Anthro Set

Rituals

"is asequence of activities involving gestures, words, and objects, performed in a sequestered place, and performed according to set sequence."[1] Rituals may be prescribed by the traditions of a community, including a religious community.

3. Pastoralism

- (Herero, Tswana) transhumance pastoral nomadism examples: horse, camel, cow, yak, reindeer, goats, sheep, giant spiders symbolic importance of animal

2. Horticulture or Extensive Agriculture

- Human Power , for small group Requires large quantity of land slash and burn (swidden) cultivation rotational shifting limited or no surpluses, so little division of labor

Fertility and reproduction among foragers

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Tswana

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Forms of reciprocity

1) Generalized reciprocity 2) Balanced reciprocity 3) Negative reciprocity

patterns of marriage alliance

1) arranged marriage 2) companionate marriage 3) polygyny 4) polyandry 5) monogamy 6) incest taboo 7) exogamy

Patterns of Subsistence:

1. Foraging = Hunter-Gathering (Ju'Honsi) 2. Horticulture or Extensive Agriculture - Human Power , for small group 3. Pastoralism - (Herero, Tswana)

Apartheid

A South African policy of complete legal separation of the races, including the banning of all social contacts between blacks and whites. A South African policy of complete legal separation of the races, including the banning of all social contacts between blacks and whites. A system of legal racial segregation enforced by the National Party government in South Africa between 1948 and 1994, under which the rights of the majority black inhabitants of South Africa were curtailed and minority rule by whites was maintained.

Egalitarian societies

A group based on the sharing of resources to ensure success with a relative absence of hierarchy and violence. (Amish) Societies in which all members have equal access to valued resources, including land, social prestige, wealth, and power. To be egalitarian means to have no status differences among members of a group. Generally the only status differences are with age and sex. No one member will accumulate more goods than another, thus eliminating jealously and potential conflict

N!ore

A land around a waterhole, used for resources. USER-CONTRIBUTED a piece of land on which a special band lives, it is part of the family passed dow from generation to generation. individuals cant use another bans nore without permission USER-CONTRIBUTED block of land around the water hole that contains food resources and other water points; basic subsistence area USER-CONTRIBUTED an area of land held by a ju camp. Considered as a storage for food and belongings

Inuit

A member of a people inhabiting the Arctic (northern Canada or Greenland or Alaska or eastern Siberia)

slash and burn

A practice of clearing land for cultivation, such as kill insects that may inhibit crop growth and produce nutrient rich ash that serves as fertilizer. Also called swidden farming.

5) monogamy

A relationship between only two partners.

marriage

A socially recognized relationship that may involve physical and emotional intimacy as well as legal rights to property and inheritance

Sociolinguistics

A subfield of anthropological linguistics emphasizing the study of the social correlates to variations in speech. the study of the way culture shapes language and language shapes culture, particularly the intersection of language and systems of power such as race, gender, class, and age.

cattle complex

A term introduced by the anthropologist Melville Herskovits (1926) to describe the system of values that governed native cattle ownership in a large part of East Africa. Herskovits investigated how and why cattle ownership was crucial to the acquisition of prestige and authority in a number of those societies—an importance that extended well beyond the apparent economic significance of owning cattle. Examples: Nuer - for them pastoralism was a key component of their economic strategy Dinka, Tswana, Herero

Symbols

A thing that represents or stands for something else. anything that signifies something

Pastoralism

A type of agricultural activity based on nomadic animal husbandry or the raising of livestock to provide food, clothing, and shelter. A strategy for food production involving the domestication of animals for food production. Goats, pigs, sheep, horses, camel may be raised and herded to support a family.

