ANTH 205 EXAM (1-9)

What first allowed the inhabitants of Çatalhöyük to become sedentary?

Lush, wetland environments

What is distinctive about Sub-Saharan African cities like Jenne-Jeno?

Many were assembled cities

The earliest cities in the world are located where?

Mesopotamia and Egypt

What is NOT an advantage of dispersed urbanism?

More egalitarianism because everyone has a lot of space between their homes

Which of the following is not one of the common "traits" of urbanism used by archaeologists to determine if a settlement is a city?

Presence of domesticated animals

Which of the following is the most extreme example of institutionalized inequality?

Royal dynasties

Which of the following was Mesoamerica's earliest city?

San Lorenzo

Which of the following is inconsistent with the "Mesopotamian" model of early city and state formation?

The absence of internal conflict and warfare with outsiders

How is "civilization" defined in this course?

The ideology that emphasizes the role of states in defeating chaos and imposing order

What is the primary reason for the collapse of the "Mesopotamian" civilization?

The loss of legitimacy due to a variety of causes

Which of the following is an example of civilizational or societal collapse, as defined by this module?

The loss of legitimacy of the "Mesopotamian" mantle of government

What is the social implication for Great Zimbabwe being a generatively planned city?

There were multiple sources of political authority at Great Zimbabwe

African Emperors were perhaps the richest in the history of the world due to the Medieval international trade in gold, salt, and spices.

True

All empires are states, but not all states are empires

True

All societies that have writing also have generally high social inequality.

True

Although the Legend of Yu referred to a Xia dynasty founded by Yu the Great, there is no archaeological evidence that there was a Xia dynasty.

True

The Indus civilization was located in what is now the country of India.

True

Why should we have multiple working hypotheses rather than just one? (Select all that apply)

- Because with only one hypothesis, if it turns out to be wrong, we have to redo the scientific process from the first step - Multiple hypotheses means a higher likelihood one of them will approximate the true cause of a phenomena in question - So we are less likely to become attached to our single hypothesis and fall prey to confirmation bias

How did many Sub-Saharan African settlements manage pandemics?

- By totally abandoning the settlement and settling elsewhere - By not physically interacting with the dead - By disinfecting the settlement through burning it down - By having dispersed urbanism in the residential neighborhoods

The Indus civilization was distinct from Mesopotamia, Egypt, and China in what ways? (Select all that apply)

- It had low indices of wealth inequality - It had multiple types of power, not just a single hierarchy - It had sewage systems and running water

The Narmer palette was significant because__________ (Select all that apply)

- It showed Upper and Lower Egypt united under one Pharaoh - It associated the Pharaoh with Horus

Which of the following is/are examples of institutionalizedinequality? (Select all that apply)

- Laws prohibiting women from certain professions - Theocratic societies (societies ruled by the priest class) - Royal dynasties -Caste systems

How can ancient Sub-Saharan Africa be characterized? (Select all that apply)

- Rich literary culture - Rich in natural resources - Diversity of political structures all interacting with each other - Highest genetic diversity among humans - Intense intercontinental trade

Which of the following makes up a society? (Select all that apply)

- Shared expectations of proper behavior - Regular interaction - Shared public culture - Shared norms - Shared traditions

What do the Tale of Osiris, Epic of Gilgamesh, and the Legend of Yu all have in common? (Select all that apply)

- They were all written down in the time of royal dynasties - They all involve male-hero types taming chaos and nature - They all are told to prop up state societies

The economic base of Caral was ___________

Fish as food and cotton and nets to trade for fish

What kind of urban planning underpinned the kinds of rebellions and revolutionary spirit depicted in "Les Miserables?"

Generative planning

Ancient Egypt was what kind of political structure?

Hierarchical dynastic structure

In what kind of society do we most often see centrally planned settlements?

Hierarchical state societies

Which of the following was the smallest bodied member of the genus Homo among those listed below?

