Anthro 102
Modern humans have existed for over 100,000 years, but only over the last ________ years has Earth's population grown three orders of magnitude, from a few million people to over seven billion today.
10,000
The typical catarrhine dental formula is:
2/1/2/3
Analyses of modern human genetic variation suggest that Homo sapiens evolved approximately
200,000 yBP.
Analyses of modern human genetic variation suggest that modern Homo sapiens (anotomically modern humans) evolved approximately
200,000 yBP.
The first true primates (euprimates) appear in the fossil record about ________ .
56 mya
Current evidence indicates that the earliest hominids lived in Africa ________
6-8 million years ago.
Figure: 11.20b These stone tools made by H. erectus belong to the ___________ tool complex.
Acheulean
Living around 30mya, the common ancestor of all later catarrhines, Old World monkeys, and hominids was likely:
Aegyptopithecus
According to the African Replacement Model (Recent African Origin) (check any/all true answers)
Africans should show the greatest genetic diversity there should be little genetic diversity among humans
The fossil nicknamed "Lucy" is a member of which species?
Australopithecus afarensis
Why do women in natural fertility populations menstruate less often than women in industrialized societies?
Because women in natural fertility populations spend more of their lives either pregnant or lactating.
According to the video we saw in class, WHY do chimpanzee and bonobo females behave so differently?
Chimpanzee females compete with other primates and with male chimpanzees for access to food, bonobos tend to spend more time on the forest floor, foraging for food together and forming bonds.
While at the zoo, you notice a sign that reads "Western Lowland Gorilla: Gorilla gorilla." Given your current understanding of scientific taxonomy and classification, what do these names stand for?
Common name, genus name, species name
About how many species of primate are alive today?
Correct! 200
All primates live in multi-female, single-male groups
F
Robert Sussman's angiosperm radiation hypothesis is based on which finding?
Fruit was a newly available food source in the Cenozoic era.
With the possible exception of the skulls from Dmanisi, it appears that the first hominid species to disperse from Africa to Asia and Europe was:
H. erectus
Match the classification taxonomy with the characteristics
Hominoid - these primates have no tail Catarrhini - none of the primates from this group have a pren Lemures/Strepsirhini ONLY - this group may exhibita unique dental comb and grooming claw all Prosimians - these primates are not monkey or apes Platyrhini - only a few species in this group have prehensile tails but the all have a dental 2/1/3/3
Homo naledi is most similar in overall morphology to
Homo habilis.
Why is the Piltdown Man fossil important for understanding human evolution?
It is not important to our understanding of human evolution, it was a hoax.
The idea that face size decreased in humans due to the consumption of softer foods is known as the _______________ hypothesis.
Masticatory-Functional
Evidence that ancient hominids practiced cannibalism comes from:
Moula-Guercy, France.
Which tool making technique(s) is/are most closely associated with Neanderthal?
Mousterian Levallios
Which populations do not fit the three vitamin D zone model?
Pacific Islanders Inuit
Before the formation of the seven continents of the world, there was a supercontinent called:
Pangaea
The oldest known pre-australopithecine, or a fossil link between late Miocene apes and australopithecines, found in Central Northern Africa is:
Sahelanthropus tchadensis.
Where and when did Homo floresiensis live?
The islands of Southeast Asia- 90,000-less than 20,000 years ago
A volcanic eruption on the coast of Japan in 1850 deposits a layer of ash on top of a layer of red clay, and the ash is covered by a layer of silt in a tsunami in 1902. Archaeologists find a coin between the ash and silt, and they find a small pot between the ash and clay. Given this sequence of events, which of the following is true?
The pot is older than the coin.
Anthropology is best described as
The study of humankind from multiple perspectives and across different time periods
Which of the following ideas about the first stone tools is NOT supported by fossil evidence?
They created a system of social status in which those with the best tools gained the most respect.
Dentally, which of the following best describes the earliest hominids?