Namibia

Africa's last colony, independence in 1990. Formerly South West Africa (100 yrs. of German and SA rule) 30,000 Bushmen living in Kalahari and 70,000 whites from South Africa make up 2 million population

patterns of subsistence

Different biological & cultural adaptations of human existence in a range of contrasting natural environments

cultural relativism

Goal of anthropology, viewpoint that behavior in one culture should not be judged by the standards of another culture Principle that people's beliefs and activities should be interpreted in terms of their own culture

1. Foraging

Hunter-Gathering (Ju'Honsi) o exploits seasonally available resources o often live in clans o affluent societies with substantial free time but little material wealth and constant threat of disaster o often interact/trade with other types of societies o Australian aborigines o pedestrian, equestrian, and aquatic foragers

Amazon peoples

Kayapo group of native people in the Amazon that protested the Brazilian government's attempts at modernization and destruction of their home, used film to preserve their native culture from brazil, Horticulture, rainforest

3) polygyny

Marriage between one man and two or more women

4) polyandry

Marriage between one woman and two or more men.

2) companionate marriage

Marriage built on love, intimacy, and personal choice rather than social obligation

7) exogamy

Marriage to someone outside the kinship group

Original affluent society

San/!kung. Affluent- having more than enough of whatever is required to satisfy consumption needs The "original affluent society" is a theory postulating that hunter-gatherers were the original affluent society. This theory was first articulated by Marshall Sahlins at a symposium entitled "Man the Hunter" held in Chicago in 1966. The significance of the theory stems from its role in shifting anthropological thought away from seeing hunter-gatherer societies as primitive, to seeing them as practitioners of a refined mode of subsistence. At the time of the symposium new research by anthropologists, such as Richard B. Lee's work on the !Kung of southern Africa, was challenging popular notions that hunter-gatherer societies were always near the brink of starvation and continuously engaged in a struggle for survival.[1] Sahlins gathered the data from these studies and used it to support a comprehensive argument that states that hunter-gatherers did not suffer from deprivation, but instead lived in a society in which "all the people's wants are easily satisfied."[2]

Herero

The Hereros are traditionally cattle-herding pastoralists who rate status on the number of cattle owned. Cattle raids occurred between Herero groups, but Herero land (Ehi Rovaherero) belongs to the community and has no fixed boundaries Native tribe found in German Southwest Africa that rose up against German colonial policies, but they paid severely. All males were rounded up and shot while the women and children were forced to cross a desert - 90% of which died., Some Ju hold relationships with the Herero that could be termed as a clientship that is the Herero cattle farmers cattle are tended by Ju people, this has also resulted in the loss of Ju land to Herero farmers. Additionally, some social and marital relationships have been developing with the Ju and Herero.

Horticulture

The cultivation of plants for subsistence through nonintensive use of land and labor. Cultivation of crops carried out with simple hand tools such as digging sticks or hoes.

reciprocity

The exchange of resources, goods, and services among people of relatively equal status; meant to create and reinforce social ties

Dowry

The gift of goods or money from the bride's family to the groom's family as part of the marriage process. Custom in which the family of a woman transfers property or wealth to her and/or her husband's family upon her marriage

Bridewealth

The gift of goods or money from the groom's family to the bride's family as part of the marriage process. (usually they gave a cattle for a bride) The marriage wealth-exchange practice in which a man or his family must pay an amount of property to his wife's kin before he may assume rights over his wife.

Brideservice

a form of marriage exchange in which the groom works for his father-in-law for a certain length of time before returning home with the bride custom in which a man spends a period of time working for the family of his wife has traditionally been portrayed in the anthropological literature as the service rendered by the bridegroom to a bride's family as a bride price or part of one (see dowry).

Artifacts

an object formed by humans, particularly one of interest to archaeologists

6) incest taboo

cultural rules that forbid sexual relations with certain close relatives

Mundurucu

have a number of practices at odds with human rights. women circumvent cultural reletivisms and universalisms by code switching. Brazil has a long history of denying the Mundurucu rights, so why can the state tell the Mundurucu which rights a woman is entitled to have. all males 13 and up live in one hut, while all females live in another hut. morals are enforced through gang rape. androcentric sexual encounters (male centric) , Settlement- Womens houses are arranged in a circle. Mens house is at the west side of the village, and there is a manioc shed in the center of the circle. 3km out from village is the women's zone (gardens), 3-13km out is the men's zone (hunting, fishing, etc). aggressive, coz have less resources . Raise children very tough. In order to teach them how to deal with rough environment

Hxaro

is the custom amongst Kalahari San of creating partnerships between people (who often spend most of their time a great distance apart) cemented by the reciprocal act of giving gifts.

