corner-notched, Rosegate series, Desert Sidenotched.
a
27. Which of the following is true of the space-time systematics of North American archaeology? a. Space-time systematics is still the main focus of archaeological research, as basic spatial and temporal changes in material culture remain undocumented for much of North America. b. Space-time systematics has been largely worked out, and no longer preoccupies archaeology as it did in the first half of the 20th century. c. Space-time systematics is not very useful for North American archaeology, because material culture remained unchanged for long periods of time in many places. d. While space-time systematics has dominated European archaeology for the past century, its utility for North American archaeology is just now being recognized.
a
28. Which of the following is known to be true of Shoshone pottery? a. It appears suddenly in many parts of the Desert West at about AD 1300 and similar pottery is manufactured until about AD 1860. b. The pottery was introduced by a migrating Shoshone population that replaced existing desert populations. c. The shift to pottery manufacture by Shoshone people was a direct result of changing environmental conditions that made ceramic vessels more efficient. d. All of the answers are correct.
a
3. A class of archaeological artifacts defined by a consistent clustering of characteristics is a(n): a. type. b. attribute. c. component. d. phase.
a
33. Typology is/are a. the systematic arrangement of material culture into types. b. the catalogued artifacts in a museum. c. another term for stone artifacts. d. a form of conservation technique.
a
36. In a typology abstract, descriptive properties are called a. morphological types. b. temporal types. c. functional types. d. artifact types.
a
39. Phases are a term archaeologists use to refer to a. culturally homogeneous units within a single site. b. archeological cultures. c. basic archaeological building blocks for regional synthesis. d. temporal types.
a
7. If ceramic vessels are grouped together based on the fact they were all used as storage containers, in spite of the fact that design elements indicate they are from different time periods, then they have been grouped according to: a. functional type. b. morphological type. c. temporal type. d. space-time systematics.
a
8. A good typology will: a. minimize differences within each created type and maximize differences between each type. b. maximize differences within each created type and minimize differences between each type. c. result in abundant overlap between types. d. only be replicable by the archaeologist who created it.
a
6. You are excavating a site in the Great Basin and you find a stratum that contains only Elko points. This indicates to you that the stratum dates to a particular period. The Elko point, in this example, can be referred to as a(n): a. functional type. b. temporal type. c. seriated type. d. morphological type.
b
13. The "Frison Effect" explains the change in the shape of stone tools as a result of: a. different cultural groups occupying the same site at different times. b. different mental templates of different flintknappers within the same cultural group. c. tool resharpening. d. differences in stone tool typologies.
c
14. The typology of the French archaeologist François Bordes classified Mousterian tools into 63 types which occurred in set frequencies, creating four fundamental patterns. Bordes argued that these four patterns reflected four different cultural groups of Neanderthals. Bordes' typology: a. assumed that the stone tools were in their final intended form, rather than in forms that resulted from resharpening. b. was completely wrong, illustrating how poorly constructed typologies can lead a researcher astray. c. has stood the test of time; different "tribes" of Neanderthals are still thought to have been responsible for the different patterns of Mousterian artifacts. d. categorized morphological variation improperly; proper categorization would have resulted in a correct interpretation of the assemblages
c
17. An archaeological culture is: a. the same thing as an ethnographic culture. b. an accurate reflection of how prehistoric people viewed themselves. c. a region within a culture area whose material culture differed from that of other regions. d. All of the answers are correct.
c
23. Total length, axial length, maximum width, basal width, maximum thickness, midsection thickness, proximal shoulder angle, notch opening, and neck width are examples of projectile point: a. phases. b. components. c. attributes. d. types.
c
25. If the frequencies of morphological types change significantly through time, and can be demonstrated to be restricted in time, the morphological types can be also be useful as: a. evidence of migration and subsequent population replacement. b. evidence of a shift in ancient peoples' "mental templates." c. temporal types. d. functional types.
c
26. Why is an understanding of space-time systematics a crucial first step in understanding why people did what they did in the past? a. Space-time systematics automatically explains why prehistory took the course that it did; in other words, explanatory hypotheses are built into space-time systematics. b. Research questions generated by space-time systematics are easily answered because the necessary data have already been collected. c. It is impossible to understand why cultures change without first documenting temporal and spatial change in artifact types. d. All of the answers are correct.
c
5. A descriptive and abstract grouping of individual artifacts whose focus is on overall similarity rather than function or chronological significance is a: a. temporal type. b. functional type. c. morphological type. d. stylistic type.
c
9. The goal of the Gatecliff projectile point typology was: a. to distinguish between arrow and dart points (in other words, to determine functional differences). b. to determine differences in the frequencies of raw material types used in projectile point manufacture through time. c. to define temporal types that could then be used to estimate the age of surface assemblages. d. None of the answers; the Gatecliff typology had no goal and illustrates the problems inherent in typologies that are not associated with particular research questions
c