Homo floresiensis

How did the city of Jenne-Jeno come into being?

In relation to the international trade

Around what time did the first sedentary villages occur in the world?

10,000 years ago

Hunter-gatherer societies were widespread in most parts of the world until around _______ years ago

100

Which modern celebration do some archaeologists think is a good analogy to Göbekli Tepe?

burning man

A primary goal of contemporary archaeology is to find extraordinary ancient objects like golden statues and display them in a museum for the enjoyment of the public

false

All civilizations have adopted official state religions to impose on their subjects

false

Erlitou was the first capital of Dynastic China.

false

Göbekli Tepe is a site where we find some of the earliest evidence of sedentism and monumentality

false

Medieval cities were almost always centrally planned because this was when states were ruled by kings

false

Of the four subfields of anthropology, only archaeology studies the material culture of people

false

There was evidence of domestic households at Göbekli Tepe because they found grinding stones.

false

V. Gordon Childe was considered a revolutionary in scientific archaeology because ______

he wanted to investigate the evolutionary processes that human societies share, and did so through a comparative methodology

What kind of science is "archaeology?"

historical science

A major goal of this course is to:

to understand the evolution of how we came to live hierarchical societies and how certain societies have arisen and fallen in the ancient past

Which of the following types of material culture is the MOST helpful to archaeologists wanting to understand how most people lived in the past?

trash

According to the "process"-focused definition of cities, cities are like the engines driving complex systems of trade, politics, and movement of food over a wide area.

true

Centrally planned settlements make it easy for the state to collect taxes and to put down rebellions

true

During the culture-history phase of archaeology, certain artistic styles were thought to be correlated with specific ethnic groups.

true

The Old World generally had more wealth inequality than the New World

true

Which site had some of the earliest evidence of sedentism?

Çatalhöyük

Civilizations with royal dynasties always have centrally planned cities.

False

Rome fell because of internal civil strife

False

Sedentism, agriculture, institutional inequality, and monumental architecture were phenomena that occurred together because they were interrelated.

False

Social science focuses on the social networks of notable individuals in the past

False

Sub-Saharan Africa was one integrated network of trade routes.

False

The Akkadians, the Babylonians, and the Assyrians are part of the same religion because they are part of the same empire.

False

The Olmec style was is called a "horizon" because they showed the flattened heads of their people.

False

The Olmec system of government was a heterarchy because they had two contemporary capitals: La Venta and San Lorenzo.

False

The city of Great Zimbabwe had a pretty constant population size throughout the year.

False

Wealth inequality was much higher in the ancient past than nowadays, because nowadays Democracy is more widespread than before.

False

When civilizations decline, it means that it shows lower economic productivity and a decline in population size

False

What is the difference between an artifact and an ecofact?

An artifact is directly made by humans whereas an ecofact are the plant and animal remains associated with human activity

When did we first start to see evidence of inherited wealth differences?

Around 50 to 10 thousand years ago

Why is archaeology suited to understanding the evolution of human space-time?

Because much of the material world we create shape the way we interact with each other

Why did cities arise in sub-Saharan Africa later than in most other parts of the world?

Because of the diversity of political configurations and the emphasis on political allegiances rather than bounded territories

Why are memes perfect examples of sophisticated symbolic communication?

Because they are highly context specific, flexible in meaning, and reference many layers of past narratives

Why were early cities "paradoxical?"

Because they rapidly increased in population size but mortality was higher than birth rates in cities

San Lorenzo and La Venta are examples of what kind of urban planning?

Dispersed urbanism with centrally planned core

In what kind of environment was the city of Caral located in?

Dry desert-like environments

A few geniuses invented agriculture, which allowed people to have surplus food and therefore settle down in one place year-round

False

Both the Epic of Gilgamesh and the story of Sargon emphasized that a ruler should have divine legitimacy and be a kind person.

False

Caral was like Gobekli Tepe because there was a monumental core and the inhabitants only went there for part of the year.

False