anthro test 2

Orthodoxy

"Correct doctrine"; the prohibition of deviation from approved mythic texts. Correct belief or praise (Ortho-straight, right or correct)

Orthopraxy:

"Correct practice"; the prohibition of deviation from approved forms of ritual behavior.

Which mode of social power does Wolf regard as the theoretical frame for articulating between local, regional, and global political-economic forces?

Structural power

What crop commodity dominated the political economy of Barbados for over 300 years?

Sugar cane

Summarizing symbols

Sum-up, express, represent what the system means to someone

technologies of power

Technologies of Power are anything that allows someone or something to control, hold power over, someone of something else. (ex biopower)

Claude Lévi-Strauss

The anthropologist who argued that myths are tools for overcoming logical contradictions that cannot otherwise be overcome was

Claude Lévi-Strauss.

The anthropologist who argued that myths are tools for overcoming logical contradictions that cannot otherwise be overcome was

. Bronislaw Malinowski

The anthropologist who argued that myths serve as "charters" or "justifications" for present-day social arrangements was:

Bronislaw Malinowski.

The anthropologist who argued that myths serve as "charters" or "justifications" for present-day social arrangements was:

why is the panopticon important to understanding power?

because individuals will behave if they believe they are being watched(whether or not they actually are ie careful on social networks, traffic, etc, schools, jails, security cameras/features that aren't even on)

how do the azande consider witchcrat

belief it explains the bad things that happen to them "All deaths caused by witchcraft"

Biopower

biological technology of power concerned with bodies of citizen and social body itself. (where policies interact with individuals: ex abortion, required vaccines) (foucauldian)

Foucauldian concepts

biopower and governmentality

Elaborating symbols

categories about how the world is ordered or social function

social model

cultural institutions provide resources to society

alienation

deep separation workers seemed to experience between their innermost sense of identity and the labor they were forced to perform to earn enough money to live?(marx)

oracle

employ oracles(invisible forces to which people adresss questions whose responses they believe truthful) and magic to exert power.

rituals are NOT

exclusively religious in nature

domination is____

expensive and unreliable

Transformation representation

experience is transformed as it is represented symbolically in a different medium

t or f: hegemony is absolute

false

true or false all countries practice secularism

false

true or false play is never dangerous

false

true or false: art has no rules that restrict its expression in a given culture

false

true or false:power and knowledge are equally distributed in society

false

myths are always made up stories

false (sometimes about history)

Marshall Sahlins suggested three modes of exchange that could be identified historically and cross-culturally:

reciprocity redistribution market exchange.

what is the most common form of worldview

religion

Rites of passage

rituals in which members of a culture move from one position in the social structure to another. `

self interested model

selfish individuals maximize satisfaction

What are the two main categories of religious practitioners discussed your textbook?

shaman and priests

moka is what kind of mode of production

tributary

it is possible for counter-hegemonic power to be exercised

true

true or false: play is a refrence to non-play

true

true or false: social actors utilize symbols as part of ritual performances

true

true or false one worldview often dominates while others are censored

true (basically ideology)

ideology

when one worldview is backed by the powerful in society and the alternative worldviews are censored, many social scientists would call the dominant worldview:______

Artists in non-Western societies:

work with symbols that are of central importance to their societies.

Can multiple worldviews exist simultaneously within a particular society or cultural group?

yes

do Bajans (Barbadians) identify with a particular religion ?

...

Play

1 consciously adopted by the players 2 somehow pleasurable 3 Systematically related to non-play: -alludes to non play world -transforms objects roles actions and relations of ends and means of characteristic of the non play world

Governmentally

"The art of governing appropriate to promoting the welfare of populations within a state" (192). (foucauldian)

What is affluence?

"The condition of having more than enough of whatever is required to satisfy consumption needs" (you can have little and still be affluent)

what is hegemony

"persuading subordinates to accept the ideology of the dominant group by mutual accommodations that nevertheless preserve the rulers' privileged position" (188)

3 charactertisitcs of play

(consciously adopted by the players. 2 somehow pleasurable 3 systematically related to non-play

Everyday forms of Peasant Resistance(JAMES C SCOTT):

(foot dragging, dissimulation, desertion, false compliance, pilfering, feigned ignorance, slander, arson, sabotage, and so forth)

three bases of economic activity

-Production -Distribution -Consumption

what is political anthropology

-classification and evolution of political systems -the structure and functions of political systems -the increasing organizational complexity of formely tribal societies (All of the above)

What are the three models of human nature that have been of interest to economic anthropologists?

1. Self- interested model 2. Social model 3. Moral model

Capitalist mode:

3 main features: - means of production are property owned by the capitalists; -workers are denied access to such ownership and must sell their labor to the capitalists in order to survive(alienation) - labor for capitalists produces surpluses of wealth that capitalists may retain or plow back into production to increase output and generate further surpluses

Art (basic)

A kind of play that is subject to certain culturally appropriate restrictions on form and content

what is moka

A moka is an elaborate system of gifts (traditionally pigs), which forges alliances and maintains peace among the tribes. Moka has become emblematic of the anthropological concepts of "gift economy" and "Big man" political system.

