ANTH 301 final exam

As many as ____ people lived in the Southeast culture area in AD 1500.

1,250,000

Low point in American Indian populations

100 years ago

Which of the following languages is NOT significantly represented in the Southeastern culture area? ____.

Algonquian

The two language families found in the Subarctic are ____ and ____.

Algonquian; Athabaskan (East and west, respectively. Salish-NW coast)

The Cheyenne speak a/an ____ language, while the Pawnee speak a/an ____ language.

Algonquian; Caddoan

It is in the ____ culture area that today you would be most likely to encounter the largest number of Native Americans who are dependent on a hunting life style.

Arctic [Correlated to the density of Europeans to Indian people]

Portions of which of the following groups first moved to Texas in the late 1700s and early 1800s? ____.

Cherokee, Choctaw, Creek (NOT 'Kickapoo, Cherokee, Creek' because Kickapoo came to Texas in 1862)

____ has commonly been viewed as an early environmentalist.

Chief Seathl. (Follow-up studies show that this reputation is greatly exaggerated).

The oldest well-documented characteristic artifact of Paleoindian hunters in N.A. is the ____ projectile point.

Clovis

The two major language families in the Arctic culture area are ____.

Eskimo and Aleut

The 1874 military reconnaissance of the Black Hills under the command of ____ reported gold discoveries and this news attracted miners/settlers to lands set aside for exclusive use by the Indians.

George Custer

The Black Hawk War took place in 1832 in what states (given today's interstate boundaries of the United States)? ____

Illinois and Missouri

The Santee Sioux Uprising (aka Rebellion/Revolt) took place in 1862 in the state/territory of ____ when many white men were fighting in America's own War of the Rebellion [Civil War].

Minnesota

Samuel Occom was a/an ____ who became a Christian minister and school teacher in the ____.

Mohegan; mid-1700s

The ____ language family is found only in the Southeast culture area.

Muskogean

In 1862, U.S. forces under the leadership of Kit Carson burned ____ villages and orchards and slaughtered livestock, killed 1,000+ ____ and force-marched survivors to Ft. Sumner, New Mexico.

Navajo; Navajo

The ____ were a powerful tribe encountered by early European settlers in the Chesapeake Bay region of the Northeast culture area.

Powhatan

At the ____ Massacre, Colonel Chivington's Colorado volunteers killed more than 200 Cheyenne people, mostly women, children and the elderly, in a village that was flying two flags: USA and white-truce.

Sand Creek

Lifeways most intact in ____ culture area.

Subarctic

Many Plains tribes practiced ____ because it embodied many of the values: individuality, vision-seeking, and recognition of bravery and fortitude, values essential to survival in the harsh Plains environment.

Sun Dancing (Ghost Dance was a revival movement intended to guard against white cultural indoctrination).

The concept of tribes as "domestic, dependent nations" was first officially put forth by ____ in the early 1830's.

Supreme Court Justice John Marshall

The Ghost Dance, founded in the late 1880s, was a revitalization movement that triggered the ____.

Wounded Knee Massacre

During the late Pre-Columbian or Formative period (2000-500 B.P.), the subsistence pattern of many groups in the Southwest (NM, AZ, and part of northwestern Mexico) was characterized by ____.

agriculture and hunting and gathering

Pocahontas served as an ambassador to the English during the ____.

early 1600's

In conjunction with the ____, treaty negotiations with various Plateau tries were undertaken by Washington territorial Governor Stevens in the mid-1800s.

engineering surveys for a railroad route

In the Plains culture area, population densities in the early 19th c. were highest in the river valleys where ____.

environmental conditions were suitable for agriculture

Along the Northwest Coast, the ethnographic pattern includes use of ____, reliance on salmon, shellfish, sea mammals, root foods, and often stratified social systems.

plank houses

Communal drives were used in the Great Basin to procure ____.

pronghorn; rabbits; insects. [all of the above]

The terms Yupik, Inupiaq, Alutiiq, Unangan, and Inuit all mean ____ and are traditional self-designations used by various Arctic groups to replace the colonial term "Eskimo".

"the people" or "real people"

From the 1500s through the French and Indian War, the ____ tended to ally with the French and the ____ with the British.

Huron and various Algonquian groups; Iroquois Nations

In the Southwest, Indian people who were judged to have been missionized successfully by Catholic priests were considered to be ____ and might end up being called *Español*.

*gente de razon*

Following initial setbacks, the Spanish conquered Tenochtitlan (Mexico City) in ____.

1521

The Navajo reservation covers some ____ acres.

16,600,000

Most of the armed conflict between the Native people of south Texas and northeast Mexico and Spanish forces occurred during the ____.

1600's

Mission San Juan Capistrano, located a few miles south of downtown San Antonio, Texas, was established in ____ for various Coahuiltecan groups.

1731

The nucleus of the future Bureau of Indian Affairs was created by the Secretary of War in ____.

1824

The US policy of relocating Indians to west of the Mississippi, away from non-Indian settlements, was codified by the Indian Removal Act of ____.

1830 (Pretty much the only modern world power that was founded on the backs of the extermination/internment/exploitation of the native people and then the import of a slave work force.)

As late as ____, the death rate exceeded the birth rate for Indian people in the United States.

