Anthro Final
According to Ogden, dominant narratives of ecological destruction and restoration imagine the Everglades as: A. An un-peopled landscape that humans act upon B. A space that has been occupied and transformed by humans for centuries C. A pristine wilderness that does not require restoration D. An urbanized human landscape.
A
Anthropologists argue that understanding culture is essential for studying violence because: A. Violence is a universal aspect of human evolutionary biology B. It is necessary for understanding how and why certain instances of violence occur in particular contexts and how they are legitimated C. The causes of all violence are explained by a set of three cultural factors D. Some cultures are more violent than others and have longer histories of violence
A
Anthropologists use ethnography as a tool for building theories about culture from the "ground-up." A. True B. False
A
Betty Meggers argued that Amazonia was a "counterfeit" paradise because although it appeared fecund, the region was incapable of supporting intensive agriculture and this limitation thwarted the development of complex societies in Amazonia. This argument is an example of environmental determinism because: A. It assumes that nature exerts a limiting influence on culture, but not vice versa B. It assumes that the environment does not play a role in the development of human cultural systems C. It assumes that cultural practices rework ecologies and thus create new limitations on cultural pratices D. It assumes that humans actively reshape their environments through, for example, mass composting projects
A
Cultural Relativism and Ethnocentrism are complete opposites—they refer to two opposing views of culture. A. True B. False
A
Ethnography is: A.Based on long-term, face-to-face fieldwork. B.The main research approach of entymologists C.A vague description of cultural processes D.No longer practiced by cultural anthropologists
A
European conquest and colonization: A. Led to a dramatic reduction in the number of Indigenous peoples during the first century of European occupation B. Led to an expansion of Indigenous trade networks C. Led to an increased appreciation for Indigenous knowledge and science. D. Strengthened the autonomy of Indigenous peoples.
A
From the perspective of modern biology and cultural anthropology, what is "race"? A. A socio-cultural construction B. A biologically-defined reality C. A genetically definable subspecies of the human population D. Visible physical differences among human populations that enable scientists to define them as finite, biological subgroups
A
If you were to define class as a person's income you might be able to see broad patterns in the distribution and grouping of individuals in a given population based on how much money they make. What is the biggest disadvantage of defining class as income? A. You would be unable to determine how other aspects of social, political or cultural relationships combine to produce an individual's status within a society B. You would be unable to compare income distribution between populations C. You would be unable to compare income distribution from different time periods D. You would be unable to determine if inequalities exist in the distribution of wealth in a given population
A
In Distinctions, Bourdieu argues that individuals from what social class will have the greatest number of dislikes? A. The upper class B. The destitute C. The middle class D. The working class
A
In her study of feminist political ecologies in Botswana, Hovorka argues that recent rural-urban transformations and the rise of urban agriculture, especially industrial poultry raising, has: A. Provided women with new opportunities for accessing productive agricultural resources B. Reinforced women's dominant position in traditional agriculture C. Further cut women out of profitable agricultural ventures D. Linked environmental sustainability with socio-economic justice, especially for people of color
A
In his study of Balinese culture, Clifford Geertz argues that cockfights are culturally significant events in which powerful men fight each other symbolically through their cocks (roosters) and "deep" bets on the fights. A. True B. False
A
Scientific racism in the 19th century was premised on an ideology of biological determinism. Which of the following beliefs is an example of biological determinism? A. Racial inequality is the result of biological differences B.All humans have the same intellectual capabilities C. Racial inequality is socially constructed D. Racial inequalities are the products of political economy
A
