ANTH 210 Chapter 5 Inquizitive

Brazilians describe the human physical diversity called "race" in great detail.

- Brazil's system, of racial classification, is color-coded, its color terminology is far more expansive, encompassing hundreds of categories. - Race intersects closely with class.

Historically, race relations in the United States have been primarily centered on white and black relations. Place the major events in this narrative in order from the first to the most recent account.

-"whiteness" defined in a first public document -emancipation makes slavery illegal -KKK formed -illegal interracial marriage is overturned

Identify possible reasons why it is difficult for people in the United States to acknowledge the continuing existence of racism.

-People believe that mainstream U.S. society is a meritocracy. -Color blindness is seen as a solution to racism in the United States.

Identify each statement as a primary concern, or not, in the events that occurred in Charlottesville, Virginia, in August 2017.

A Primary Concern: Americans disagree about whether Confederate symbols should appear in public spaces. White nationalists are marching more often and asserting more presence in U.S. public life. Not a Primary Concern: Race categories can be few in number and rigid, or they can be numerous and fluid. Beginning with the 2000 census, "Hispanic/Latino/Spanish" was separated from race in the U.S. Census.

Contemporary worldwide racism, and the notion of race itself, are historically rooted in which practice?

Colonialism

Chinese immigrants first arrived in the United States in large numbers during the 1850s. Identify the ways those in the initial wave of Chinese immigrants experienced racial prejudices.

Correct Answer(s) They were treated unfairly by federal and state governments. They were called derogatory names.

Racialization is the process of categorizing and attributing supposedly racial qualities to people based on perceived characteristics. Identify the examples of racialization

Examples: -the creation of the category "Middle Eastern" as a race in the United States -European immigrants in the United States calling the Chinese immigrants "Yellow Peril" Not: -the court dismissal of a Chinese man as a reliable eyewitness due to his race -the use of microaggressions against minorities

This cartoon, published in 1902 in the magazine Judge, shows anti-immigration sentiment in the United States at the time. Identify the concepts exhibited in the cartoon.

Exhibited: Nativism Racism Not Exhibited: colonialism miscegenation

Identify each statement as accurately fitting with the rule of hypodescent, or not

Fits with the Rule of Hypodescent: -that children of "mixed" marriages are automatically assigned to the "lower" racial category -that someone with any black ancestor is considered black Does not fit with the rule of hypodescent: -that children of "mixed" marriages are automatically assigned the "higher" racial category -that someone with "one drop" of white blood is considered white

Racism manifests itself in society in various ways. Identify each statement as an example of individual racism, or institutional racism.

Individual: A white man shouts, "I hate blacks" and kills a black man A white woman protects her wallet when a black man sits next to her.

White privilege refers to the benefits and opportunities that whites enjoy based solely on their skin color and perceived race. What does anthropologist Jane Gibson's study of low-income whites in Florida suggest about white privilege?

Not all whites experiment the same amounts of white privilege.

Identify each movement or event as occurring within the last century, or earlier.

Over the last Century: The anti-apartheid movement in South Africa resisted white rule. National liberation movements struggled to end foreign occupation. Earlier than last century A hierarchy of races emerged, with Europeans at the top. Much of the indigenous population of the Americas was eradicated.

When they first immigrated to the United States in the nineteenth century, Irish, Italian, and eastern European immigrants were seen as inferior and not "white." Today, these European groups are seen as white. Identify the possible ways that some people could move into a "higher" racial category.

Possible Way to Move to a Higher Racial Category moving upward in social class marrying someone of a "higher" race Not a possible way marrying someone of the same race changing legal definitions of race

A person's genetic makeup cannot be determined simply by phenotype (physical traits). Identify the reasons why racial stereotypes like "White Men Can't Jump" or "Asians Are Better at Math" do not have any biological basis.

Reason Why Racial Stereotypes Have No Biological Basis Genes that influence traits like intelligence and artistic abilities do not respond quickly to environmental pressures. Genes that influence physical traits are not linked to any other genes.

Identify whether or not these reasons are why it is impossible to distinguish clear genetic boundaries between one human population and another.

Reason: -Humans are 99.9 percent genetically the same. -Human variation changes gradually in a geographic continuum. -Humans have been exchanging genetic material for 200,000 years.

Beginning in the 1400s, many European countries began colonial activities to further their economic power. Identify the correct definition of colonialism.

The use of military, economic, and political power beyond a country's boarders to enhance its global power

Anthropologists often use the term racisms in plural. What does this term refer to?

The variety of ways race has been constructed among people of different places

The first example of the term white can be traced to a public document written in Virginia in 1691. Identify whether or not these are major ways in which white privilege was subsequently invented and reinforced in Virginia in the 1700s.

Ways in which white privilege was invented: -Whites were given more legal privileges. -Whites were counted as whole people in censuses.

Identify the best definition of racism.

institutional patterns and policies as well as individuals' thoughts and actions that create or reproduce unequal access to power, privilege, resources, and opportunities based on race

Genotype

refers to the inherited genetic factors that provide a framework for an organism's physical form

phenotype

refers to the physical expression of genes as a result of genetic interaction with the environment.

identify the anthropological research question that most clearly takes an intersectional approach to race

why do middle-class African Americans experience racial discrimination, despite their class status?