Shaman

A part-time religious practitioner who is believed to have the power to travel to or contact supernatural forces directly on behalf of individuals or groups.

Priest

A religious practitioner skilled in the practice of religious rituals, which he or she carries out for the benefit of the group.

According to your textbook, what is the definition of ideology?

A worldview that justifies current social arrangements under which people live (reinforcing ideologies of social domination)

communitas

An unstructured or minimally structured community of equal individuals found frequently in rites of passage.

Who developed hegemony concept and when?

Antonio Gramsci, 1930s;

Which two key theorists who study rites of passage are identified in your textbook?

Arnold Van Gennep Victor Turner

The Azande use chicken for

DEtecting witches (poison it)

is religion universal

no

Cultural model

Cultural construction of needs

External model

Cultural ecology- peoples consumption is driven by the available resources in a local environment

Which of the three models for understanding consumption best captures notions about food taboos?

Cultural model

who studied the azande

E.E. Evans-Pritchard

What is worldview?

Encompassing pictures of reality created by the members of societies. (Can also be thought of as a set of shared assumptions about how the world works Multiple worldviews may coexist in societies)

types of subsistent societies

Food collectors: foragers (hunter, gatherers) Food producers: horticulture, agriculture

Organizational/ tactical power (local)

Highlights how individuals or social units can limit the actions of other individuals in particular social settings.

What is religion?

Ideas and practices that postulate reality beyond that which is immediately available to the senses. Religion- most common form of worldview (practices that postulate reality beyond that which is immediately available to the 5 senses, Makes room for spirits, gods and ancestors Creates an idea of a impersonal cosmic power)

Interpersonal power:

Involves the ability of one individual to impose his or her will on another individual.

hegemony

power through persuasion (how most states function, us is world hegemon)

What are some common myths in the United States of America?

Johnny appleseed The declaration of independence the american dream princess/prince stories

Internal model

Malinowski and basic human needs

Who developed technologies of power concept and when?

Michel Foucault, nineteenth century;

what is moka's function

Moka are reciprocal gifts through which peace between tribes and social status is achieved

Myth

Myth aims to narrow the possible perspectives, often promotes a single perspective assumed to be valid for everyone. Stories, make life meaningful, truth of myths seems self-evident bc they help you process your daily life.

Liisa mlkki

Mythico-histories of hutu refugees Histories that have taken on the power of myth witches/voodoo

What skills did Ongka have that helped him to organize his envisioned moka?

Oratory and persuasion, (military experience)

Structural power (global)

Organizes social settings themselves and controls the allocation of social labor Draws attention to the large-scale and increasingly global division of labor among and social groups, the unequal relations between these regions and groups, and the way these relations are maintained or modified over time. (Example: the way in which clothing is manufactured now - in factories in Indonesia or El Salvador, Romania or China - for markets in Europe, the U.S., and Japan.)

Subsistent societies

Patterns of production, distribution and consumption that members of a society employ to ensure the satisfaction of the basic material survival needs of humans

3 stages of political anthropology

Phase 1: 1851-1939 "Formative" era Basic orientations Phase 2: 1942-1971 "Classic" era Classification/ features of preindustrial political systems Individual; political strategizing Phase 3: 1970-present Power and inequality Globalization How power shapes peoples lives

A.F.C. Wallace's seven "minimal categories of religious behavior"?

Prayer Physiological exercise Exhortation- people who have "religious powers" Mana- infusing spirits into objects Taboos Feasts Sacrifice- financial sacrifice not only human sacrifice

Organic metaphors

Worldview metaphors that apply the image of the body to social structures and institutions.

rituals are usually

REPETITIVE

Explain relationship between play, ritual, individualism, and society.

Ritual and play are complementary. Play is based on the premise "Let us make-believe," while ritual is based on the premise "Let us believe." As a result, the ritual frame is far more rigid than the play frame. Although ritual may seem overwhelming and all-powerful, individuals and groups can sometimes manipulate ritual forms to achieve nontraditional ends.

How does Karl Marx characterize ideology?

Rulers consolidate their power of persuading subjects that domination by rulers is legitimate

three stages of a rites of passage

Separation > physical markers and spiritual markers Transition > Communities, Liminality (ambiguity, danger, wearing down of old roles) Reaggreation > reintroduction

sport

Sport is a kind of physical play that is aggressively competitive within constraints imposed by definitions and rules. (- component of culture that is ritually patterned -varying amounts of lay, work, and leisure. -Competitive, constrained by rules, ritually patterned, conflict is the point, personal and social identification (ex. Baseball in Cuba))

mode of production

The economic structure of society that defines people's mode of living. ( means of production + relations of production)

What is economic anthropology?