1925-1930

Which of the following dates fall well within the timeframe of the Archaic Period, which began with the extinction of megafauna, in North America

5,000 BP

The Navajo were one of the many Apachean groups that moved into the Southwest about ____ years ago.

500

Crowd diseases around the world emerged in the aftermath of the development of agriculture, which in the New World was about ____ [began in Mexico; that's why it takes so long to reach up further into N.A.]

8,000 years ago

Major house types in the Plateau culture area include pit houses and ____.

A-frame mat lodges

The Lower Brazos River Reservation was established in 1854 and occupied by the Tonkawa, Waco, ____ and others.

Caddo

The Cheyenne lived mainly in today's states of ____, while the Pawnee lived mostly in today's states of ____.

Colorado and Nebraska; Nebraska and Kansas (Cheyenne, Wyoming; Pawnee Indians closely related to the Kansa tribe.)

Captain Fetterman, his 77 cavalrymen, and two civilian volunteers from Fort Kearny were all killed in a battle led by ____.

Crazy Horse

Dartmouth College (NH) was established by ____ in ____ under the name of Moor's Indian Charity School (CN).

Eleazar Wheelock; 1754

The ____, Shawnee and Delaware are among the Indian groups who originally inhabited the Northeast culture area but later some bands migrated to Texas.

Kickapoo

In 1692, Cheda, a/an ____ sachem, promised to keep the Covenant Chain, but complained that Indians end up fighting the French harder and losing more to them than did the English.

Oneida

Pontiac led an anti-British "conspiracy" in 1763 that was composed of members of his own tribe, the ____, as well as Chippewa and others.

Ottawa

Narangansett acted as allies to the English in the destruction of the ____ in 1637

Pequots

The Spanish "missionized" the native peoples they encountered in order to ____.

Require them to reject their native religion in favor of Catholicism; teach them aspects of farming, ranching, or skilled labor the Spanish valued; incorporate them into society as full citizens who would hold land. [all of the above]

The Carlisle Indian School in Pennsylvania was established by ____.

Richard Pratt

Osceola was a well-known ____ leader who resisted the Indian removal policy but was ultimately captured and died in prison.

Seminole

Col. Kit Carson admitted that the authorities in Colorado did what? ____.

Set up an Indian War

In 1791, warriors of the Northwestern Indians Confederacy, led by war chiefs from the ____ tribes defeated an American army under General Arthur St. Clair.

Shawnee and Miami (NW Confederacy also sometimes known as the Miami Confederacy)

According to Saukamppee, the Piegan (Blackfeet) traded with the ____ to obtain guns.

Shoshone

Among the Indians of the Rocky Mountains and northern plains, the ____ obtained horses early and rapidly extended their territory.

Shoshone

Among the language families represented in the Northeast culture area are Iroquoian, Algonquian, and ____.

Siouan

Among the Plains Indian groups who were hunters in the 19th c. but who had Pre-Columbian farming origins (as discussed in textbook and in lectures) were the Cheyenne and ____.

Sioux

Sitting Bull was killed by ____ in a skirmish that resulted from his refusal to forbid the ____.

Sioux employed as reservation police; Ghost Dance

The lecture that dealt with the changes from a free hunter-gatherer to reservation life in eastern Washington state were presented by reviewing the life history of a well-known ____ man who the whites called Garry.

Spokane

In the ____, numerous Indian groups were gathered by the government and forcibly escorted from their Southeast homelands to Oklahoma.

Trail of Tears

The League of Iroquois originally included five nations, but expanded later to include the ____.

Tuscarora [Mohawk, Seneca, Onondaga, Cayuga, Oneida]

Kinship in the Subarctic in usually ____.

bilateral

Seasonal population aggregation in California is associated with ____.

fishing & acorn and root harvests (two answers)

The subsistence pattern among the native inhabitants of south Texas and northeast Mexico was ____.

hunting and gathering only (Coahuiltecans were the only group in the greater Southwest without agriculture.)

According to the film Who Owns the Past?, Hopi men were sent to Washington, D.C. in the late 1800's to ____.

impress them with the power of the U.S.A. (Women got right to vote in 1922; Indians in 1924.)

The primary Iroquois social unit was the ____.

matrilineage

Among the Hopi, weaving was done by ____ and among the Navajo it was done by the ____.

men; women

Armed conflict between Indians and whites in the Plateau culture area occurred during the ____.

mid-1800s

The Massacre ____ in 1870 resulted in the death of about 170 Blackfeet (Piegans) people who were mistaken for members of a different band.

on the Marias

For the Inuit of Quebec, the most important game animal was the ____.

seal

For native peoples of the Arctic, technology was dominated by the use of ____.

skins

With the exception of ____, the climate/landscape throughout the Southeast culture area supported domestic crops.

some coastal zones

Two of the most important food resources in the subarctic, caribou and salmon, are considered "unearned resources" because ____.

they spend much of their life cycle (and thus gain most of their mass) in other regions

In the California culture area, it was primarily the ____ precipitation pattern (also known as Mediterranean climate) that prevented the spread of agriculture.

winter

The Plateau ethnographic pattern in general included: salmon fishing, root digging, deer hunting, and ____.

winter villages