ANTH 205 Final
A person's genetic makeup cannot be determined simply by phenotype (physical traits).
+ Genes that influence traits like intelligence and artistic abilities do not respond quickly to environmental pressures. Genes that influence physical traits are not linked to any other genes. - Genes that influence physical traits change at a much slower rate than genes that influence other traits. Genes that influence both physical and other traits are directly correlated.
When they first immigrated to the United States in the nineteenth century, Irish, Italian, and eastern European immigrants were seen as inferior and not "white." Today, these European groups are seen as white. Identify the possible ways that some people could move into a "higher" racial category.
+ marrying someone of a "higher" race moving upward in social class - marrying someone of the same race changing legal definitions of race
Identify whether or not these reasons are why it is impossible to distinguish clear genetic boundaries between one human population and another.
- Human variation changes gradually in a geographic continuum. - Humans have been exchanging genetic material for 200,000 years. - Humans are 99.9 percent genetically the same.
The first example of the term white can be traced to a public document written in Virginia in 1691. Identify the major ways in which white privilege was subsequently invented and reinforced in Virginia in the 1700s.
- Whites were counted as whole people in censuses. - Whites were given more legal privileges. NOT - Whites usually earned more money than blacks. - Whites were given financial assistance from the government.
Intersectionality studies the intersection of various factors that shape an individual's access to opportunities as well as societal patterns of stratification. Identify the major factors that are part of intersectionality.
- race -gender - class
Historically, race relations in the United States have been primarily centered on white and black relations.
1. "whiteness" is defined in a public document 2. Emancipation Proclamation declares slavery illegal 3. KKK is founded 4. Supreme Court overturns the legal prohibition of interracial marriage
Racism manifests itself in society in various ways. Identify the following as examples of individual or institutional racism.
A white woman protects her wallet when a black man sits next to her. A white man shouts, "I hate blacks" and kills a black man.
Low-income and minority communities are often subject to racial discrimination at the hands of local government policies and actions. However, in recent years, communities are fighting back and winning battles to protect and improve their neighborhoods. Identify the ways in which communities can be politically active for their own benefit.
Beneficial Way Communities Can Be Politically Active - engage with public planning process - organize protests - create community associations
Identify each statement as a primary concern, or not, in the events that occurred in Charlottesville, Virginia, in August 2017.
Concern: - Americans disagree about whether Confederate symbols should appear in public spaces. - White nationalists are marching more often and asserting more presence in U.S. public life. NOT - Beginning with the 2000 census, "Hispanic/Latino/Spanish" was separated from race in the U.S. Census. - Anti-black and anti-Haitian sentiments continue to negatively impact people's lives in the Dominican Republic.
Although the Dominican Republic and Haiti are two halves of the same island in the Caribbean, conceptions of race have historically been very different in each country, beginning with the landing of Christopher Columbus in 1492. These conceptions of race have influenced economic and other life opportunities that are available to individuals depending on which side of the island they were born.
DR: This country participates actively in global economic trade, exporting various goods and increasing tourism revenues. The majority of this country's population identify as Hispanic and speak Spanish. Haiti: The majority of this country's population identify as African and speak Creole. People emigrate from this country to the other side of the island where they work in low-wage jobs and endure racial discrimination.
Racialization is the process of categorizing and attributing supposedly racial qualities to people based on perceived characteristics. Identify the examples of racialization.
Example of Racialization - the creation of the category "Middle Eastern" as a race in the United States - European immigrants in the United States calling the Chinese immigrants "Yellow Peril"
In her study of ad agencies, Shalini Shankar found that advertisers emphasize differences among the many different Asian groups in order to have more niche markets.
False
Race relations play out differently depending on a variety of historical, cultural, and social factors.
Haiti/DR: this country has racial categories with 2 main nationalities, one of which experiences the majority of discriminatory practices Brazil: country has many nuanced racial categories and has been referred to as a "racial democracy" Malaysia: country has 3 main racial categories that were first imposed by British colonists
White privilege refers to the benefits and opportunities that whites enjoy based solely on their skin color and perceived race. What does anthropologist Jane Gibson's study of low-income whites in Florida suggest about white privilege?
Not all whites experience equal amounts of white privilege
Racial tensions in the United States have often come to a head in the Supreme Court over racial segregation in educational institutions, as shown in the image. Match each description to the court case it describes.