They had small, nonprojecting canines.
Given what you have learned about Neanderthal, which of the following statements is CERTAINLY FALSE?
They were closer to apes than they were to humans.
How is vitamin D related to sunlight?
UV radiation from the sun helps the body to synthesize vitamin D
Fossil and living apes exhibit a distinctive cusp pattern on the chewing surfaces of their molar teeth known as
Y-5
Modern H. sapiens differ from the archaic form in that moderns have:
a mental eminence. You Answered a high, vertical forehead. no occipital bun. None of the above the anwser is all above
The presence of five digits on the hands and feet is:
a primitive mammalian traits, retained in most mammals and all primates
Direct evidence of bipedal locomotion was found in the form of footprints in volcanic ash in Tanzania. How old are those footprints?
about 3.7 million years
The main reason that H. erectus increased in stature and body size over H. habilis is:
access to animal protein.
According to your readings, which of the following is NOT a potential factor in the distribution of human skin color?
adaptation to altitude
Which of the following is NOT acknowledged as one of the major benefits of bipedalism during its early evolution?
an adaptation for hunting
The strength and mass of bone
are positively affected with access to vitamin D, calcium, and protein while growing vary with the individual's level of physical activity while growing
Although Bergman's and Allan's rules most often explain body shape and morphology, we occasionally see variations from the patterns. The fact that not all populations follow the expected pattern indicates:
body shape and morphology reflect natural selection, sexual selection, AND developmental processes (including nutrition)
The Y-5 molar morphology is present in:
chimpanzees
What is the most likely reason for Paranthropus/Robust Australopithecines going extinct close to 2mya?
climate change caused the food resources to become more and more scarce and eventually disappear.
A gradual change in phenotype over a geographical area is called a:
cline
Bipedalism has disadvantages to quadrupedalism, including:
development of cardiovascular and back problems.
According to your textbook, the concept of race began:
during the Renaissance.
Which reproductive isolating mechanism is most likely responsible for the divergence of Bonobos and Chimpanzees?
ecological
The functional physiological adaptations that humans experience in their lifetimes are usually influenced most by
environmental conditions
In general, reproductive strategies for females are aimed at
establishing friendships with others who can aid in raising and protecting young
The Pleistocene era is characterized by excessive global warming, volcanoes, and rising sea levels.
f
The most important sense for primates is smell.
false
These lower leg bones are from Ötzi, the Iceman who died at age 45 around 5,000 years ago and was found mummified in the Alps.
false
Evidence indicating that Orrorin tugenensis was bipedal comes mainly from which part of the skeleton?
femur
When epiphyses fuse to diaphyses:
full adult height is attained
All of the following are advantages of agriculture over foraging EXCEPT:
greater ecological diversity
A common primate practice that serves to maintain hygiene and group unity is called:
grooming
It is likely that australopithecines went extinct and Homo flourished 2 million years ago because of:
habitat changes.
If you traveled back in time to Africa and came across a group of the early ape Proconsul feeding in a tree, what would you not expect to see these animals doing?
hanging by their tails
Unlike apes, monkeys almost always
have limbs of relatively equal length
People who live in the areas of the world highlighted in red have adapted to these particular geographical conditions and are likely to:
have relatively larger chest cavities.
The wear pattern on the teeth of this Shanidar 1 Neandertal indicates:
he used his teeth like a third hand to hold tools and other items, this could be due to a serious injury to his arm.
Sexual dimorphism in canine size
is greater in societies where males compete
In science, to refer to an idea as a 'theory' means that it:
it is a complete explanation that has been well-supported by testing
Figure: 10.18 Your physical anthropology professor asks you to arrange a bag of foot bones in anatomical position. When you finish, she asks you what you can tell from this right foot. You say that this hominid:
lived in the trees at least part of the time.