Starn argues that ethnographies of contemporary media are important "sites" for studying race, class and gender dynamics because: A. The fact that many on-line commentaries are anonymous means that posters are willing to express publicly opinions about "touchy" issues such as race and sex that they might not otherwise voice B. Because it is impossible to do face-to-face research on politically-charged topics, such as race C. Most anthropologists would prefer to sit at home and do their research on a computer D. Anthropologists are no longer able to conduct participant observation because of new ethics laws
A
The "body" is significant for studying and thinking about gender because: A. Gender differences are enacted, performed, and policed through bodies B. Gender is biological C. Bodies are not objects of power D. Bodies do not reflect or transform social reality
A
The notion that physical violence, such as killing, is an inherent part of human nature is a reductionist explanation of violence because: A. It ignores the importance of social, political and cultural contexts for explaining why particular acts of violence occur and what they mean B. It eschews biological explanations of violence C. It highlights the complex factors that explain violence in different contexts D. It assumes that all acts of violence are culturally constructed and mean different things in different historical contexts
A
Traditionally Western philosophy has defined "nature" as: A. Separate from culture B. Created by humans C. Achieved through culture D. Entwined with culture
A
What is alterity? A. The idea that identity and consciousness are constructed through comparison and contrast with "others" B. The study of absolute, universal aspects of cultural identity C. The belief that only the self exists D. The study of sui generis cultural differences
A
What is an example of "institutionalized" cultural capital? A. Your college degree B. The belief that manual labor is not fitting work for someone of your social standing C. An individual's position in durable social networks D. A rare painting
A
What is one thing that happened during the massacre in Acul that Sanford describes in chapter three? A. The army forced village elders to dig a mass grave B. The army protected the villagers from an EGP attack C. Village elders divided the population into two groups: "heaven" and "hell" D. Villagers assembled the elders in the local church and kicked and beat them
A
What was one of the lasting impacts of the massacre and reconstruction of Acul? A. Few Acul residents got all of their land back B. After the massacre, villagers were able to return without suffering ongoing military control C. The new homes were built with better materials D. Residents were able to claim larger tracts of farm land since the new community was rebuilt on a smaller grid
A
When cultural anthropologists talk about "fieldwork," they are referring to: A.The fact that their research is done "on-location" as opposed to in a laboratory B.The fact that they only work in rural areas where there are a lot of fields C.The fact that they work exclusively with agrarian peoples D.The fact that they do most of their work in laboratories
A
When we say that culture is learned, we mean that it is: A.Acquired by growing up in a particular society B. Biological C.Unchanging D.Genetically inherited
A
Which of the following is the most accurate, concise statement of Starn's thesis argument in The Passion of Tiger Woods? A. In this book, Starn asserts that Tiger Wood's travails and the culture of golf reflect broader anxieties in the United States about race, identity and sex. B. In this book, Starn describes Tigergate from the perspective of a cultural anthropologist who studies sports and race. C. This book is about the connections between identity, racism and golf in the United States, as told through the story of Tiger Woods. D. In this book, Starn explores the life and golf career of Tiger Woods by using the methods of ethnography and media anthropology.
A
Following Paul Farmer's conceptualization of structural violence, strategies for preventing violence would have to include: A. Public health campaigns to prevent and treat diseases such as cholera, ebola, malaria and HIV/AIDS that disproportionately affect poor people in developing countries B. Paying less attention to how medical care and class are linked C. Paying less attention to how different populations receive different levels of care D. A rollback in international financing for public health programs
A.
Scheper-Hughes and Bourgois use the term "violence continuum" to highlight the notion that: A. We do not "see" many aspects of daily or structural violence because they are so naturalized B. All acts of violence are inherently the same and can be studied using the same methodology in all situations C. Highly visible acts of violence are distinct from and do not emerge out of ongoing practices of low-level violence directed at particular groups or categories of people D. Highly visible acts of violence are the only kind of significant violence affecting society
A.