The part of the discipline [anthropology] that debates issues of human nature that relate directly to the decisions of daily life and making a living

relations of production

The social relations linking human beings who use a given means of production within a particular mode of production ( different productive tasks are assigned to different social groups)

What is syncretism?

The synthesis of old religious practices (or an old way of life) with new religious practices (or a new way of life) introduced from outside, often by force.

Societal metaphors

Worldview metaphors whose model for the world is the social order. Take the experience of society (microcosm) and apply it towards the universe (macrocosm)

Why do myths seem like self-evident truths?

Their truth seems self-evident because they do such a good job of integrating personal experiences with a wider set of assumptions about the way the world works.

Wilk and Cliggett (regarding three models of human nature)

They are unwilling to accept any model as a fact, as they want to know why people are guided sometimes by one set of motivations and at other times by others.

means of production

Tools, skills, organization, and knowledge (Marx)

Adheres of Balinese Cosmo-Logic

Upstream= purity Downstream= danger

Technological metaphors

Worldview metaphor that employs objects made by human beings as metaphorical predicates. (computers, steam engines, clocks)

Who is Ongka?

a "big man", a leader of a Kwelka tribe in New Guinea where a man's authority and prestige are derived in large part by his ability to organize a lavish "moka," or gift giving.

the flag is a symbol of

a summarizing symbol

Ritual

aims to shape action and thought in the "approved direction" Religious rituals (communion ) repetitive social practice (sequence of recognizable symbolic activities) set off from the routines of everyday life (important moment) adheres to a ritual schema( recognizable) encoded in myth performed by people who recive authorization from a power outside themselves (the state, society, a divine being, tradition)

each mode of production sugessts

all of the above

cultural ecology

anthropoligist attempt to apply the insights of ecology to human beigns and their socities

Which of the following observations about play is FALSE? a. Play is a source of creativity. b. Play is always good. c. Play is practice for the real world. d. Play can be a source for changing ordinary life.

b. play can be bad if someone is hurt

gift giving at christmas has what kind of reciprocity

balanced

Individual agency

freedom of self-contained individuals to pursue their own interests above everything else and to challenge one another for dominance.

when the govetment stops terrorists through identification/policies/action this is considered

governmentality

when is passive resistance more effective

in the long term more effective than overt rebellion in undercutting state repression.`

Kin-ordered mode:

in which social labor is deployed on the basis of kinship relations (i.e. husbands/fathers clear the fields, the whole family plants, mothers/wives weed, children keep animals out of the field).

Tributary mode

in which the primary producer is allowed access to the means of production while tribute is exacted from him by political or military means

What is a "panopticon" ?

institutional building developed by Bentham in the late 18th century. The concept of the design is to allow a single watchman to observe (-opticon) all (pan-) inmates of an institution without the inmates being able to tell whether or not they are being watched

myths explain how the world works by

integrating personal experiences with sets of assumptions about reality.

religion is

involves ideas is social involves practice

myths are...

justify past action, explain action in the present or generate future action and are tools for overcoming logical contradictions that cannot otherwise be true.

What roles do women play in religious life on Barbados?

maids

equation of mode of production

means of production +relations of production

rumbicole

ongkas favorite wife who took care of pigs

"The web of life" is an example of a(n)

organic metaphor

moral model

peoples motivations shaped by cultural values

Art

play with form producing some aesthetically successful transformation-representation. (Art permits consideration of alternative perspectives but has limitations restricting form and content. )

domination

power based on physical force

three types of social power (ERIC WOLFE)

structural power (global) interpersonal power(individual) organizational/tactical power (local)

types of metaphors

technological organic societal

subsistence

term used to refer to the satisfaction of the most basic material survival needs

What was J. Stephen Lansing's main argument with regard to Balinese irrigation?

that even by well intentionally trying to westernize/industrialize bali's rice fields we ended up destroying a self-created perfected agricultural system so we need to stop and look at other ways of thinking before we just decide to create the most "modern" way.

secularism and france/Foucault

the "general politics of truth" being established though certain discoursesProduct of very specific definitions of: Religion (orthodoxy not orthopraxy) State (capitalist) Citizenship (individuals, agency)

Distribution

the allocation of goods and services

foragers have been called

the original affluent society

secularism

the separation of church and state

political anthropologists:

the study of social power in human society (SOCIAL POWER NOT POLITICS)

production

the transformation of nature's raw materials into a form suitable for human use.

Social power

the transformative capacity of people in organized social groups (work for best of group, society expects certain actions)

consumption

the using up of material goods necessary for human physical survival

Consumption

the using up of material goods necessary for human survival

the conflict between secularism and certain religious traditions is due in part to a commitment

to an entire way of life of correct practice on the part of practitioners of religious tradition (ie headscarves in french schools)

power

to the ability to transform, to choose( transformative capacity)