ANTH 310 - Module 12 - Chapter 14 - Sex, Gender and Sexuality

5 Biological Sexes

-Male -Female -Intersex (older term is hermaphrodite) -True Gonadal Interex -Male with some female characteristics -Female with some male characteristics

Transsexual

1. a person having a strong desire to assume the physical characteristics and gender role of the opposite sex. 2. a person who has undergone hormone treatment and surgery to attain the physical characteristics of the opposite sex.

Transgender

1. noting or relating to a person whose gender identity does not correspond to that person's biological sex assigned at birth: the transgender movement; transgender rights. 2. noting or relating to a person who does not conform to societal gender norms or roles.

"Two-Spirit" People

Are individuals who take on aspects of a culturally defined gender role that combines feminine and masculine traits and is seen as a "third gender." Sexuality itself is not a defining gender characteristics of the two-spirit people.

Sambia

Boy inseminating rituals p. 232 Profile 14.2

Gender Stratification

Gender stratification, cuts across all aspects of social life, cuts across all social classes, and refers to men and women's unequal access to power, prestige, and property on the basis of their sex.

Hermaphrodites

Individuals born with one testis and one ovary and a mixture of male and female genitalia

Females

Individuals born with two ovaries and female genitalia

Males

Individuals born with two testes and male genitalia

Female pseudohermaphrodites

Individuals who have two ovaries and a mixture of male and female genitalia but no testes

Male pseudohermaphrodites

Individuals who have two testes and a mixture of male and female genitalia but no ovaries

Gender Ideologies

Like race, masculinity and femininity are socially constructed concepts that convey values and social status. Gender ideology works in two ways. First, it prescribes proper behavior and demeanor for boys and girls, men and women. Traditional gender ideologies emphasizes the value of distinctive roles for women and men where men fulfill their family roles through breadwinning activities ...

Iroquois

Matrilineal-matrilocal societies - Iroquois women influenced the council decisions by exercising control over the distribution of food.

How many genders do we have?

Not XX and not XY - one in 1,666 births Klinefelter Syndrome (XXY) - one in 1,000 births Androgen insensitivity syndrome - one in 13k births Partial androgen insensitivity syndrome - 1 in 130k Classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia - 1 in 13k Late onset adrenal hyperplasia - 1 in 66 individuals Vaginal agenesis - 1 in 6k births Ovotestes - 1 in 83k births Complete gonadal dysgenesis (Turner's Syndrome) - 1 in 150k births Hypospadias (urethral opening in perineum or along penile shaft) - 1 in 2k births Hypospadias (urethral opening between corona and tip of glans penis) - 1 in 770 births Total number of people whose bodies differ from standard male or female - 1 in 100 births Total number of people receiving surgery to "normalize" genital appearance 1-2 in 1k births (Source: Intersex Society of North America (www.isna.com)

Intersex

an individual having reproductive organs or external sexual characteristics of both male and female.

Male Supremacist Complex

is a by-product of male monopoly over weapons, training of males for combat, bravery, and other male-centered institutions. The reason for such overwhelming male dominance is that where there is warfare, the lives of group members depend on male bravery.

Estrus

is the period in the sexual cycle of female primates, during which they are sexually receptive and likely to conceive

Patriarchy

or rule by father or male authority, assumes that women are naturally subservient to their fathers and husbands. Although widespread, patriarchy exists in different forms and degrees.

Etoro

p. 231-232 insemination beliefs - believe that each man only has a limited supply of semen. When the supply is exhausted, a man dies.

Feminization of Poverty

p. 242 refers to the growing number of female heads of households and the greater impact that poverty has on women.

Matriarchy

refers to a hypothetical social system in which domestic and political authority is wielded soley by women.

Sex

refers to anatomical and physiological attributes LNs: -Biological sex is determined by chromosomes, genitalia, and secondary sex characteristics

Gender

refers to learned cultural and psychological attributes LNs: - Culturally constructed social identities that reference male/female differences

Homosexuality

sexual desire or behavior directed toward a person or persons of one's own sex.

Ritualized homosexuality

was not viewed as a matter of individual preference but as a social obligation.