"Objectified" cultural capital refers to: A. Knowledge that an individual acquires through socialization. B. Objects that an individual owns that are symbols of prestige (e.g. an expensive painting) C. An individual's wealth D. Formal recognition that an individual receives from a particular institution
B
According to Gramsci, "common sense" does not play an important role in naturalizing cultural myths or widespread cultural assumptions. A. True B. False
B
According to Wilk, contemporary environmental discourses that emphasize reducing individual consumption overlook the significance of broader structural dynamics that promote the expansion of a culture of consumption around the world. According to Wilk, how can anthropology address this issue? A. It can't--anthropology does not have the necessary breadth to address issues of systematic policy change B. By providing a "global" view of consumption across time and space that would enable a systematic approach to curbing consumption C. By moving away from ethnography as a means of studying local consumption and focusing instead on archaeological studies that can provide greater time depth for understanding human consumption D. By providing an individualized view of consumption through refined ethnographic studies
B
Although the Achuar appear to live in socially isolated houses, Descola argues that they have myriad social relationships with non-human sentient beings. Why is this significant for anthropological approaches to nature and culture? A. It demonstrates that some societies do not have a concept of society--they only think about relationships as being "natural" B. It demonstrates that some cultural systems incorporate nature into social relationships, rather than excluding it C. It demonstrates that there are no cultural systems in which nature is incorporated into social relationships D. It demonstrates that the nature/culture dichotomy is universal
B
Anthropologists who take an "engaged" approach to ethnography strive to: A. Try to ensure there are no political implications to their work B. Help improve the status of the people with whom they work. C.Ignore the plight of the people with whom they work D. Not get involved in documenting or witnessing injustices suffered by their research subjects
B
As a result of contemporary climate change: A. Current levels of atmospheric carbon are lower than they have been in the past 650,000 years B. Rapid acidification is occurring in the world's oceans C. The world's oceans have become more basic (in regards to their PH) D. Glacial melting has slowed along the equator, but increased in the earth's polar regions
B
Bolin's work with Quechua people in the central Peruvian highlands is a good example of: A. The limitations of ethnographic research for engaging with broad, global phenomena such as climate change B. How traditional ecological knowledge and anthropological knowledge can be combined to find new ways to cope with climate changes C. The inability of modern scientific research to grasp the complexities of climate change and its impacts on people D. The pitfalls of conducting collaborative ethnographic research on climate issues
B
Cultural anthropologists argue that the meanings that are attached to human behavior are never culturally constructed A. True B. False
B
During the 19th century, what criterion did the US government use to establish whether individuals could be legally enrolled members of an American Indian (or Native American) nation? A. Individuals were not required to prove their membership, the government took them on their word that they belong to a particular American Indian nation B. An individual had to demonstrate that he or she had a certain (¼, for example) blood quantum C. There was no clear criterion D. If they had only "one drop" of "Indian blood" they were American Indian
B
Ethnocentrism is: A.Not historically linked to racism and colonialism B.Evaluating another society using your own values and norms C.The belief that all societies and cultures are equally complex and valid D.The belief that your culture is subordinate to all others
B
For his article on immigrant workers and the meaning of "home", Steve Striffler conducted his research on people who migrated from Bolivia to the United States. A. True B. False
B
Franz Boas articulated a new approach to American cultural anthropology at the turn of the twentieth century that sought to combat scientific racism by: A. Encouraging his students to only study cultural groups that possessed written literatures B. Using new methodologies to demonstrate that correlations did not exist among physical "type", language and cultural organization C. Focusing his research on the study of human skeletal morphology D. Arguing that cultural anthropology had to be separated from the study of linguistic anthropology and archaeology
B
Haraway argues that humans' relationships with companion species demonstrate that: A. Humans are exceptional, they are unlike other animals B. The imagined line separating nature and culture is blurry in humans' interactions with some non-human beings C. Non-human animals lack agency D. Humans train and socialized their companion animals, but not vice versa
B
How does Bourdieu define "social capital"? A. The knowledge and education that confer higher status to an individual in a given society B. An individual's position in durable social networks C. An individual's command over productive economic resources D. The resources available to an individual based on honor, prestige or recognition within a given society
B
In The Ecology of Others, Descola argues that an objective physical world exists and all peoples: A. Exclude non-human beings as social actors in the physical world B. Engage in a subjective process of "worlding" it C. Classify it as belonging to a "nature" that is opposed to "culture" D. See it in the same way, regardless of culture
B
In his examination of crack house management, Bourgois argued that: A. Drug dealers did not have any knowledge B. Many drug dealers had the desire, but not the social capital to go "legit." C. Drug dealers' could go "legit" if they wanted to, but chose to work in the drug economy instead D. Drug dealers' knowledge of the illicit economy translated well to the mainstream, service economy
B