Which of the following characteristics make Australopithicines more ape-like (rather than more human-like)? (check more than one answer)
long arms and curved fingers a parallel (rectangular) dental arcade a small brain a lot of prognathism
Anthropology is described as 'holistic' this means that it
looks for interrelationships among its parts
The rapid spread of H. erectus out of Africa can be attributed in part to:
material culture and tool use.
Symptoms like nausea, vomiting, fever, and coughing
may be evolved defenses that help protect our bodies from pathogens
Neandertals differed from archaic H. sapiens in that Neandertals
non of the above
The ability to touch the thumb to the tips of the other fingers is called:
opposability
Sivapithecus is widely recognized as an ancestral member of which ape lineage?
orangutan
The group of archaic mammals that lived during the Paleocene epoch and are likely very closely related to the earliest primates are
plesiadapiforms
Early modern humans may have traveled either along the coast or through an inland route from Asia into North and South America-- what would be a good reason for them to do this?
population increase/compettition for food. following animal food sources as they also migrated. climate change. Correct! all of the above.
The ability to grasp with the hands, feet, or even the tail, is called
prehensile
The early hominids from Chad (Sahelanthropus tchadensis) are very important because they
provide evidence of hominid evolution 2,000 km (1,243 mi) from the Rift Valley.
All of the following are relative methods of dating except:
radiocarbon dating.
In general, reproductive strategies for females are aimed at
raising and protecting their offspring
Homo erectus's cranial capacity
ranges from 650 cc to 1,100 cc.
The law of superposition created by Nicolaus Steno helped lay the foundations for:
relative dating.
A wet rhinarium is present in:
ring-tail lemurs
Which of the following explanations are discussed in your readings as a reasonable explanation for the geographic variations seen in human skin color? (check all that are true)
sexual selection protection for the body's stores of folate intensity of UV radiation
Homo erectus evolved all of the following key traits that paved the way for the emergence of Homo sapiens except
symbolic behavior.
The agricultural revolution led to an increase in disease.
t
Based on their morphology, omomyids are probably closely related to ________ .
tarsiers
Lactase persistence is most likely to be found in populations
that have a long history of dairy farming and pastoralism
Compared to moderns, Neanderthals were different due to
the answer is None of the above. their inability to speak. their careless treatment of the dead. their small cranial capacity.
This skull indicates Plesiadapis was not a true primate because:
the answr is all of these it lacks a postorbital bar it has specialized front teeth. ts brain is too small.
Check all reasons why race is NOT a valid biological concept
the distribution of biological traits follow a cline cultural groups define race differently thoughout the world 'races' account for only a very small fraction of the biological variation in humans most traits do not vary concordantly in humans
A valid criticism of the arboreal hypothesis of primate origins is:
the opossum is also an arboreal mammal but did not develop uniquely primate traits.
Domestication refers to
the process of converting wild animals or plants into forms that humans can use.
A valid critique of the Out of Africa model of human evolution based on recent research is:
there seems to be strong evidence of at least some gene flow between Neandertals and modern Homo sapiens.
After a few days the body can adapt to increased heat or cold, and the individual will 'get used' to the temperature due to dilation or constriction of blood vessels near the surface of the skin.
true
Both undernutrition and overnutrition can lead to cardiovascular disease.
true
Human adaptation occurs at four levels: genetic, developmental, acclimatization, and cultural.
true
Which of the following is a response to excessive cold which involves blood vessels near the body's surface?
vasoconstriction
The disease rickets, which affects bone mineralization, results from a deficiency in:
vitamin D.
Pre-Agricultural populations
were generally healthier, but lived shorter lives, and may have had a higher rate of infant and child death
The average heights of European-American males in the United States fluctuated between 1710 and 1970 and: (positive=heights increased, negative=heights degreased):
were positively affected by access to medical care
Which of the following traits, observed in the fossil record, helped Neandertal survive in a cold environment? (check all that apply)
wide, muscular bodies Correct Answer a wide nasal cavity Correct Answer short forearms and forelegs Correct Answer a barrel shaped chest