Plessy v Ferguson - ruled that state-sponsored segregation in public schools was legal - took place in 1896 Brown v. Board of Education - ruled that state-sponsored segregation in public schools was illegal - took place in 1954
Identify possible reasons why it is difficult for people in the United States to acknowledge the continuing existence of racism.
Reason Why It Is Difficult - Color blindness is seen as a solution to racism in the United States. - People believe that mainstream U.S. society is a meritocracy.
A racial ideology is a set of ideas about race that justify and normalize discriminatory actions.
Shaped by Racial Ideologies: - white colonists' beliefs that slavery was natural -European settlers' beliefs that they had the right to "civilize" the American West Not Shaped: - upper-class Dominicans' beliefs that they are black - police officers' beliefs that they could cut off poor whites' livelihood in Florida
Skin color varies gradually in relation to the intensity of ultraviolet light. As a result, lighter skin color is more prevalent near the poles, and darker skin color is more prevalent near the equator. Skin color predicts genetic differences related to phenotype, but not intelligence or personality.
Skin color varies gradually in relation to the intensity of ultraviolet light lighter skin color is more prevalent near the poles,
Identify the statements that best define the rule of hypodescent.
TRau that children of "mixed" marriages are automatically assigned to the "lower" racial category that someone with any black ancestor is considered black
Chinese immigrants first arrived in the United States in large numbers during the 1850s. Identify the ways those in the initial wave of Chinese immigrants experienced racial prejudices.
They were called derogatory names. They had no legal standing in court.
Of the many social factors that influence situations, intersectionality focuses particularly on three: race, gender, and class.
True
While the United States and Brazil are the largest multiracial countries in the Western Hemisphere, race has been treated differently in each country. Identify whether the following statements apply to Brazil or the United States.
US has barred interracial marriage has applied the rule of hypodescent Brazil race intersects closely with class and racial categories can be shifted uses hundreds of categories and terms for various races
Genotype refers to the inherited genetic factors that provide a framework for an organism's physical form, while phenotype refers to the physical expression of genes as a result of genetic interaction with the environment.
geno pheno
Anthropologist JB Kwon has researched factory workers in South Korea, and joined his students in anti-racist work during and after the police killing of Michael Brown. How does Kwon explain what these two fieldwork settings have in common?
in both settings, people protested injustice
Identify the best definition of racism.
institutional patterns and policies as well as individuals' thoughts and actions that create or reproduce unequal access to power, privilege, resources, and opportunities based on race
Racialization
is the process of categorizing, differentiating, and attributing a particular racial character to a person or group of people.
White supremacy refers to the belief that whites are biologically different and superior to people of other races. Identify which of the following practices have been enforced legally in the United States.
legally enforced: counting slaves as fractions of people segregation denial of interracial marriage
Many anthropologists and other social scientists study and analyze racial relations in the United States in order to work against racism that continues today. Match each study with the correct description.
lists and describes various ways whites receive preferential treatment throughout all aspects of life "White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack" (1989) chronicles an African American community's organized resistance of racially discriminating policies Black Corona (1998) critiques the current U.S. call for color-blindness and suggests that it perpetuates racial inequality Racism without Racists (2010) investigates the experiences of African Americans who face racial discrimination despite their higher social class Living with Racism: The Black Middle-Class Experience (1994)
In the Dominican Republic, the government as well as many Dominicans enforce and express anti-Haitian and anti-black sentiments. However, there are certain groups that identify more closely with black Haitians. Identify this group of Dominicans and a way in which they do so.
lower-class Dominicans, by playing bachata music
Anthropologist JB Kwon studies racial dynamics and race relations and attended recent demonstrations in Ferguson, Missouri, to better understand the dynamics at work. Identify the main forces that Kwon suggests led to the events in Ferguson, Missouri.
main force: segregation institutional racism
Beginning in the 1400s, many European countries began colonial activities to further their economic power. Identify the correct definition of colonialism.
the use of military, economic, and political power beyond a country's borders to enhance its global power
Anthropologists often use the term racisms in plural. What does this term refer to?
the variety of ways race has been constructed among people of different places
Malaysia was one of the first export-processing zones in Southeast Asia. Many multinational corporations employ hundreds of thousands of Malaysian workers for cheap labor, many of which are young migrant workers known as Minah Karan. Why are these women stigmatized?
they mix with men and people from other classes
Identify the anthropological research question that most clearly takes an intersectional approach to race.
why do middle class AA experience racial discrimination, despite their class status?
Contemporary worldwide racism, and the notion of race itself, are historically rooted in which practice?
colonialism