Levi-Strauss argued that the universal opposition between the raw and the cooked symbolized: A. Human's inability to transform nature B. The transformation of something from its natural state to something that has cultural meaning C. Nature's universal domination of human culture D. That nature and culture did not exist in a dichotomy
B
Naomi Klein argues that during the dirty wars Latin American governments argued that torture was a means to demand consent to the state and used torture a pre-emptive attack on potentially subversive sectors of society. This conclusion suggests that: A. The dirty wars were the result of centuries of political and cultural corruption in South America B. State governments deployed discourses of cultural and political alterity to reinforce their authority and legitimate widespread violence C. State governments were only responding to illegitimate forms of violence D. Political actors who opposed the state were ultimately responsible for the violence that occurred
B
Peru's artisanal fishing sector: A. Supplies most of the anchovy that is exported as fishmeal B. Employs more people than the industrial fishing fleet C. Does not contribute to local food security because most of the fish it produces is for export D. Is responsible for overfishing anchovy in Peru's national waters
B
Reischer's research on athletic female bodies demonstrates that: A. Ideals of feminine beauty have remained static over the past fifty years B. Bodies reflect and also have the power to transform social reality C. Bodies and people's attitudes about them do not change over time D. Bodies are purely biological entities
B
Sanford draws on Primo Levi's notion of the "grey zone" to argue that: A. Only the intellectual authors of genocide should be tried for their crimes--civilians who participated in crimes against humanity should be absolved B. Post-genocide justice processes need to reflect the nuanced cultural and political specificity of the crimes being tried C. Post-conflict justice should focus on the least powerful perpetrators of genocidal violence D. True post-conflict justice is impossible because all sides have blood on their hands
B
Starn argues that the public reaction to Tiger Wood's self-identification as "Cablinasian" demonstrates that: A. Race is no longer a salient aspect of identity in the United States B. Despite the growing acceptance of multiracial identities among a minority of Americans, dominant racial ideologies still construct individuals as being either "Black" or "White." C. That the "one drop rule" no longer shapes racial identities in the US D. The majority of Americans now embrace multiracial identities
B
The term "transnational" refers to cultural, economic, or political processes that do not cross national borders and link people, places and economies in different countries. A. True B. False
B
Through participant observation, ethnographers try to understand particular cultural processes by: A.Ensuring that they never know the identities of their research participants B.Personally experiencing them C.Relying solely on what others have written about them D.Observing them only from a distant, objective stance
B
When we say that nature and culture have existed in a dichotomous relationship in Western thought, we mean that: A. They overlap considerably B. They are considered as opposites C. They are not mutually opposed D. They are considered to be the same thing
B
"Gender" is: A. The genetically determined biological difference between males and females in the human species B. Determined by chromosomes C. The cultural meaning ascribed to the biological differences between men and women D. Outwardly exhibited in sexual dimorphism
C
According to Striffler, the community of Santo Domingo: A. Only exists in the minds of former residents. B. Is where the migrants he studied spend about 6 months each year. C. Is a ghost town most of the year. D.Does not play an important role in the identity of the migrants he studied.
C
According to Striffler, what aspect(s) of the Midwest and rural south did migrants find appealing? A. Scarcity of longer-term work. B. Expensive housing. C. Lower cost of living.
C
According to the American Anthropological Association's Statement of Ethics, anthropologists' foremost responsibility is to: A. The US government. B. The people who fund their research. C. The people whom they study D. Their employers.
C
According to the CEH, 93% of the atrocities during Guatemala's civil war were committed by: A. The FAFG B. Mayan villagers C. The Guatemalan army D. The guerrillas
C
Cultural Relativism is the idea that: A.Anthropologists should be ethnocentric in their studies of other cultures. B.Different cultures are at different universal stages of social evolution C.All cultures are equally complex and valid. D.Universal standards exist for evaluating all cultures
C
Devi's study of Indian hijras is significant for the cross-cultural study of gender because: A. It demonstrates that categories of gender identity are constant through time and across space B. It demonstrates that all societies have two genders, male and female C. It demonstrates that gender is not determined by sex—some societies have more than two genders D. It demonstrates that gender is determined by sex
C
From the perspective of modern biologists, separate "races": A. Exist because there are clear genetic boundaries for defining where one "race" ends and another begins B. Exist because genetic variation between two "races" always exceeds variation within a "race" C. Do not exist because humans haven't existed long enough for significant genetic divergences to occur that would result in different human subspecies D. Might have existed a few hundred years ago, but no longer exist because of migration and intermarriage
C
Historically, what has been one implication of the nature/culture dichotomy in Western thought? A. All sentient beings—humans and non-humans alike—have been considered to be equals with similar rights. B. Culture has been viewed as something that is human and non-human C. It obscures dynamic interactions among humans, non-humans and ecosystems D. It has emphasized that humans are a part of--and do not existed outside of--broader ecosystems
C
How has globalization changed the way anthropologists conduct fieldwork? A. Anthropologists no longer conduct local, on-the-ground research. B. It hasn't. C. Many anthropologists conduct fieldwork in more than one "site." D.Most anthropologists have switched to conducting fieldwork only on local peoples.