Material culture

is the physical evidence of a culture in the objects and architecture they make, or have made. The term tends to be relevant only in archeological studies, but it specifically means all material evidence which can attributed to culture, past or present. Material culture study is an interdisciplinary field telling of relationships between people and their things: the making, history, preservation, and interpretation of objects. It draws on theory and practice from the social sciences such as art history, archaeology, anthropology, history, historic preservation, folklore, and museum studies, among others. Anything from buildings and architectural elements to books, jewelry, toothbrushes, or bubbles can be considered material culture.

1) arranged marriage

marriage orchestrated by the families of the involved parties

8) endogamy

marriage to someone within the kinship group

!Kung San

members of various indigenous hunter-gatherer peoples of Southern Africa, whose territory spans Botswana, Namibia, Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe and South Africa. The San kinship system reflects their interdependence as traditionally small mobile foraging bands. The kinship system is comparable to the eskimo kinship system, with the same set of terms as in European cultures, but also uses a name rule and an age rule. The age rule resolves any confusion arising from kinship terms, as the older of two people always decides what to call the younger. Relatively few names circulate (approximately 35 names per sex), and each child is named after a grandparent or another relative.Children have no social duties besides playing, and leisure is very important to San of all ages. Large amounts of time are spent in conversation, joking, music, and sacred dances. Women have a high status in San society, are greatly respected, and may be leaders of their own family groups. They make important family and group decisions and claim ownership of water holes and foraging areas. Women are mainly involved in the gathering of food, but may also take part in hunting. The most important thing in San life is water. Droughts may last many months and waterholes may dry up. When this happens, they use sip wells. To get water this way, a San scrapes a deep hole where the sand is damp. Into this hole is inserted a long hollow grass stem. An empty ostrich egg is used to collect the water. Water is sucked into the straw from the sand, into the mouth, and then travels down another straw into the ostrich egg. Traditionally, the San were an egalitarian society.[35] Although they had hereditary chiefs, their authority was limited. The San made decisions among themselves by consensus,[36] with women treated as relative equals.[37] San economy was a gift economy, based on giving each other gifts regularly rather than on trading or purchasing goods and services

Wi

naming system in Jo'hoansi. Older person decided how to call youngers and how they will be related to each other based on names

Patrilineal

relating to a social system in which family descent and inheritance rights are traced through the father acing, signifying, or based upon descent through the male line

Matrilineal

relating to a social system in which family descent and inheritance rights are traced through the mother inheriting or determining descent through the female line.

Kinship

rodstvenik is my kinship, stepbro, mother, wife's daughter The system of meaning and power that cultures create to determine who is related to whom and to define their mutual expectations, rights, and responsibilities A social bond based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption

Mbuti

similar to JU, hunter gatherer society FORAGERS:labeled as "pygmies" or short people, live in the congo, numbers have been reduced because of deforestation, are exempt from hunting laws because they have never made a species become extinct, need to be able to hunt, women are equal but jobs are split up by gender, stay in one place for about a month, the forest is considered god, know how to use their environment USER-CONTRIBUTED

Arapesh

society in New Guinea show signs of both men and women behaving in traditional feminine way (passive & gentle). Which New Guinean tribe that Margaret Mead studied did men and women both act passive and emotionally warm? from Papya New Guinea, studied by Margaret Mead, peaceful and gentelness people, Nurturing attitude, women control economy, men have les direct active role. Both gender take care of children. Have a lot of resources that is why do not fight

Eleonor Leacock

was an American theorist of anthropology, focusing on the issue of gender during the feminist movemen. One of Leacock's most fruitful contributions to the field of anthropology was her essay entitled, "Interpreting the Origins of Gender Inequality: Conceptual and Historical Problems" (1983). Throughout this essay, she discusses gender inequalities.

Botswana

was an independent democracy

South West Africa

was in an apartheid state, Film N!ia was recorded between Namibia and Botswana, and could move freely the border. first real noted genocide 1904-1907; by German; sixty percent wiped out; took close to a hundred years before their case was heard in the world court; argued that the Germans should pay for its atrocities in Africa SWAPO