C
In contrast to Indigenous peoples, Ogden argues that within dominant environmental discourses, poor whites: A. Are seen as having traditional ecological knowledge that could be of value to rethinking restoration in the Everglades B. Are seen as acceptable residents of the Everglades wilderness C. Are seen as unacceptable residents of the Everglades wilderness D. Are seen as having a positive impact on the Everglades' ecology
C
In her research on a toxic cleanup movement in Georgia, Checker argues that dominant environmental discourses that privilege wilderness landscape preservation: A. Link environmental sustainability with socio-economic justice, especially for people of color B. Enable toxic cleanup in urban areas as a primary and important environmental issue C. Deny toxic cleanup in urban areas as a primary and important environmental issue D. Disproportionately benefit poor individuals of color living in polluted urban areas
C
In her study of food and poverty in highland Ecuador, Mary Weismantel demonstrates that the consumption of different kinds of food is: A. Not indicative of changes in broader political or economic dynamics B. Motivated primarily by individuals' nutritional needs and not their social desires C. One means by which people construct social and class identities D. Not constrained by people's class positions or relationships of inequality
C
In phase one of its forensic anthropology methodology, the FAFG conducts: A. Data processing B. An archaeological excavation C. Ante-mortem interviews D. Laboratory analysis
C
Roland Barthes specifically defines a "Cultural Myth" as: A.A fictitious story, person or thing B.A traditional story dealing with supernatural beings, ancestors, or heroes that serves as a primordial type in the world view of a culture C.A concept, independent of truth or fact that becomes a widely shared assumption in a particular culture D. Anything in which Zeus is a main character
C
Sanford argues that studying violence in Guatemala from "the ground up" is critical for: A. Being able to see why the military's selective killings and assassinations do not count as systematic genocide. B. Understanding that although rural Maya experienced state terror, it did not have an ongoing impact on their lives C. Being able to see when the military switched from selective killings and assassinations to a campaign of systematic genocide D. Documenting the limited extent of military violence in rural Guatemala
C
Sanford breaks down state terror into seven distinct phases, and identifies what always happened during each phase. This is significant for her overall argument because: A. It demonstrates that army violence was not widespread in rural Guatemala B. It demonstrates that the guerrillas were responsible for most of the violence committed in rural Guatemala between 1979 and 1983 C. It demonstrates the systematic nature of state violence directed against Mayan peasants D. It demonstrates the inconsistent nature of state violence in Guatemala
C
Sanford identifies phase two in her phenomenology of violence as "The Modus Operandi of Army Massacres." During this phase of violence what does she claim always happened? A. Community divisions impact community life B. Army surrounds village by dawn C. Civilians are relocated into model villages built by the army D. Civilians return to charred remains of village
C
The denial of humans' role in contemporary global climate change could be seen as a continuation of a dichotomous relationship between nature and culture because: A. It relies on the assumption that humans can alter ecologies, which in turn place new parameters on the existence and exercise of human culture B. It emphasizes that culture is something that is achieved through nature, not against it C. It relies on the assumption that humans exist apart from and outside broader ecological and climatological relationships D. It emphasizes humans' dynamic participation in broader climatic and ecological relationships
C
The term "anthropogenic" refers to: A. Anything that is generated by non-human processes B. The attribution of human characteristics to non-human entities C. Anything that is generated by human activity D. The destruction of human systems by natural disasters
C
What does the term "naturalization" mean when we use it in relation to the idea of Cultural Myths? A.The process through which culture becomes biology B.The process of becoming an American citizen C.The process through which a belief becomes seen as a self-evident and inevitable reflection of reality D.The process by which a scientific theory becomes fact
C
What is one of the challenges that anthropologists often encounter while doing fieldwork? A.Ensuring that all potential research participants can come to campus for interviews B. Figuring out how to trick people into participating in their research C.Becoming familiar with new social expectations and gender roles D.Finding research participants who only speak English
C
What led the migrants whom Striffler studied out of their home country? A. A lack of cultural and familial connections to their home country. B. A surplus of jobs in their home country C. Economic and political crises in their home country. D. A rise in small scale agriculture in their home country.
C
When Elaine Scarry says that "intense pain is world destroying", she is arguing that: A. Sever pain never truly resists language—it is still always possible to communicate to others B. Severe pain cannot--even momentarily--unhinge the self from one's world C. Pain reduces the self to a pre-linguistic state D. Severe pain is only cultural constructed
C
According to Antonius Robben what was the impact of dividing Argentinian society into two hostile camps during that country's dirty war? A. A fear of indifference on the part of the government, but not the guerrillas B. The majority of the disappeared were guerrillas or soldiers C. The government did more to protect its citizens than it had in the past D. Individuals "in the middle" were seen as a threat
D
According to Linda Green, what did the Guatemalan army do during the 1980s that contributed to a militarization of rural daily life? A. They disbanded civilian patrols B. They gave rural peasants guns to defend themselves C. They prevented army conscripts from returning to their home villages D. They forced young Mayan men to enlist in the army
D
According to the film "Doing Anthropology," one of the most important reasons for doing long-term anthropological "field work" is that: A.It is required for securing government grants B.It is not ethically sensitive because it does not involve direct participation with research participants C.It is the only way to conduct broad, quantitative surveys D.It provides a tool for understanding cultural meanings and relationships that are not always readily apparent
D
As a theoretical and methodological approach, political ecology emphasizes: A. That the interrelationship between the cultural and the natural is not political in any significant way B. That politics and ecology are intertwined only in small-scale agricultural societies, but not in industrialized nations C. That political and social inequalities do not play a significant role in structuring humans' access to productive natural resources D. How the uneven distribution of natural resources in a given society or around the world reinforces socio-economic inequalities
D
As an example of the persistence of racial biases in the contemporary United States, Starn argues that whites often assume that African American athletes: A. Are more "cerebral" or "intelligent" than their white counterparts B. Are physically inferior to their white counterparts C. Have to work harder at physical endeavors than whites D. Do not have to work as hard at athletic endeavors as whites
D
Bangladesh is an example of how environmental suffering is disproportionately distributed around the world in ways that reinforce existing geopolitical inequalities because: A. Bangladesh has the highest per capita carbon footprint of any country in the Western Hemisphere B. Bangladesh's government has refused to accept climate refugees from the poorer, low-lying countries that surround it C. Although Bangladesh is a large producer of greenhouse gases, it is not feeling the negative effects of climate change D. Bangladesh is a poor country that has not been responsible for producing significant greenhouse emissions, however, it is will likely be significantly impacted by rising sea levels caused by global warming
D
Crate argues that anthropology is a critical component of studying climate change because: A. It is not caused by cultural practices B. Climate change is not intimately wrapped up with culture, it is caused by broader human economic systems C. Because natural science research is not able to establish that climate change is happening D. Individuals experience climate changes through the lens of culture
D
Following El Niño years, Peru's fisheries have: A. Rebounded with the influx of cold water into the eastern Pacific B. Expanded to the point where production exceeded global demand C. Remained stable D. Crashed and taken several years to rebound
D
Giorgio Agamben uses the notion of "bare life" to highlight the idea that: A. In modern society there is no homo sacer because of the worldwide adherence to universal human rights B. Violence is not structural—acts of violence can only be explained as products of individual deviance C. Stateless people are an exception and so do not offer useful insight into contemporary politics of citizenship, value, rights and governance D. Many forms of modern violence are legitimated through the construction of categories of people who are expendable and who can be stripped of their rights.
D
In his theorization of social stratification and class mobility, Bourdieu saw cultural capital as: A. A useful category for exploring relationships of cultural cohesion that emphasized social unity rather than difference and inequality B. Secondary to material relationships of economic capital C. A blanket term for referring to all non-economic social relationships D. An integral component of understanding status and the unequal systems of exchange that enable certain individuals to acquire and accumulate rare and valuable cultural assets while denying others
D
In his work on ethnicity and boundaries, Fredrik Barth argued that cultural identities: A. Do not arise through interactions between different groups of people B. Are least pronounced between neighboring groups C. Are the sui generis products of dynamics internal to specific cultures D.Emerge out of the ongoing practices of drawing and re-drawing boundaries between different groups
D
James Scott's work expands traditional notions of resistance by: A. Arguing that subalterns are not able to resist, because they must use languages of domination to make their complaints heard B. By explaining why hidden transcripts do not function as forms of peasant resistance C. Arguing that only collective forms of protest count as resistance D. Demonstrating how peasants use forms of non-compliance, foot-dragging, theft, and sabotage to contest their domination in ways that are often invisible to dominant gazes
D
Most of the fish caught by Peru's industrial fleet is for: A. Export as whole fish for direct human consumption B. Domestic human consumption C. Indirect human consumption by Peruvians D. Export as fishmeal
D
Ogden defines Gladesmen as: A. Individuals whose lives are not entangled with the ecologies of the Everglades B. Wealthy individuals who have transformed the Everglades through wide-scale infrastructure politics C. Individuals who are responsible for the destruction of the Everglades wilderness D. Poor rural white men who have made a living in the Everglades through hunting and fishing
D
Our modern conceptualizations of "race" have their historical origins in: A. Contemporary genetic research B. Scientifically-determined categories of race C. Contemporary social science research D. Western European expansion and white Europeans' subjugation of people of color in Asia, Africa and the Americas
D
Scarry argues that in the act of torture, the torturer and the prisoner experience interrogation and pain as opposites. By this she means that: A. Pain is not critical to understanding the act of torture B. The person who is interrogated can see past his or her pain and provide a thoughtful, accurate answer to the interrogator C. The torturer is the one who experiences the "real" pain of the interrogation D. The interrogator, in his goal of getting an answer, is not able to see the pain of the person who is being interrogated or justifies the pain as a necessary end to getting a desired response
D
Spanish colonialism in the Americas relied upon: A. The valorization of Indigenous forms of knowledge and administration B. The inclusion of Spaniards, Indigenous people and Black slaves into one republic in which all people had equal rights C. Large-scale wars of conquest that were followed by a general absence of structural or daily forms of violence D. Multiple types of violence
D
Spanish colonizers created narratives of religious, civilizational and cultural alterity to: A. Promote the autonomy of Indigenous peoples B. Argue that Indigenous people and African slaves were full humans C. Stress that all colonial subjects merited equal rights D. Justify various forms of structural, symbolic and daily violence against Indigenous people and African slaves
D
Striffler describes migrants' returns to their "home" country as "vacations" because the trips: A. Involve visiting beach resorts that the migrants had not been to before B. Do not allow migrants a brief return to "normalcy". C. Do not give individuals the chance to enjoy the elevated local status of being a successful migrant. D. Allow migrants a break from being racially and linguistically marked as different in the US.
D
The notion of the "one drop rule" is an example of eugenics because: A. It was intended to encourage the intermarriage of African Americans and whites in early 20th century United States B. It was premised on the belief that all people were biologically the same C. It was premised on the ideology that African Americans would contribute to and strengthen the national population D. It was premised on the racist ideology that white racial purity had to be protected against invisible blackness
D
Weber's theory that the state is a claim by a government to legitimate violence within a national territory and Foucault's argument that the state is a claim to be able to deem which groups are a threat to society are significant for anthropological studies of the state because: A. They establish that what counts as legitimate violence is consistent through space and across time B. They make it clear that cultural politics of legitimacy are not linked to the exercise of state violence C. They make it clear that in the modern era violence is not linked to the exercise of state authority D. They establish a clear link between violence and cultural legitimacy in modern governance
D
What act of violence came to symbolize, more than any other form of violence, state abuses during the Dirty Wars? A. Unlawful detentions B. Torture C. Assassinations D. Disappearances
D
What impact have local climate changes had on the Sakha? A. Warmer years have meant expanded growing seasons and greater economic prosperity B. A reduction in the number of pests affecting subsistence potato crops C. Less water because of rapidly melting glaciers D. The loss of good winter forage for animals and the lack of sufficient food for families to get through the winter
D
Why are the periods of intense violence in Latin America during the 1970s and 1980s generally referred to as "dirty wars"? A. Because they were wars that state governments carried out against other state governments B. Because none of the victims of these conflicts were non-combatants, such as women and children C. Because non-state armies used "dirty" weapons such as radiation bombs and chemical attacks D. Because of the widespread use of secrecy, terror and torture against significant portions of these countries' populations
D
Which is NOT one of the general characteristics of culture? A.It is variable B.It is shared C.It is dynamic D.It is exotic
d